HISTORY

Describe any three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s.

[Delhi 2017]
or
‘Great economic hardships in Europe prevailed in 1830’s’. Support the
statement with arguments. [AI 2016]
Or
Why was the decade of 1830 is known as great economic hardships in
Europe? Explain any three reasons.
The three economic hardships faced by Europe in 1830s were:

a. High rise in population led to the unemployment condition and scarcity of jobs.

b. The small producers faced stiff competition due to the import of cheap machine
goods from England.

c. Due to the burden of the feudal dues and taxes, there was bad harvest.

d. There was rise in the prices of food grains due to the bad harvest which made
the condition of the common people miserable.
 Culture had played an important role in the development of
nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the
statement with examples.
[Foreign 2016]
or
How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain. Ans :
[AI 2015]
It is true to say that culture had played an important role in the development of
nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centimes. This can be justified with
the following examples:

a. Romanticism and cultural movements in Greece helped in developing the feeling

of nationalism, sense of togetherness and love for the country through language,
art, poetry, stories, folk songs, music and the past experiences.

b. Karol Kurpinski a polish artist was able to develop the feeling of nationalist
through his operas, music and folk dances.

c. The Poland people were fighting with Russia for their language and culture.
Explain the process of unification of Italy.

[Delhi 2013, 2012]

Giuseppe Mazzini started initiative for the unification of Italy. He formed a secret
society called ‘Young Italy’. He tried twice but failed both times

Later, King Victor Emmanuel II the only italian speaking king of politically
fragmented Italy tried to unify Italian with the help of his chief minister Cavour.

Chief Minister Cavour and large number of armed volunteers under the leadership
of Giuseppe Garibaldi finally unified Italy and Victor Emmanuel became the king
of unified Italy in 1861.
 Explain the process of unification of Germany.

[Delhi 2013, 2012]

Explain the contribution of Otto van Bismarck in German unification.

[Delhi 2011]
The efforts of installing a constitutional monarchy in Germany with the
help of political associations were failed by the year 1848.

The failure of the Frankfurt parliament clearly indicated that Germany

can be unified only with the combined effort of the monarchy and the
army.
The movement of unification of Germany was leaded by Prussia.

There the chief minister of Prussia (Otto von Bismarck) became the main
architect in the process of unification of Germany.

Three wars were fought with Austria, Denmark and France over seven
years which finally ended with the Prussian victory and then after the
process of unification of Germany was completed.
Which of the following was the reason for calling off the Non cooperation
Movement by Gandhiji?

(a) Pressure from the British Government

(b) Second Round Table Conference
(c) Gandhiji’s arrest
(d) Chauri-Chaura incident

Who set up the ‘Oudh Kisan Sabha’?

(a) Alluri Sitaram Raju

(b) Jawahar Lal Nehru and Baba Ramchandra
(c) Jawaharlal Nehru and Shaukat Ali
(d) Mahatma Gandhi
Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive
in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. [AI 2011]

OR

LANGUAGE had played an important role in the development of

nationalism in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries. Support the
statement with example.

Explain any three ways in which nationalists feelings were kept alive
in Poland in the 18th and 19th century. [AI 2011]
The three ways in which nationalist feelings were kept alive in Poland in the 18th
and 19th century were as follows:

a. The polish people used their culture in maintaining and upgrading their national
identity.

b. For their unity and identity they had used music. For example, Karol Kurpinski
was able to develop the feeling of nationalist through his operas, music and folk
dances.

c. They used their language as a national resistance in church gatherings and

other religious instructions
Explain any three features of the ‘nation-state’ that emerged in Europe
in the twentieth century. [Foreign 2011]

OR

What was Nation state? How was it different from a modern state?
The three features of the nation-state that emerged in Europe in the 20th century
were:

a. There were intense rivalry among the nations due to expansion of trade and
colonies

b. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.

c. The subject countries declared themselves as an independent countries.

Who among the following two leaders led the Khilafat Movement?

(a) Shaukat Ali and Muhammad Ali

(b) Gandhiji and Sardar Patel
(c) Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Abul Kalam Azad
(d) Abul Kalam Azad and Jawaharlal Nehru
 Explain any three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to
create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. [Delhi
2010]

OR

How did French revolution become the first clear expression of

nationalism? Give 5 reasons.

OR

Analyse the measures and practices introduced by the French

revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French
people. [Delhi 2016]
The three measures introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people were:

a. The idea of la patrie and le Citoyen helped the people enjoying the equal rights
under a constitution.

b. The former royal standard flag was replaced by a new French tricolor flag.

c. The new estate general was elected.

d. New hymns were composed and martyrs were commemorated.

e. The regional dialects were discouraged in France and French was declared the
common language of the nation.
Describe in brief the process by which the ‘British nation’ came into
existence. [All India 2010]

OR

How had Britain come into existence? [Delhi 2018, 2013]

The formation of Britain or the unification of Britain was a result of long drawn
parliamentary process. Before the 18th century there was no such nation called
Britain.

It was all comprised by the English, Welsh, Scot and Irish lived in the British Isles.
All these regions had their own cultural and political traditions.

Gradually, England grew in importance due to its rising wealth and power which
resulted in expansion of her influence over the other countries in that region.

Incorporation of Scotland: In the year 1707, the act of union between England and
Scotland resulted in the formation of United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Incorporation of Ireland: Irish people were subjected to divide and rule policy and
forcefully incorporated. Finally the British nation had its own English culture,
British flag, national anthem and English language.
 Describe any three reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered.
[Delhi 2011]

OR

Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative field he had
incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational
and efficient. Analyse the statement with arguments. [AI 2016]

or

“Napoleon had, no doubt destroyed democracy in France, but in the administrative

field he had incorporated revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system
more rational and efficient”. Support the statement. [Delhi 2012]
The reforms introduced by Napoleon in the territories he conquered were:

Napoleon introduced the Civil Code in the year 1804 which was also called as the
Napoleon Code.

