CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter II presents reviews of related literature and studies from the present.

To provide additional data to those researchers in the development and

gathering of information about Empowering For a Sustainable Future: Driving

Change for Grades 7-10 Students Through Proper Waste Disposal. Researchers

have endeavored to gather information in books, published theses, pamphlets,

and others. All data collected is related to the research.

RELATED LITERATURE

What are the main barriers and challenges that prevent students from

effectively participating in appropriate waste disposal practices?

Examining differences in behavior, engagement, and environmental

knowledge concerning waste management among science and social students

involved in campus programs, as discussed by Rusli Yusuf and colleagues in

2022, reveals that enhancing students' grasp of sustainable waste disposal

practices is a complex undertaking. This challenge can be effectively addressed

through a comprehensive approach that encompasses various elements.

Notably, elements such as environmental education, initiatives based on

campus, community engagement, peer influence, utilization of technology, and

leadership opportunities all assume pivotal roles. By integrating these diverse

strategies, students can be equipped with the knowledge and motivation

necessary to actively participate in waste management within their educational

institutions and the broader communities to which they belong. This collaborative

effort not only instills a sense of responsibility among students but also fosters a

profound commitment to environmental sustainability, thereby paving the way for

a future marked by increased environmental awareness and sustainable

practices.

Exploring the Medication of the Environment: An Examination of the

Obstacles and Hurdles in Establishing a Secure Pharmaceutical Disposal

Program. As detailed in the report by Bol, Madeleine (2020), it sheds light on

numerous significant impediments and difficulties that restrain students from

actively partaking in proper disposal of pharmaceutical waste. These

impediments include a lack of awareness and knowledge among students due to

the absence of federal directives for pharmaceutical disposal and limited

resources assigned to disposal initiatives. These factors collectively create

informal barriers on university campuses, hampering students' involvement in

responsible waste disposal. To tackle these challenges, the literature

recommends implementing educational campaigns for awareness, establishing

clear campus-specific disposal guidelines, allocating resources for safe disposal

receptacles, and fostering community engagement. These strategies are seen as

essential for empowering students to contribute to sustainable waste disposal

practices.
 Uncovering Obstacles in Achieving Sustainable Solid Waste Management

through the Fuzzy Delphi Approach. Tat Dai Bui et al. (2020) emphasized the

critical importance of solid waste management, highlighting its potential to

deplete resources and limit waste management options. Approaching this

challenge from a sustainability standpoint is seen as crucial and necessitates

collaborative efforts between academia and industry professionals. The study

conducted a comprehensive analysis, identifying 44 prominent barriers. These

obstacles were further categorized into technical challenges, issues related to

information sharing, limitations in human resources, and financial constraints.

Some noteworthy hurdles include handling household hazardous waste,

insufficient research funding, constraints imposed by local architectural

considerations, staff capacity shortages, and the absence of standardized data

collection and analysis procedures. Utilizing the fuzzy Delphi method, the

research effectively gleaned valuable insights from qualitative data, contributing

to the advancement of both theoretical knowledge and practical solutions in the

field of solid waste management.

Understanding Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Concerning Solid

Waste Management in Undergraduate Students at a Philippine State University.

As discussed by Eveth P. Barloa et al. (2016), their research delves into the

examination of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of undergraduate

students in relation to solid waste management (SWM). The studies conducted at

the Laguna State Polytechnic University – Los Baños Campus reveal that

students generally possess satisfactory knowledge and exhibit positive attitudes

toward SWM. However, their practical application of SWM often lags behind.

Students' KAPs are significantly shaped by socioeconomic factors, including

family size, their parents' educational backgrounds, and employment stability. To

bridge this gap and promote environmentally sustainable practices, the

integration of environmental education, particularly focusing on SWM and

recycling, into the undergraduate curriculum is recommended. Furthermore, the

authors propose promoting community engagement initiatives like seminars and

programs related to environmental protection and waste management to instill

responsible and sustainable behaviors among students and the broader

community.

RELATED STUDIES

Evaluation of College Students’ Understanding and Attitudes Towards

Solid Waste Management in Nigeria's North Central Zone. Mohammed Dauda

Dung et al. (2017) conducted research that highlights a substantial knowledge

gap and positive attitudes among college of education students regarding solid

waste management in Nigeria's North Central zone. The study underscores the

need for a more prominent integration of environmental education into the

national curriculum, particularly for future teachers who play a crucial role in

transmitting this knowledge to the next generation. The research findings have
significant implications, urging educational institutions and policymakers to make

environmental education a core subject at all educational levels and align

institutional frameworks with global best practices. Teachers should receive

training in effective pedagogy for environmental education, with a focus on

ongoing professional development. Students themselves should actively

participate in both formal and informal education to enhance their understanding

of solid waste management. Furthermore, the study encourages science

associations and businesses to engage in awareness-raising and the adoption of

eco-friendly practices. Overall, the research underscores the importance of a

comprehensive approach to environmental education in Nigeria to promote a

sustainable environment.

