Section 9 - Sand Control Products

Table Of Contents

Technical Data on Gravel Pack Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Permeability of Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Geological Definition of Sand, Silt, and Clay Grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Sieve Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Specific Volume of Common Gravels and Proppants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Density of Gravel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Common Gravel Pack Sand Sizes and Recommended Screen Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

API Specifications for Gravel Pack Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Designated Coarse and Fine Sieves for API Gravel Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Krumbian Chart for Visual Estimates of

Sand Grain Sphericity and Roundness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Permeability of Baker Bond and Gravel Substitutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Gravel and Screen Sizing Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Technical Data on Baker Oil Tools Screens - Screen Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

EXPress® Expandable Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

EXPress® 28 Expandable Screens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

EXCLUDER2000™ and EQUALIZER™ Screen Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Pore Size Selection Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

BAKERWELD® and SLIM-PAK® Screen Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Slurry Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Sand Feed Rate < 1 - 10 > (lb/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Sand Feed Rate < 11 - 40 > (lb/min) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Darcy's Law Equations For Water Pack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Baker Oil Tools Page 9-1

Technical Data on Gravel Pack Sand

Standard Sieve Openings
Sieve Opening
U.S. Mesh Size Equivalent φ Units*
in. microns mm
2.5 0.315 8000 8.000 -3.0
3 0.265 6730 6.730 -2.75
3.5 0.223 5660 5.660 -2.5
4 0.187 4760 4.760 -2.25
5 0.157 4000 4.000 -2.0
6 0.132 3360 3.360 -1.75
7 0.111 2830 2.830 -1.5
8 0.0937 2380 2.380 -1.25
10 0.0787 2000 2.000 -1.0
12 0.0661 1680 1.680 -.75
14 0.0555 1410 1.410 -.5
16 0.0469 1190 1.190 -.25
18 0.0394 1000 1.000 0
20 0.0331 840 0.840 .25
25 0.0280 710 0.710 .50
30 0.0232 589 0.589 .76
35 0.0197 500 0.500 1
40 0.0165 420 0.420 1.25
45 0.0138 351 0.351 1.5
50 0.0117 297 0.297 1.75
60 0.0098 250 0.250 2.0
70 0.0083 210 0.210 2.25
80 0.0070 177 0.177 2.5
100 0.0059 149 0.149 2.75
120 0.0049 124 0.124 3.0
140 0.0041 104 0.104 3.25
170 0.0035 88 0.088 3.5
200 0.0029 74 0.074 3.75
230 0.0024 62 0.062 4.00
270 0.0021 53 0.053 4.25
325 0.0017 44 0.044 4.5
400 0.0015 37 0.037 4.75
* φ = log2 1/D (mm)

Permeability of Gravel
U.S. Mesh Permeability U.S. Mesh Permeability
Size Range (Darcies)* Size Range (Darcies)*
6-10 2,703 20-40 136
8-12 1,969 30-40 138
10-20 652 30-50 100
12-20 518 40-60 61
16-25 391 50-70 32
16-30 398
* Based on average porosity of 40 percent. Baker Oil Tools standard gravel
permeability as per Fair and Hatch procedure from Bear, J. “Dynamics of Fluids in a
Porous Media” 1988, Dover Publications Inc. NY pp 133-135
Page 9-2 Baker Oil Tools

Geological Definition of Sand, Silt, and Clay Grains

Grain Diameter Sand Silt Clay
Inches .00246 - .08 .00015 - .00246 < .00015
Millimeters .0625 - 2.0 .00391 - .0625 < .00391
Microns 62.5 - 2000 3.91 - 62.5 < 3.9

Sieve Data
Micron* Inches Micron* Inches
50 0.001968498 300 0.011810988
100 0.003936996 350 0.013779486
150 0.005905494 400 0.015747984
200 0.007873992 450 0.017716482
250 0.009842490 500 0.019684980
* 1 micron = 0.00003937 inches

Specific Volume of Common Gravels and Proppants

Specific Volume (Dsv)
(gal/lb)
Natural Sand 0.0452
Econoprop® 0.0444
CarboLite® 0.0443
CarboProp® 0.0367
Bauxite 0.0336