It was introduced in order to abolish the privileges which were based on birth, to
establish equality before the law and to give the right to property to all.

He also introduced a system of uniform weight and measures and a system of

common currency for the nation which helped the people in trade from one region
to another.

He had changed the system of transport and communications and made it more
advanced.
Describe the explosive conditions that prevailed in Balkans after 1871
in Europe. [Delhi 2018]
The modern day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia
etc. were comprised together called the Balkans. They had conflict with one
another on the basis of feelings of nationalism.

The different Balkan regions were jealous of each other and always for their own
identity.

They wanted to gain more territory at the expense of the others.

Balkans also became the scene of big power rivalry. Each power-Russia, Germany,
England were keen to take hold on Balkans.

The Balkans people used history to prove that they had once been independent.
Which book of Jyotiba Phule was based on the caste
system?

(a) Amar Jiban

(b) Istri Dharam Vichar
(c) SacchiKavitayen
(d)Gulamgiri
 ‘Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal democratic
sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe.’ Analyse
the statement with examples. [Foreign 2016]
It is true to say that Nationalism no longer retained its idealistic liberal
democratic sentiments by the last quarter of the 19th century in Europe. It was so
due to the following reasons:

a. Nationalism started becoming narrower in belief with inadequate ends.

b. Now the concept of nationalism was changing in its meaning as more area of
influence.

c. The nationalists were manipulated by the chief European authorities.

d. The problem of Balkan state was not solved rather it was being watched by the
countries to become fruitful for them.
When did the Jallianwalla Bagh incident take place?

(a) On 13 April 1919

(b) On 15 August 1919
(c) On 27 October 1919
(d) On 10 March 1919
Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act 1919 Explain any three reasons

[All India 2010, 2014, Delhi 2015, 2017]

Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide Satyagraha against the
proposed Rowlatt Act, 1919 due to the following three reasons:

a. The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly by the Imperial Legislative

Council despite the opposition by the Indian members.

b. The Rowlatt Act gave enormous power to the government for

repressing the political activities.

c. According to this Act, the government can detain the political

prisoners without trial for a period of two years.
At which of the following places, a children’s press was set
up in 1857?

(a) England
(b)Spain
(c) France
(d)China
Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the Non Cooperation Movement in February
1922? Explain any three reasons.

[Delhi 2015, All India 2017]

Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in
February 1922 due to the following three reasons:

a. The Non-Cooperation Movement was turning violent in many

places.

b. Chauri Chaura incident led to the death of 11 police officers and

Gandhiji immediately called off Non-cooperation after that.

C. Some of the Congress leaders were not willing to continue the

non-cooperation because they were tired of the mass struggle,
wanted to participate in the council elections and they wanted to
criticize the British policies within the council.
Who organized the Swaraj party in west Bengal?

(a) Bipin Chandra pal

(b) Chitranjan Das and Motilal Nehru
(c) Jawaharlal lal Nehru
(d) Subhas Chandra Bose
‘The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation
Movement.’ Support the statement with examples.

[Delhi 2016, All India 2014]

 Non- Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement

Launched in the 1920s. Launched in the 1930s.

Indians were only asked not to Indians were only asked not to
cooperate with the British cooperate & also to break the civil
Government. laws.

Movement called off- Chauri Chaura Movement ended with Gandhi- Irwin
incident. pact.

Participation of the small farmers. No participation of the small farmers.

How did Salt March become an effective tool of resistance against colonialism?
Explain. [AI 2015]

or

Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that could unite the
nation? Explain.
[Delhi 2016]
Salt became an important weapon to unite Indians during the Civil Disobedience Movement due to its universal
necessity and symbolic significance. Here's why:

1. Essential for All Classes

● Salt was a basic necessity for every Indian, irrespective of caste, creed, or class. The British monopoly on its
production and taxation impacted all sections of society equally, making it a unifying issue.

2. Symbol of Colonial Oppression

● The British imposed heavy taxes on salt and prohibited Indians from making their own salt, even though it
was naturally available along the coasts. This control represented the broader exploitation under colonial
rule.

4. Widespread Appeal

● The issue of salt resonated with everyone in the country. It brought together rural farmers, urban workers,
women, and even children, creating a mass movement.
Which one of the following Viceroys announced a vague offer of
dominion status for India in October 1929?

(a) Lord Mountbatten

(b) Lord Dalhousie
(c) Lord Irwin
(d) None of these
 Describe the main features of the ‘Salt March’.

[All India 2014, 2016, 2019]

Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji as a

symbol to unite the nation. [Foreign 2017]
The main features of the ‘Salt March’ are:

a. On 31st March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating
eleven demands out of which abolishment of salt law and salt tax was one.

b. When Lord Irwin didn’t fulfil any of these demands, Mahatma Gandhi
started the Salt March from his home in Sabarmati Ashram.

C. He walked for over 240 miles with his 78 trusted volunteers from Sabarmati
to Dandi. They walked for 10 miles a day for 24 days. He violated the salt law
by manufacturing salt by boiling the sea water on 6th April 1930.

d. This started Civil Disobedience Movement in India. Now Gandhiji wanted

Indians to refuse all the oppressive colonial laws.
 Explain the idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji.
[Delhi 2014]

OR

“A Satyagrahi wins the battle through non-violence.” Explain with examples.