How can we address the limited awareness and knowledge among

students regarding sustainable waste disposal methods and encourage

them to take actions in terms of waste management within their schools

and communities?

Examination and Strategies for Enhancing Waste Management in

Educational Institutions. As mentioned in the statement by Elena Cristina Rada et

al. (2016), the study has outlined a comprehensive set of corrective measures

designed specifically for schools. These measures have a central objective: to

enhance students' awareness of responsible waste management and encourage

the widespread adoption of efficient recycling methods. This proposal

emphasizes a critical point – that by equipping students with in-depth knowledge

about waste disposal, we can effectively usher in an era characterized by

increased responsibility and sustainability in waste management practices within

the educational sector. This significant discovery underscores a clear call to

action for educational initiatives, emphasizing the necessity of these efforts.

Awareness and Actions Regarding Solid Waste Management in College

Students at Mindanao State University Maigo School of Arts and Trades.

Margarita C. Paghasian's (2017) research highlights a positive connection

between awareness and responsible waste management practices among

college students. This suggests that heightened awareness can result in a more

environmentally conscious campus community. With increased awareness,

students are more likely to actively engage in waste segregation, reduction, and

recycling efforts on campus, potentially leading to reduced waste production and

a cleaner environment. However, the study also emphasizes the need for

improvements in waste disposal practices. To ensure proper garbage disposal at

the school, it is crucial to address this aspect through educational programs,

policies, and initiatives specifically targeting disposal methods. These may

include educating students about correct disposal techniques, providing

convenient disposal facilities, and regularly monitoring and assessing waste

management practices within the institution. By implementing these measures,

the school can create a more sustainable and environmentally friendly campus
while instilling a sense of responsibility among its students for maintaining proper

garbage disposal practices.

Creating Environmental Awareness in Solid Waste Management through

Formal Education for Sustainability: An Evidence Review in Developing

Countries. As per Justice Kofi Debraf's (2021) research, the investigation

underscores the complex nature of solid waste management (SWM) in

developing nations. SWM is heavily influenced by political, socioeconomic,

institutional, and environmental factors, which are exacerbated by rapid

urbanization and the growing environmental knowledge gap between different

generations. A comprehensive systematic review covering the years 2010 to

2019 reveals that while secondary and tertiary level students generally hold

positive environmental attitudes and awareness, they lack practical education in

SWM, mainly due to limited hands-on experience among teachers in this field.

Age and education levels significantly affect environmental knowledge and

attitudes among both educators and students, highlighting the need for enhanced

teacher training to address contemporary environmental issues. To address this

knowledge gap, the integration of environmental sustainability education at all

educational levels in developing countries becomes crucial.

Assessment of Waste Management Awareness in Science Students. In

the study conducted by Gonca Harman and Nisa Yenikalayci (2022), the primary
objective was to gauge the extent of waste management awareness among

science students. Their results revealed a strong comprehension of concepts like

recovery, reuse, recycling, and the significance of individual involvement.

However, it also brought to light a notable deficiency in knowledge regarding

essential waste management practices, particularly waste sorting and source

separation. Notably, the utilization of scientific journals as an educational tool

proved to be effective in evaluating and enhancing student awareness. This

research underscores the importance of a comprehensive waste management

education to cultivate environmentally conscious citizens and future leaders.

Awareness and Practices Regarding Solid Waste Management Among

Senior High School Students in a State College in Zamboanga City, Philippines.

According to Romenick Alejandro Molina and Ivee Catan (2021), this study

focuses on an examination of the awareness and behaviors related to solid

waste management among Grade 12 students at a State College. Employing a

descriptive-quantitative approach, the research reveals that students possess a

satisfactory understanding of fundamental solid waste management concepts but

lack knowledge of relevant laws. Primary sources through which students acquire

their awareness include television, radio, guidance from parents, and social

media. Encouragingly, the study's findings indicate that students demonstrate

commendable practices in waste management, which include segregation,

reduction, reuse, recycling, and proper disposal. These outcomes emphasize the
necessity for increased efforts in educating students about solid waste

management laws and utilizing popular media platforms for information

dissemination.

In line with the research by Ramatta Massa Yoada and her colleagues in

2014, they suggest that safeguarding public health in urban areas can be

achieved through improved public education, increased availability of communal

trash bins, and the involvement of private contractors in waste collection.