Density of Gravel

Absolute Density = 2.65 g/cc

= 22.1 lb/gal = 165.4 lb/cu ft

Bulk Density (assuming φ = ± 38 %)

= 1.60 g/cc = 13.4 lb/gal = 100 lb/cu ft

Common Gravel Pack Sand Sizes and Recommended Screen Gauge

Grain Diameter Median Grain Median Grain
U.S. Mesh Recommended
Range Diameter Diameter
Size Range Screen Gauge
in. in. microns
8-12 .0937-.0661 .0799 2,029 40
10-20 .0787-.0331 .0559 1,420 20
12-20 .0661-.0331 .0496 1,260 20
16-25 .0469-.0280 .0388 986 20
16-30 .0469-.0232 .0351 892 18
20-40 .0331-.0165 .0248 630 12
30-40 .0232-.0165 .0199 505 12
30-50 .0232-.0117 .0175 445 8
40-60 .0165-.0098 .0132 335 6
50-70 .0117-.0083 .0100 254 6
Baker Oil Tools Page 9-3

API Specifications for Gravel Pack Sand

A minimum of 96 percent by weight of the tested sand sample should pass the
course designated sieve and be retained on the fine designated sieve (with the
Sieve course and fine designated sieves defined in the table below). Not over 0.1
Analysis percent of the total tested sample should be retained by the course designated
sieve and not over 2 percent of the total tested sample pass through the fine
designated sieve.
Gravel pack sand should have an average sphericity of 0.6 or greater and an
Sphericity and
average roundness of 0.6 or greater as determined by visual analysis using the
Roundness
chart developed by Krumbein and Sloss.
A 5 gram sand sample is added to 100 ml of 12 percent -3 percent HCl-HF acid
and allowed to sit for one hour at 72°F to allow dissolution of contaminates
Acid (carbonates, feldspars, iron oxides, clays, etc.). The sand is then removed and
Solubility dried. The before and after weights are compared to determine acid solubility.
The acid soluble material in gravel pack sand should not exceed 1.0 percent by
weight.
A 20 ml sample of dry sand is mixed with 100 ml of demineralized water and
allowed to sit for thirty minutes. The sample is then shaken vigorously for 30
Silt and
seconds and allowed to sit for 5 minutes. A 25 ml sample of the water-silt
Clay Content
suspension is removed and the turbidity is measured. The resulting turbidity of
tested gravel pack sand should be 250 NTU’s or less.
A sample is sieved to remove all fines and weighed. The sample is then exposed
to 2,000 psi confining stress for two minutes. The sample is sieved again to
Crush determine the weight of fines generated. Gravel pack sand subjected to this test
Resistance should not produce more than 2 percent by weight fines. For large sand sizes,
12-20 U.S. Mesh and 8-16 U.S. Mesh, the amount of fines produced should not
exceed 4 percent and 8 percent respectively.
Data provided by API, from Recommended Practice 58 (RP58), “Recommended Practices for the Testing of Sand
Used in Gravel Pack Operations,” First Edition; March 31, 1986

Designated Coarse and Fine Sieves for API Gravel Testing

U.S. Mesh Size Range Coarse Sieve Size Fine Sieve Size
8-12 6 12
12-20 8 20
16-30 12 30
20-40 16 40
30-50 20 50
40-60 30 60
50-70 40 70

Krumbian Chart for Visual Estimates of

Sand Grain Sphericity and Roundness

.9

.7
Sphericity

.5

.3

.1 .3 .5 .7 .9
Roundness
Page 9-4 Baker Oil Tools

Permeability of Baker Bond and Gravel Substitutes

U.S. Mesh Size Range Baker Bond Sintered Bauxite Carbolite® Econoprop®
12-18 - - - -
12-20 - 559 2003 -
16-20 178 448 1288 -
16-25 - - - -
16-30 105* - - -
20-40 87 226 570 340
30-40 - - - -
30-50 - - - 230
30-60 53 82 - -
40-60 - - - 78
50-70 - - - -
* Estimated Permeability

Gravel and Screen Sizing Guidelines

Sorting Coefficient
• Cμ = d40/d90
• Cμ < 3, uniform
• 3 ≤ Cμ ≤ 5, non-uniform
• Cμ > 5, highly non-uniform

Gravel Pack Sand Sizing

• Use D50 ≤ 6 x d50
• If highly non-uniform (Cμ > 5) consider using next smaller size

Wire Wrapped Screen Gauge

• When used with a gravel pack, screen opening should be ±70 percent of the smallest grain diameter of selected
gravel pack sand.
• When used in a standalone application, screen opening should be sized to the d10 of the formation sand size, if
possible.