[Foreign 2010]
● The idea of Satyagraha according to Gandhiji was a novel method of
mass agitation which emphasizes the power of truth and the need to
search for the truth.

● Satyagraha literally means holding onto truth and Gandhian

satyagraha included staying true to the cause of protest and always
being non-violent.

● Mahatma Gandhi said that if you are fighting for the truth and against
injustice then there is no need of physical force to defeat the oppressor.
This can be possible without being aggressive. The oppressors can be
persuaded to see the truth with the use of nonviolence.
How did first world war create a new economic situation in colonial India? Give 3
reasons.

Delhi 2011]
New economic and political situation created in India by the First World War
in following ways:

A. The defence expenditure increased in India.

B. Custom duties were raised by colonial government and income tax was
introduced.

C. Increased prices of the commodities caused economic hardship for the

common people.

D. For the continuous supply of the soldiers the villages were called upon and
recruitment was done forcefully.

D. There was a period of crop failure in many parts of the country which
caused acute food shortages and nation wide deaths.
Which of the following books is the oldest Japanese
book, printed in 868 AD containing six sheets of text
and woodcut illustrations?

(a) Diamond Sutra

(b) Harshcharita
(c) Brihatsutra
(d)Mrichkatika
How did cultural processes help in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India?
Explain. [Delhi 2011]

or

How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in developing a sense of
nationalism in India? Explain with examples. [Foreign 2010, Delhi 2016]
The cultural processes helped in creating a sense of collective belongingness in India:

A. The image of India was first visualized as Bharat Mata by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay

B. He also made a hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ was written by him in 1870s. This hymn was
later included in his novel Anandmath and sung in the swadeshi movement in Bengal.

C. A tricolor swadeshi flag, using red, green and yellow was designed during the
swadeshi movement in Bengal which had 8 lotuses for the representation of the 8
provinces and a crescent moon for symbolizing the Hindus and the Muslims.

D. A tricolor Swaraj flag was designed by Gandhiji in the year 1921 using the colours
red, green and white.
 Explain any three features of handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in
India.

[CBSE 2010, 2014, 2016]

OR

What were the limitations of the written manuscripts in India? Explain. [CBSE 2014]
The three features of the handwritten manuscripts before the age of print in
India are:

In India, they were written in different languages which were copied on palm
leaves or on handmade papers.

These manuscripts were highly expensive, fragile and needed careful

handling.

These were preserved by pressing between the wooden covers or sewn

together.

Reading the manuscripts was not easy as they were written in different styles
which limits its use.
Consider the following statements:

I.Novels, a new literary form, develop in Europe.

II.Novels were religious texts used by Pope and priests to spread their
faith among the common people.

III.Novels contained life stories, expressing human experiences,

relationships, read by all those who could read.

Choose the correct answer:

(a) I and II
(b) I and III
(c) I, II and III
(d) I and IV
How did the print bring the reading public and hearing public closer?
[CBSE 2015]
Print brought the reading public and hearing public closer in following ways:

The reading culture was only limited to the elites and they only read the books
individually and silently. The reason behind this culture was low literacy confined to
elites. Also, books were expensive, and produced less in numbers.

To solve the problem of illiteracy as a barrier in the wider reach of the printed books,
the popular ballads and folk tales beautifully illustrated with pictures were published
which were sung and recited in the village gatherings and the taverns in towns.

The common people had the oral culture while only the rich people had the reading
culture. The common people heard the texts collectively which were read out or
recited or narrated to them.

Hence the line separating the oral culture and the reading culture started becoming
blurred.
How far is it right to say that the print culture was responsible for the French
Revolution? Explain. (2014)

Or

“Many historians argued that the conditions within which French Revolution
occurred were created by the print culture”. Support this statement with three
suitable arguments. (2013)
The print culture spread the ideas of the great thinkers like Voltaire and
Rousseau. They wanted rule of reason, questioning and rationality.

Debate and dialogue started due to the coming of the print culture which
resulted in the re-evaluation of the values, norms and the institutions. This
had brought the idea of social revolution.

The morality of the royal powers were criticized and the social order was
questioned. Hence, the people stood against the monarchy.

It is not true to say that the print culture was the direct cause of the French
revolution. The print culture spread the ideas but people were reading
different kinds of literature in which people like Voltaire and Rousseau were
also exposed. The people interpreted the things in their own way as they
accepted some ideas and rejected others.
 What made the Englishmen, under colonial rule, demand a clamp down on the ‘native press’,
after the revolt of 1857? How was it done? (2013)

Or

Why did the attitude of the colonial Government towards the freedom of the press change after
the revolt of 1857? What repressive measures were adopted by them to control the freedom of
press? (2013)
Reasons for Clampdown on the Native Press:

1. Fear of Unrest: The 1857 Revolt showed the potential of the press to incite dissent and unify
Indians against British rule.
2. Spread of Nationalism: Vernacular newspapers increasingly criticized British policies and
spread nationalist ideas.
3. Challenge to Authority: The press was seen as undermining British control by exposing colonial
exploitation.

Repressive Measures:

● Vernacular Press Act (1878): Empowered the government to confiscate publications inciting
rebellion.
● Licensing and Censorship: Indian newspapers required licenses, and offensive content faced
penalties.
How did a new reading public emerge with the printing press? Explain.

[CBSE 2009]
With the printing press, a new reading public emerged in following ways:

Printing reduced the cost of books. The time and labour required to produce each
book came down, and multiple copies could be produced with greater ease.

Books flooded the market, reaching out to an ever-growing readership. Access to

books created a new culture of reading.