"Domestic waste disposal practice and perceptions of private sector waste

management" is a crucial aspect to consider in this context. Inadequate handling

of waste can pose risks to both people's well-being and the environment. The

prevailing view of waste as a valueless, unwanted substance has largely shaped

people's attitudes toward its disposal. The study examines how an urban

community manages domestic waste, handles waste disposal, and views the

connections between waste and health.

Based on the work of Ifigenia Iliopoulou (2019), this research delves into

the problem-posing skills of young students and their linkage to proposed

remedies, focusing on the impact of a student's age. "Students’ Ability to Pose a

Problem: The Case of Waste" is a pivotal aspect addressed in this study. The

investigation, carried out among 6-year-olds and 9-year-olds in Greece, uncovers

that although most students can recognize environmental concerns, their ability

to pose these problems is often incomplete, primarily centered on the issue of

waste generation through the disposal of unwanted items. Those who have an

understanding of concepts like reusing and recycling during the problem-posing

phase are more inclined to put forward these solutions. This underscores the

need to improve how students articulate problems for more comprehensive

solutions. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of the frequently

neglected problem-posing stage, emphasizing the value of visual representation

and collaborative discussions in enriching students' problem-solving capabilities

and their potential to influence adopted solutions, especially in the realm of

intricate environmental issues.

In line with the research by Carlo M. Punongbayan, Sheena P. et al.

(2014), their review delves into an examination of waste management practices

at LPU-B. This evaluation scrutinizes the efficiency of practices related to waste

collection, disposal, recovery, and processing, while also identifying

shortcomings in waste disposal. The research utilized a descriptive methodology

and gathered responses from 101 participants through a questionnaire.

Respondents generally deemed "Waste Management Practices of an

Educational Institution" effective but noted challenges related to the strategic

placement of disposal areas and the execution of waste recovery and reuse

techniques. The study identified significant correlations within these practices

and proposed an action plan for their enhancement, which includes rigorous

implementation and oversight, regular assessments and evaluations, knowledge

enrichment through seminars, and disciplinary measures for rule violations. The

research also offers potential directions for future studies, providing valuable

insights into how waste management practices at LPU-B can be improved for the

benefit of the environment and the community.

As stated by Olekae T. Thakadu et al. (2018), it provides valuable insights

into addressing the limited awareness and knowledge among students regarding

sustainable waste disposal methods and motivating them to take proactive

actions in terms of waste management within their schools and communities. The

strategies discussed in the literature, such as curriculum integration, interactive

learning, extra-curricular involvement, community engagement, peer education,

practical demonstrations, expert involvement, and monitoring and evaluation,

align closely with the question of how to address this issue. "Sanitation and

hygiene practices among primary school learners in Ngamiland district,

Botswana" is a pertinent addition to this discourse. By implementing these

strategies within the educational context, schools can effectively enhance

students' understanding of waste management, promote responsible waste

disposal practices, and empower students to actively engage in waste reduction

initiatives both within their schools and broader communities. The literature

review underscores the importance of multifaceted approaches that not only

educate students but also involve them in practical experiences and peer-based

learning, thus fostering a culture of environmental stewardship and sustainability.

In line with the research by Alvarez, Christine Joy B. et al (2017), the

Mojon Tampoy residents grapple with a myriad of challenges, from the

barangay's insufficient funds and limited income sources to the absence of

adequate street lighting, out-of-school youth, and improper waste disposal

practices. These issues are deeply interconnected, and their ramifications extend

to local schools, where they can adversely affect the quality of education,

resource access, and the health of students and staff due to unsanitary

conditions stemming from waste mismanagement. To address these multifaceted

concerns, collaborative efforts are needed between schools, local authorities,

and the community, encompassing comprehensive waste education, effective

waste segregation within school premises, advocacy for improved waste

collection, and fostering environmental responsibility among students.

Concurrently, initiatives like a compost pit with a shredder and innovative waste

utilization approaches can alleviate environmental challenges, reduce the carbon

footprint, and contribute to a more sustainable, economically stable community,

thereby enhancing the educational environment for students in Mojon Tampoy.

What suggestions are there for addressing waste management challenges

in schools and communities through the initiative 'Empowering for a

Sustainable Future: Driving Change for Grade 7-10 Students Through

Proper Waste Disposal?