EXCLUDER™ Screen Sizing

• d10 < 100 microns, use prepacked screen
• 100 microns < d10 < 200 microns, use
Fine EXCLUDER2000™
• 200 < d10 < 250, use Medium EXCLUDER2000™
• d10 > 250, use EXCLUDER2000™ Coarse
• d10 equals the dimension of the grain size at the largest 10th percentile by weight (diameter d10 > diameter d50)

Alternately, use the following criteria:

•d50 < 75 microns, use prepacked screen
•75 microns < d50 < 150 microns, use 110 EXCLUDER™
•d50 > 150 microns, use 230 EXCLUDER™
 Technical Data on Baker Oil Tools Screens - Screen Dimensions

Baker Oil Tools

0

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14

CF
25
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Base Pipe

R2

R2

IZE
EL

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TP
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Number per Foot

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DE

DE

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L
RW

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EC
UA
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ER

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Coupling
OD ID Weight High OD OD OD OD OD* OD** OD OD OD
OD Size Standard
Flow
in. in. lb/ft in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
1.050 0.824 1.14 1.31 3/8 30 60 1.50 1.64 - 1.50 - - - - -
1.315 1.049 1.70 1.66 3/8 30 60 1.76 1.90 - 1.76 - - - - -
1.660 1.380 2.30 2.05 3/8 36 72 2.11 2.25 - 2.11 - - - - -
1.900 1.610 2.75 2.20 3/8 42 84 2.35 2.49 - 2.35 - - - - -
2.063 1.751 3.25 2.50 3/8 42 84 2.51 2.65 - 2.51 - - - - -
2.375 1.995 4.60 2.88 3/8 48 96 2.82 2.96 - 2.82 3.17 3.22 - - -
2.875 2.441 6.40 3.50 3/8 54 108 3.32 3.46 - 3.32 3.67 3.72 - - -
3.250 2.750 8.00 3.56 3/8 60 120 3.70 3.83 - - - - - - -
3.500 2.992 9.20 4.25 3/8 66 132 3.95 4.09 - 3.95 4.30 4.35 4.52 - 5.48
4.000 3.548 9.50 4.50 3/8 72 144 4.45 4.59 4.78 4.45 4.80 4.85 - - -
4.500 4.000 11.60 5.00 3/8 78 156 4.96 5.10 5.28 4.96 5.31 5.36 5.53 5.53 6.57
5.000 4.408 15.00 5.56 3/8 84 168 5.47 5.61 5.78 5.47 - - - - -
5.500 4.950 15.50 6.05 3/8 90 180 5.97 6.11 6.28 5.97 6.32 6.37 6.54 - 7.57
6.625 5.920 24.00 7.39* 3/8 108 216 7.11 7.25 7.40 7.11 7.46 7.51 7.68 - -
7.000 6.366 23.00 7.66* 3/8 114 228 7.49 7.63 7.78 7.49 - - - - -
7.625 6.875 29.70 8.50* 3/8 114 228 8.12 8.26 8.40 8.12 - - - - -
8.625 7.921 32.00 9.63* 3/8 156 312 - 9.27 - 9.13 - - - - -
9.625 8.921 36.00 10.63* 3/8 180 360 - 10.28 - 10.14 10.48 10.53 - - -
* Indicates OD for EXLUDER2000™ with fine and medium Vector Weave
** Indicates OD for EXCLUDER2000™ with coarse Vector Weave