Before the age of print, books were not only expensive but they could not be
produced in sufficient numbers. Now books could reach out to wider sections of
people.

Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of oral
culture. If earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into
being.
What was the attitude of the liberal and conservative Indians towards women’s
reading? How did women like Kailashbhashini Debi respond to this in their
writings?

[CBSE 2014,2015]
The conservative Hindu families believed that the literate girl would be widowed.

The conservative Muslim families thought that by reading Urdu romances their
women would be corrupted.

Kailashbashini Debi from Bengal, wrote about the experiences of the women such
as how they are imprisoned at home.

Other writers like Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai from Maharashtra wrote
about the miserable lives of the widows.
Who invented printing press? How did he develop the printing technology?

[CBSE 2019, 2016]

Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in 1430s at
Strasbourg, Germany.

Most of his childhood was spent on a large agricultural estates where he saw wine
and olive presses.

He learnt polishing stones and created lead moulds. The olive press was the model
for the printing press and the moulds were used for casting the metal types for the
letters of the alphabet.
Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th century? Give three
reasons.

[CBSE 2016]
Europe was facing the problems like poverty, hunger, deadly diseases, religious
conflicts, slave traders etc. and therefore many Europeans shifted to America by
the 18th century

(Note: if it comes for 3 marks, elaborate the points)

 The Spanish conquest and colonization of America was decisively
underway by the mid sixteenth century. Explain with examples.

[CBSE 2015]
or
How did the global transfer of disease in pre-modern world helped in
colonisation of the Americas? [CBSE 2011]
The Portuguese and the Spanish conquered America not just
with the conventional military weapons but also with the germs
such as the small pox.

The smallpox was carried on their person (Spanish invaders

were immune to this disease) to America for which the American
Indians were not immune to and proved a deadly weapon as it
killed the whole community there.

This reduced the population of native americans to a great

extent and made it easier to colonise their land.
“Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand.” Explain the
statement in the light of Silk Route.

[CBSE 2014]
There were several silk routes over land and sea which helped in trade and cultural
links between the different countries of the world especially Asia, North Africa and
Europe.

The silk routes got its name due to the Chinese silk cargoes along these routes
which were actively functional before the Christian era and upto the 15th century.
Chinese pottery, Indian spices and precious metals like gold and silver from
Europe had travelled through these silk routes.

These silk routes were also used for the cultural exchange by the Christian
missionaries, Muslim preachers arid the Buddhist.
GEOGRAPHY
Why is it essential to have resource planning? Explain any three reasons. [2017]

What are the three stages of resource planning in India ? [2012, 2011]

Explain resource planning. What are the steps involved in resource planning?
[2014]

What is resource planning? Why is resource planning essential? Explain it with

three reasons. [2015]

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

Resource planning is a procedure of proper utilisation of
resources. It reduces wastage of resources and promotes
sustainability.

Resource planning is important because :

● Resources in India are not evenly distributed. Some parts of
the county are rich in one resource but deficient in other
important resources which are essential.

● Most of the resources present in our environment are limited.

Therefore, if these resources are not preserved or not used
rationally we will be in great trouble.

● Resource planning is important because it minimises the

wastage or over utilisation of resources.
Steps of Resource Planning:

● Identification and inventory of resources across the regions

of the country.

● Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate

technology, skill and , institutional set up for implementing
resource development plans.

● Match the resource development plans with overall national

development plans.
Why is soil considered as a resource? Explain with five
arguments. [2015, 2018]
Soil is considered as a resource because :

● It is used to satisfy our needs.

● It is the most important renewable natural resource.

● It is the medium of plant growth.

● It supports different types of living organisms on the Earth.

● It is the base of our life.

The first Jute mill was set up in ...............

(a) Hyderabad

(b) Bengaluru

(c) Kolkata

(d) Mumbai
“Resources are a function of human activities.” Justify this statement.

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

● Resources are not inherently valuable; their value
emerges when human beings utilize them
effectively.

● Human effort, tools, and technology play a vital

role in transforming natural materials into usable
resources.

● The usefulness of resources is influenced by the

level of cultural and technological advancement of
society.
 Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil. [2012, 2017]

How are alluvial soils formed? How is Bangar different from Khadar? [Marking
Scheme, 2012]
Which one of the following agencies markets
steel for the public sector plants?

(a) HAIL

(b) SAIL

(c) TATA Steel

(d) MNCC
Explain any three human activities responsible for land degradation in India.
[2013, 2015]

How are human activities responsible for the degradation of land? [2012]

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

Deforestation: Large-scale cutting of forests in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
for farming and industries leads to soil erosion.

Overgrazing: Overgrazing by cattle in Gujarat and Rajasthan damages grasslands

and causes soil erosion.

Mining: Mining activities in Jharkhand, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh leave pits and
waste, degrading land quality.

Over-irrigation: In Punjab and Haryana, over-irrigation causes waterlogging and

increases soil salinity.

Industrial waste: Industrial effluents also have become a major source of land
degradation
‘Land is a natural resource of utmost importance’. Justify the statement with
appropriate arguments. [2014]
Importance of Land:
● Supports Life: Land is the foundation for all living
organisms, providing habitat and resources.
● Agriculture: It is essential for growing crops and
supporting food production.
● Human Settlements: Land is used for building houses,
cities, and infrastructure.
● Natural Resources: Land provides resources like minerals,
water, and forests.
● Economic Activities: Industries, transportation, and trade
rely on land for operations and development.
Which one of the following industries uses
bauxite as a raw material?

(a) Aluminum smelting

(b) Cement

(c) Paper

(d) Steel
 “Conservation of rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry has become
essential.” Explain.

Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife resources? Explain any two
steps taken by the communities to protect our forest and wildlife resources.