As stated by Rakesh Patel (2023), a significant obstacle that hinders

students from practicing responsible waste disposal is the absence of support

and awareness in their communities. It is described that resistance to embracing

waste management protocols can stem from diverse quarters, such as

individuals, businesses, and government entities. "8 Solutions for Overcoming

Common Waste Management Challenges" can provide valuable insights in

addressing these issues. Students may lack complete awareness of the

significance of waste management or encounter societal and economic obstacles

that dissuade them from adhering to appropriate waste disposal methods.

Consequently, it is imperative to educate and involve students in dialogues about

the importance of waste management to surmount this resistance and promote

responsible waste disposal behaviors among the youth.

 As stated by a blog from the Orca Blog (2016), it highlights the educational

and empowerment potential of the zero-waste classroom approach, emphasizing

its relevance to students' lives. By implementing the strategies outlined in the

article, educators can actively involve students in waste reduction efforts and

environmental awareness. The "9 WAYS TO REDUCE GARBAGE IN THE

CLASSROOM" can provide practical guidance in this context. The zero-waste

classroom serves as an effective platform to cultivate eco-conscious students

who are motivated to address pressing global challenges related to waste,

climate change, and sustainability. Through experiential learning and active

engagement, students can develop lifelong habits that contribute to a more

sustainable world.

In the findings of Kofi Nkonkonya Mpuangnan et al. (2023), it emphasizes the

importance of solid waste management in schools and advocates for the

adoption of composting as a sustainable solution rooted in the 3R theory. It

identifies three effective pedagogical techniques—project-based learning, hands-

on learning, and inquiry-based learning—that empower students to actively

engage in waste reduction efforts while also addressing the challenges of

moisture control, carbon-nitrogen balance, and education and awareness.

"Managing Solid Waste In School Environment Through Composting Approach"

complements these strategies by providing a focused approach to waste

reduction and environmental sustainability. Composting in schools not only

reduces waste but also enhances soil health and encourages sustainable

practices, making it a valuable tool in promoting environmental sustainability

within educational institutions.

In the research conducted by Jacob M. Kihila and colleagues in 2021,

"Waste segregation and potential for recycling" is a vital part of effective waste

management, enabling Reuse, Recycling, and Recovery (RRR). However, it's

often neglected and informally practiced in many developing countries due to low

awareness, weak regulations, limited incentives, and low priority. A study

conducted in Kimara ward, Tanzania, found a high potential for RRR, with food

waste being the predominant type. Plastics, electronics, and metals are

informally reused and recycled, typically passing from households to waste

collectors, recycling centers, and industries. The challenge lies in inadequate

facilities, policy enforcement, awareness, and promotion strategies. Community

suggestions for improvement include providing segregation facilities and financial

incentives from recycling businesses. Policy recommendations involve

formalizing RRR in training programs and enhancing enforcement mechanisms.

In the findings of Caitlin Saoirse Boyle (2023), effectively managing waste

within K-12 schools is of paramount importance in order to minimize the

environmental consequences of human activities. The analysis of Ridgefield High

School in Connecticut serves as a valuable source of knowledge on how to

 address this matter. By conducting a waste audit, Ridgefield High School

identified an opportunity to divert 82.5% of waste from the regular disposal

system, highlighting the necessity for improved waste management procedures.

In order to confront this issue, it is imperative to adopt a comprehensive

approach that takes into account the history of environmental education, insights

derived from environmental psychology, and the establishment of sustainable

infrastructure. The case of Ridgefield illustrates the practical implementation of

these principles, as seen in "Designing A Comprehensive Waste Management

Plan For K-12 Public School Systems: Ridgefield High School Zero-Waste

Initiative Case Study," and imparts valuable insights into effective policy

solutions, making it an invaluable resource for educational institutions seeking to

enhance their waste management initiatives.

SYNTHESIS

Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices among Senior High School Students
in a State College in Zamboanga City, Philippines

This synthesis entails a comprehensive comparative analysis between two distinct

research studies focusing on students' engagement in solid waste management. The first study
centers on Grade 12 students and employs a descriptive-quantitative approach using the
SWMAPQ questionnaire. In contrast, the second study targets Grade 7-10 students and may
adopt a different research instrument and methodologies depending on its objectives.
Differences and potential variations arise in the choice of respondents, research instruments,
data gathering procedures, and data analysis methods. Both studies share common themes,
assessing awareness levels, sources of awareness, waste management practices, reuse and
recycling behaviors, and waste disposal. By comparing these aspects, the synthesis aims to
reveal potential trends, distinctions, or commonalities among students of varying age groups
and educational levels. Furthermore, insights from the Grade 12 study may offer valuable
strategies, best practices, or areas for improvement to inform the research design and methods
of the Grade 7-10 study, ultimately contributing to the empowerment of students in proper
waste disposal.