Page 9-5
Page 9-6 Baker Oil Tools

EXPress® Expandable Screens

System / Expansion % 4.75 (17-22%) 6.875 (20-25%) 7.625 (18-22%)
Expansion pre post pre post pre post
Base Pipe ID (in.) 4.19 4.90-5.11 6.235 7.48-7.80 6.985 8.26-8.56
Base Pipe OD (in.) 4.75 5.44-5.63 6.875 7.99-8.39 7.625 8.83-9.10
Screen OD (in.) 5.16 5.74-5.93 7.286 8.37-8.65 8.045 9.16-9.40
Approximate screen Assembly Weight (lb/ft) 18.5 28.5 30.5
4.75 6.875 7.625
Connections
EXPress® EXPress® EXPress® Buttress
Metallurgy; Base Pipe and Weave - 316L, Shroud - 304 SS

EXPress® 28 Expandable Screens

System / Expansion % 4.75 (17-22%) 6.875 (18-28%)
Expansion pre post pre post
Base Pipe ID (in.) 4.19 4.90 - 5.11 6.235 7.36 - 8.00
Base Pipe OD (in.) 4.75 5.44 - 5.63 6.875 8.00 - 8.52
Screen OD (in.) 5.33 5.80 - 6.00 7.48 8.40 - 8.92
Approximate Screen Assembly Weight (lb/ft) 20.5 31.5
4.75 6.875
Connections
EXPress® Buttress EXPress® Buttress
Solids cones also available as options:
4-3/4" - 18 and 20% solid cones
6-7/8" - 18 and 20% solid cones
Metallurgy; Base Pipe and Weave - 316L, Shroud - 304 SS

EXCLUDER2000™ and EQUALIZER™ Screen Weights

EXCLUDER2000™ EQUALIZER™
Base Pipe OD
19.5 ft Joint 39 ft Joint 19.5 ft Joint 39 ft Joint
in. Total Weight per Joint (lb)
2.875 238.23 476.46 N/A
3.500 313.90 627.80 328.90 657.80
4.000 335.94 671.87 N/A
4.500 396.48 792.96 N/A
5.000 N/A N/A
5.500 504.43 1008.85 524.43 1048.85
6.625 708.41 1416.81 738.41 1476.81
7.000S 717.00✸ 1434.00✸ N/A
9.625S 1121.25z 2242.50z N/A
✸ Pipe Base 26#
z Pipe Base 43.5#
SBased on EXCLUDER™ coarse only
Baker Oil Tools Page 9-7

BAKERWELD® and SLIM-PAK® Screen Weights

Base Pipe BAKERWELD® Screens Total Weight per Joint (lb) SLIM-PAK® Screen
OD 105W x 105R 105W x 140R 140W x 140R Weight Per Joint (lb)
19.5 ft 39 ft 19.5 ft 39 ft 19.5 ft 39 ft 19.5 ft 39 ft
in.
Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint Joint
1.050 47.58 95.16 52.46 104.91 60.26 120.51 64.16 128.31
1.315 62.40 124.80 67.67 135.33 76.44 152.88 81.71 163.41
1.660 78.98 157.95 84.63 169.26 95.16 190.32 102.18 204.36
1.900 91.85 183.69 98.09 196.17 109.40 218.79 117.39 234.78
2.063 104.52 209.04 111.35 222.69 123.24 246.48 132.21 264.42
2.375 135.72 271.44 142.94 285.87 156.39 312.78 166.34 332.67
2.875 178.04 356.07 186.23 372.45 201.63 403.26 214.50 429.00
3.500 241.80 483.60 250.77 501.54 268.91 537.81 285.48 570.96
4.000 254.87 509.73 264.81 529.62 284.90 569.79 304.01 608.01
4.500 304.20 608.40 315.12 630.24 337.55 675.09 359.00 717.99
5.000 377.91 755.82 389.61 779.22 414.18 828.36 439.92 879.84
5.500 395.85 791.70 408.72 817.44 435.44 870.87 463.71 927.42
6.625 578.96 1157.91 593.97 1187.94 625.37 1250.73 660.27 1320.54
7.000 565.31 1130.61 580.91 1161.81 613.86 1227.72 651.50 1302.99
7.625 705.71 1411.41 722.67 1445.34 758.36 1516.71 800.87 1601.73
8.625 765.96 1531.92 784.49 1568.97 824.46 1648.92 874.19 1748.37
9.625 859.17 1718.34 879.65 1759.29 923.72 1847.43 981.05 1962.09