Why is conservation of forests and wildlife necessary? In what way have

conservation projects changed in the recent years ?*

Assess the need for the conservation of forests and wildlife in India.

Note* The answer is only for the marked part of the questions. Few
questions above have 2 parts, you will find answers to the other parts in
later slides in their respective topics.
 ● Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our
life support systems – water, air and soil.

● It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and

animals for better growth of species and breeding.

● It protects the species that are naturally less in number.

Because any threat to them and/or their habitat, can
easily wipe them out from the face of earth.

For example, in agriculture, we are still dependent on

traditional crop varieties. Fisheries too are heavily dependent
on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.
Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests
and wildlife in India ?

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

Communities have conserved and protected
forests and wildlife in India several times. Few
of such projects and movements are as follows:

Chipko movement in the Himalayas

This movement resisted deforestation in several areas but has
also shown that community afforestation with indigenous
species can be enormously successful.

Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya

Attempts to revive the traditional conservation methods or
developing new methods of ecological farming. Focuses on
adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use
of synthetic chemicals are possible and economically viable.
● In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have
fought against mining by citing the Wildlife
Protection Act.

● The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district

of Rajasthan have declared 1,200 hectares of forest
as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’, declaring their
own set of rules and regulations which do not allow
hunting, and are protecting the wildlife against any
outside encroachments.
Which of the following areas has most of the
integrated steel plants in India?

(a) Malwa Plateau

(b) Bundelkhand Plateau

(c) Meghalaya Plateau

(d) Chotanagpur Plateau

HOW DO COMMUNITIES INCLUDE TREES INTO THEIR CULTURE PRACTICES?
Explain with examples. [2024]

What are sacred groves? What role do they play in conservation of flora and
fauna? Explain with examples.
Sacred groves are forested areas protected by local communities
due to their religious and cultural significance. These areas are
considered sacred and are often dedicated to deities or ancestral
spirits

They play following roles in conservation of flora and fauna

● Certain societies revere a particular tree which they have

preserved from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal
of Chota Nagpur region worship mahua (Bassia latifolia) and
kadamba (Anthocephalus cadamba) trees.

● Sacred qualities are often ascribed to springs, mountain peaks,

plants and animals which are closely protected.

● In and around Bishnoi villages in Rajasthan, herds of

blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as an
integral part of the community and nobody harms them.
In which year was the “Indian Wildlife Protection Act” implemented? Describe
the main thrust areas of this program. [2017]

What is Indian Wildlife Protection Act? Why was it amended twice?

INDIAN WILDLIFE PROTECTION ACT: was implemented in 1972, with
various provisions for protecting habitats.

FEATURES OF IWPA:
● An all India list of protected species was published.

● The thrust of the programme was towards protecting the remaining

population of certain endangered species by banning hunting, giving
legal protection to their habitats, and restricting trade in wildlife.

● Central and many state governments established national parks and

wildlife sanctuaries

● The central government also announced several projects for

protecting specific animals, which were gravely threatened, including
the tiger, the one horned rhinoceros, the Kashmir stag etc. have been
given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade
throughout India.
It was amended twice:

Wildlife Act of 1980 & Wildlife Act of 1986:

several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles,
and one dragonfly have been added to the list
of protected species.

In 1991, for the first time plants were also

added to the list, starting with six species.
Which of the following categories of forests
and wastelands belongs to government,
private individuals’ communities?

(a) Protected Forests

(b) Reserved Forests

(c) Unclassed Forests

(d) Open Forests

 Mention any four main objectives of multi -purpose river valley projects. Name
any two Multipurpose Projects of India. [CBSE 2018]

What is a multipurpose river valley project? Mention any four objectives of it.
[CBSE 2016-17]

List any three advantages and three disadvantages of multipurpose river project.
[CBSE 2013, 2012]

What are the advantages and disadvantages of multipurpose river project.

[CBSE 2014]
What is a multipurpose river valley project?
The multipurpose river valley projects are large-scale water resource development programs
that serve multiple objectives.

Examples of it in India:
● SARDAR SAROVAR DAM on Narmada River
● Bhakra Nangal Dam

Advantages:

a. These are the main source of power generation.

b. They provide us neat, pollution free and cheapest energy which is the backbone of
industry and agriculture.

c. These projects control the floods because water can be stored in them. These projects
have converted many, ‘rivers of sorrows’ into ‘rivers of boon’.

d. These projects are the main source of irrigation and also help in conserving soil.
Disadvantages:

a. Due to the construction of dams, there are no

adequate floods in the river. Because of this, the soil of
the downstream region does not get nutrient rich silt.

b. Dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for

aquatic fauna to migrate for spawning, i.e., to produce
eggs.

c. It resulted in displacement of local communities. The

local people often have to give up their land and
livelihood and their meagre access and control over
resources for the greater need of the nation.
How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on
existing freshwater resources in India. Explain. [CBSE 2014]

How does urbanization and urban lifestyle lead to over exploitation of water
resources? Explain. [CBSE 2013]

How have intensive industrialization and urbanization posed a great pressure on

existing freshwater resources in India? Explain. [CBSE 2012]
● Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and
urbanisation.

● The ever-increasing number of industries has made matters worse

by exerting pressure on existing freshwater resources.

● Industries, apart from being heavy users of water, also require

power to run them. Much of this energy comes from hydroelectric
power.

● Urban centres with large and dense populations and urban

lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements
but have further aggravated the problem.

● Housing societies or colonies in the cities have their own

groundwater pumping devices to meet their water needs. It has
caused depletion of water resources in several of these cities.
In which year the Indian Wildlife protection
Act was implemented?

(a) 1970

(b) 1971

(c) 1972

(d)1974
What is rain water harvesting? Why is rooftop water harvesting important in
Rajasthan? Explain. [CBSE 2014, 2017]
Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting and storing rainwater for
future use, especially in areas where water scarcity is common.

Rooftop water harvesting is particularly important in Rajasthan for the

following reasons:

Low Rainfall:
Rajasthan receives very little rainfall, with most areas getting less than 25 cm
annually. Rooftop water harvesting helps collect and store even the smallest
amount of rainfall efficiently.

Scarcity of Surface Water:

Rivers and lakes in Rajasthan are either seasonal or limited. Rooftop
harvesting provides an alternative source of water.

Arid Climate:
The state has a dry climate, leading to high rates of evaporation. Harvested
rainwater reduces dependency on scarce and evaporating surface water
resources.
Why did Jawaharlal Nehru proclaimed dams as the ‘temples of modern India’?
Explain any three reasons. [CBSE 2014, 2019]
Jawaharlal Nehru referred to dams as the “temples of
modern India” because they:

a. Help control or minimize flooding.

b. Supply water for agricultural activities.

c. Ensure water availability for domestic and industrial use.

d. Generate hydroelectric power for homes and industries.

The Hirakud project was built in _______ basin.

(A) Indus

(B) Mahanadi

(C) Ganga

(D)Ravi
What is Bamboo Drip Irrigation? Mention any two features of it. [CBSE 2012]

What is bamboo Drip Irrigation System? Which Indian state is famous for
practicing it? How is rain water harvested in it? [CBSE 2016]
Bamboo drip Irrigation System: is a 200-year-old system of tapping stream and
spring water by using bamboo pipes.

Meghalaya is the Indian state which is famous for it.

● Bamboo pipes are used to divert perennial springs on the hilltops to the lower
areas by gravity
● The channel sections, made of bamboo, divert water to the plant site where it
is distributed into branches.
● The flow of water into the pipes is controlled by manipulating the pipe
positions
● If the pipes pass a road, they are taken high above the land.
● Reduced channel sections and diversion units are used at the last stage of
water application. The last channel section enables water to be dropped near
the roots of the plant.
 Describe any four geographical conditions required for the growth of tea.
Mention the two major tea producing states of South India. [CBSE 2019]

Name the important beverage crop introduced by the British in India. Explain
the geographical conditions needed for its cultivation. Write any two important
states where it is grown.
[CBSE 2012]

What are the soil type, climatic conditions and rainfall conditions required for the
cultivation of tea? Write two states of India where tea grows.
[CBSE 2017]

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

a. Tea: Grows well in tropical and subtropical climates.

b. Soil type: Deep and fertile, well-drained soil, rich in humus and
organic matters.

c. Climate: Warm and moist, frost-free climate throughout the year.

d. Rainfall: Frequent showers throughout the year.

e. Two states: Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal

Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, Meghalaya and Tripura
Which of the following multipurpose projects is found
in the Satluj-Beas River basin?

(a) Hirakud Project

(b) Damodar Valley Corporation

(c) Bhakra Nangal Project

(d) Rihand Project

“Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each other”. Support
the statement with five suitable examples. [CBSE 2012]

Wheat and rice farming in India are fairly different from each other. Explain.
[CBSE 2011, 2024]

PLEASE NOTE THAT SIMILAR QUESTION CAN FOR: WHEAT, COTTON, JUTE,
SUGARCANE, MILLETS, MAIZE AND RUBBER
 Suggest any five measures to enhance the agricultural production in India.
[CBSE 2017]

Explain any five institutional and technical reforms brought by the government
to improve the condition of Indian Agriculture. [CBSE 2012,2011,2016]

Describe any five steps taken by the government of India to increase the
productivity of agriculture in India. [CBSE 2024]

“The Government of India has introduced various institutional and technological

reforms to improve agriculture in the 1980s and 1990s”. Support this statement
with examples. [CBSE 2018]
 Institutional and Technical Reforms in Indian Agriculture
● Land Reforms: Abolition of zamindari and distribution of surplus land to
landless farmers.
●
● Green Revolution: Introduction of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, fertilizers,
and irrigation techniques.
●
● Irrigation Facilities: Construction of dams, canals, and tube wells to improve
water supply for farming.
●
● Crop Insurance: Schemes like PMFBY (Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana) to
protect farmers against crop failures.
●
● Kisan Credit Card (KCC): Easy access to credit for farmers to purchase seeds,
fertilizers, and machinery.
Compare intensive subsistence farming with that of commercial farming
practiced in India.

Note: same question can come for primitive subsistence and intensive
subsistence farming
 Intensive Subsistence Farming Commercial Farming

This type of farming is practised in areas of In this type of farming single crop is grown
high population pressure on land. on a large area.

It is done on small piece of land by farmers This type of farming is done on a huge
piece of land

In this type of farming crops are grown for In commercial farming plantation has an
family consumption. interface of agriculture and industry.

It doesn’t provide enough crops to be used Crops are mainly grown for the market or
as raw materials for Industries used in industry as raw material.

It doesn't a lot of capital It requires a lot of capital

On which of the following issues did the Narmada
Bachao Andolan first focus?

(a) Benefits of irrigation to landless farmers

(b) Environmental issues related to submergence of

trees under the dam water

(c) Rehabilitation of the people displaced due to

construction of the dam

(d) Economic issues of wastage of money for the

construction of the dam
 Which crop is known as the ‘golden fibre’? Explain any two geographical
conditions essential for the cultivation of this crop. Mention its any four uses.
[CBSE S.R 2016-17]
Ans :
a. Jute is called the golden fibre.

b. Geographical conditions: Grows well in drained fertile soil of the flood plains
where the soil is renewed every year.

High temperature is required during the time of growth.

Uses: Can be used to manufacture gunny bags, mats, ropes, yam, carpets and
other artefacts.
Which are the two main cropping seasons in India? Mention their growing and
harvesting periods. [CBSE 2015, 2019]
Two Main Cropping Seasons in India

1. Kharif Season:
○ Growing Period: June to September (Monsoon season).
○ Harvesting Period: September to October.
○ Examples: Rice, maize, millets, and pulses.

2. Rabi Season:
○ Growing Period: October to March (Winter season).
○ Harvesting Period: April to June.
○ Examples: Wheat, barley, peas, and mustard.
Choose the correctly matched pair about the
agriculture in India from the following options:

(a) Rabi crops are sown- October to December

(b) Gram- paddy crops

(c) Aus, Aman and boro- Government schemes

(d) Kisaan credit card – Increased the production

 Consumption of energy in all forms has been rising all over the country. There is an
urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development and energy saving.
Suggest and explain any three measures to solve this burning problem. [CBSE
2011,2016]

In the present day energy crisis, which step will you take for saving energy? [CBSE
2015]

Explain any three steps to be taken to conserve the energy resources. [CBSE 2012] or
How can we save our limited energy sources?

Suggest any three ways for its judicious use. [CBSE 2017]

India is presently one of the least energy efficient countries in the world. We have to
adopt cautious approaches for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.”
Analyse this statement.

There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.” Give two broad
measures for it. As concerned citizens, how can you help conserve energy? (2012, 2011)
1. Need to develop a sustainable path of energy development, i.e., energy
development but not at the cost of environment or needs of future generation.

2. Judicious use of limited energy resources

3. Wastage of minerals should be minimised

4. Modem technology should be used for the exploitation of energy resources.

5. Export of energy resources should be minimised.

6. Use of substitutes in order to save energy resources.

7. Encourage recycling of energy resources.

“Minerals are indispensable part of our lives”. Support the statement with
example. [CBSE 2019, 2024]
Construction:
Minerals like limestone are used in making cement, while iron and steel are vital
for building infrastructure.

Energy Production:
Coal, petroleum, and uranium are key minerals used to generate electricity and
fuel industries.

Transportation:
Minerals like bauxite (for aluminum) and iron (for steel) are used in
manufacturing vehicles, ships, and trains.

Household Goods:
Everyday items like cooking utensils, electronic devices, and ornaments are
made from minerals like copper, gold, and silver.

Agriculture:
Minerals such as phosphates and potash are crucial for making fertilizers that
boost crop production.
What is “boro”?

(a) kharif crop

(b) zaid crop

(c) Rabi crop

(d) None of these

 Explain the importance of conservation of minerals. Highlight any three
measures to conserve them. [2019]

Why is conservation of mineral resources essential? Explain any three methods to

conserve them. [CBSE 2015, 2014]

“Conservation of minerals is the need of the hour”. Support the statement with
five facts. Ans : [CBSE 2016, 2018]

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

Reasons to conserve minerals:

● Minerals are considered to be the backbone of the economy.

● Industry and agriculture depend on mineral deposits.

● The substances manufactured from them also depend on mineral deposits.

● Total volume of workable mineral deposits is very less-only 1% of the earth’s

crust.

● Mineral resources are being consumed rapidly, and minerals require millions of
years to be created and concentrated.
Methods to conserve:

a. Minerals should be used in a planned and sustainable

manner.

b. Improved technology needs to be constantly evolved to

allow use of low grade ore at low cost.

c. Recycling of metals using scrap metals.

d. Wastage in the mining and processing should be

 How is mining activity hazardous? Explain. [CBSE 2016]

How is the mining activity injurious to the health of the miners and environment?
Explain. [Delhi 2015]

“Mining affects health and environment both.” Comment. [CBSE 2012]

How is mining activity hazardous? Explain. [CBSE 2016]

Why is mining industry known as a killer industry? Explain with 5 points.

The mining activity is injurious to the health of the miners
and environment as:

● The dust and noxious fumes inhaled by miners make

them vulnerable to pulmonary diseases.

● The risk of collapsing mine roofs and causing

massive deaths and injuries.

● Inundation on coal mines are a constant threat to

miners.

● The water sources in the region get contaminated

due to mining.

● Dumping of waste and slurry leads to degradation

of land, soil and increase in stream and river
Full form of KCC is

(a) Kissan Credited Card

(b) Kissan Credit Carding

(c) Kissan Crediting Card

(d) Kissan Credit Card

Highlight the importance of petroleum. Explain the occurrence of petroleum in India.
(2016 D)

Which is the next major source of energy after coal in India? Describe any three
advantages of it. (2017 OD, 2008)

NOTE: prepare same question for natural gas too!

Importance:
It is the second most important energy source of India after coal. It can
be easily transported by pipelines and does not leave any residue. It
provides fuel for heat and light.

It provides lubricants for machinery.

It provides raw material for a number of manufacturing industries.

It is an important fuel used in transportation sector.

Petroleum refineries act as a ‘nodal industry’ for synthetic textiles,

fertilizers and many chemical industries.
Occurrence of Petroleum:
Most of the petroleum occurrences in India are associated with
anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of the tertiary age.

In regions of folding anticlines it occurs where oil is trapped in the

crest of the upfold. The oil bearing layer is porous limestone or
sandstone through which oil may flow.

Petroleum is also found in fault traps between porous and non-porous

rocks.
Mention any three major iron-ore belts of India. Write any three
characteristics of the southern most iron-ore belt.
How to minerals exist in nature? Explain with examples.
(i) In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks,
crevices, faults or joints. In most cases, they are formed when minerals in
liquid/ molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards
the earth’s surface. They cool and solidify as they rise. Major metallic minerals
like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc.

(ii) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They

have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in
horizontal strata. For. e.g. Coal and iron

(iii) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks,

and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered
material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way.
Aluminium is obtained from

(a) bauxite

(b) limestone

(c) copper

(d) manganese
iv) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial deposits in sands of valley floors
and the base of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits’ and
generally contain minerals, which are not corroded by water. Gold, silver,
tin and platinum are most important among such minerals.

(v) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of minerals, but most of
these are too widely diffused to be of economic significance. However,
common salt, magnesium and bromine are largely derived from ocean
waters. The ocean beds, too, are rich in manganese nodules.
Why do we have maximum concentration of iron and steel industry in Chota
Nagpur Plateau region? Give any three regions. [CBSE 2016]

Why has the Chota Nagpur Region maximum concentration of iron and steel
industries? Explain any three. [CBSE 2015,2014,2024)
Factors responsible for concentration of iron and steel industries in Chhota Nagpur
Plateau:

a. Low cost of iron-ore

b. High grade raw material in proximity.

c. Cheap labour.

d. Vast growth potential in the home market.

e. Good transport connectivity.

f. Availability of water resources.

Analyse any three major challenges faced by the following industries in India:

● Sugar Industry
● Cotton Textile Industry
● Iron and Steel Industry
● Jute Industry
Major challenges of sugar industry are:
a. Seasonal nature of the industry.

b. Old and inefficient methods of production.

c. Transport delay in reaching sugar factories and the need to maximise the use of
bagasse.

Major challenges of cotton textile industry are:

a. Although production has increased, it is still not enough and imports are
needed.

b. Erratic power supply and outdated machinery.

c. Low output of labour.

d. Stiff competition from synthetic fabrics.
Major challenges of Iron and Steel industry are:

a. High costs and limited availability of coking coal.

b. Lower productivity of labour.

c. Irregular supply of energy and

d. Poor infrastructure.

Major challenges of Jute industry are:

Which one of the following is largely derived from
ocean water?

(a) Bauxite

(b) Magnesium

(c) Gold

(d) Mica
 What is the manufacturing sector? Why is it considered the backbone of
development? Interpret the reason. [CBSE 2015]

Describe the importance of manufacturing. [CBSE 2016]

Describe the importance of manufacturing sector in countries like India.

[CBSE 2018]

“The economic strength of a country lies in the development of manufacturing

industries” Analyse the statement [CBSE 2017; 2024]

By Shubham Pathak (YouTube)

The economic strength of a country lies in the development of
manufacturing industries because:

a. Manufacturing industries help in modernising agriculture which forms

the backbone of our economy.

b. It reduces the heavy dependence of people on agriculture sector and

creates jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.

c. It is necessary for the removal of unemployment and poverty.

d. It brings down regional disparities.

e. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and

enhances prosperity.

f. It brings much needed foreign exchange

 Evaluate the factors which are responsible for the location of jute industry in
West Bengal. [CBSE 2016, 2014]

Describe any five factors responsible for the concentration of jute mills along the
banks of the Hugh river. [CBSE 2015]
Ans : Factors for the concentration of jute mills in West Bengal:

a. Proximity of the jute producing areas.

b. Inexpensive water transport.

c. Abundant water.

d. Cheap and skilled labour.

e. Port facilities.

f. Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking and insurance

facilities
Which of the following is the oldest oil producing state
of India?

(a) Gujarat

(b) Madhya Pradesh

(c) Assam

(d) Andaman Nicobar island

Suggest any three steps to minimize the environmental degradation caused by
the industrial development in India. [CBSE 2016]

Explain any three steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation by

industries. [CBSE 2014, 2018, 2012]
Using Cleaner Fuels:
Industries should use cleaner fuels like natural gas instead of coal or petroleum to
reduce air pollution.

Treating Industrial Waste Properly:

Effluents and waste materials must be treated in effluent treatment plants (ETPs)
before being discharged into water bodies or the environment to prevent pollution.

Promoting Renewable Energy:

Industries should reduce dependency on fossil fuels by using renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower, which are less harmful to the
environment.
What are the three main reasons for shifting of the sugar mills to Maharashtra in
recent years. [CBSE 2019 ]

There are three main reasons which are as follows:

a. The cane produced has a higher sucrose content.
b. The cooler climate which ensures a longer crushing season.
c. The cooperatives are more successful in this state.

Explain any three factors responsible for the location of cotton textile industry in
Mumbai and Ahmedabad. [CBSE 2024]

a. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities

b. cheap labour and
c. moist climate suitable for the growth of cotton.
“Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of a
country’s development”. Examine the statement.

Answer:
Foundation for Industrial Growth:
Steel is a crucial input for infrastructure and industrial development. It is used in the construction
of buildings, bridges, railways, and machinery, which are indicators of a country's economic
progress.

Infrastructure and Modernization:

Steel is essential for modernizing agricultural tools, transportation systems, and energy sectors,
reflecting advancements in technology and infrastructure in a nation.

Global Competitiveness:
Countries with high steel production are often better equipped to compete in global markets due to
their strong industrial base and ability to produce capital goods like machinery and vehicles,
further showcasing their development.
Oil India Ltd is a ________ type of industry on the
basis of ownership?

(a) Public sector

(b) Private sector

(c) Joint sector Industry

(d) Cooperative sector Industry