Pore Size Selection Criteria

Size Formation Description
Fine 100 p.m.<d10<200 p.m. High sand retention efficiency
Medium 200 p.m.<d10<300 p.m. Allows for conditioned mud flow back
Minimum fines plugging and
Coarse d10>300 p.m.
maximum mud flow back capacity
Page 9-8 Baker Oil Tools

Slurry Calculations

Clean Fluid Volume Required

Gw
V f = --------
Wg
Where:
V f = clean fluid volume required (gal) W g = gravel mix ratio (ppg)
G w = weight of gravel required (lb)

Slurry Volume
Vs = Vf ( 1 + Ds v W )
g
Where:
V s = slurry volume (bbl) W g = gravel mix ratio (ppg)
V f = clean fluid volume (bbl) D sv = specific volume of gravel (gal/lb)

Slurry Density
Db + Wg
D s = ------------------------------
1 + Ds v Wg
Where:
D s = slurry density (ppg) W g = gravel mix ratio (ppg)
D b = base fluid density (ppg) D sv = specific volume of gravel (gal/lb)

Sand Feed Rate

42 Q s
Q g = --------------------------------
⎛ -------
1
- +D ⎞
⎝W s v⎠
g
Where:
Q s = slurry rate (bbl/min) W g = gravel mix ratio (ppg)
Q g = sand rate (lb/min) D sv = specific volume of gravel (gal/lb)

Gravel Mix Ratio

Qg
W g = ---------------------------------------
42 Q s – D s v Q g

Where:
Q s = slurry rate (bbl/min) W g = gravel mix ratio (ppg)
Q g = sand rate (lb/min) D sv = specific volume of gravel (gal/lb)

Settling Factor

Wg ( Db v )
S F = ----------------------------------- × 100
1 + Ds v ( Wg )

Where:
SF = settling factor (%) D bv = bulk volume (gal/lb) = 7.48/bulk density (lb/cu ft)
W g = gravel mix ratio (ppg) D sv = specific volume of gravel (gal/lb) = 1/particle density
Baker Oil Tools Page 9-9

Sand Feed Rate < 1 - 10 > (lb/min)

Sand Mix Slurry Rate (bpm)
Ratio
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0
(ppga)
0.25 10 16 21 26 31 36 42 47 52 57 62 67 73 78 83 88 93 99 104
0.50 21 31 41 51 62 72 82 92 103 113 123 133 144 154 164 175 185 195 205
0.75 30 46 61 76 91 107 122 137 152 168 183 198 213 228 244 259 274 289 305
1.00 40 60 80 100 121 141 161 181 201 221 241 261 281 301 321 341 362 382 402
1.25 50 75 99 124 149 174 199 224 248 273 298 323 348 373 397 422 447 472 497
1.50 59 88 118 147 177 206 236 265 295 324 354 383 413 442 472 501 531 560 590
1.75 68 102 136 170 204 238 272 306 340 374 408 442 476 511 545 579 613 647 681
2.00 77 115 154 192 231 269 308 346 385 423 462 500 539 577 616 654 693 731 770
2.25 86 129 171 214 257 300 343 386 429 471 514 557 600 643 686 729 771 814 857
2.50 94 141 189 236 283 330 377 424 471 518 566 613 660 707 754 801 848 895 943
2.75 103 154 205 257 308 359 411 462 513 564 616 667 718 770 821 872 924 975 1026
3.00 111 166 222 277 333 388 443 499 554 610 665 720 776 831 887 942 998 1,053 1,108
3.25 119 178 238 297 357 416 476 535 594 654 713 773 832 892 951 1,010 1,070 1,129 1,189
3.50 127 190 254 317 380 444 507 570 634 697 761 824 887 951 1,014 1,078 1,141 1,204 1,268
3.75 135 202 269 336 404 471 538 605 673 740 807 874 942 1,009 1,076 1,143 1,211 1,278 1,345
4.00 142 213 284 355 426 497 568 639 710 781 853 924 995 1,066 1,137 1,208 1,279 1,350 1,421
4.25 150 224 299 374 449 523 598 673 748 822 897 972 1,047 1,121 1,196 1,271 1,346 1,420 1,495
4.50 157 235 314 392 470 549 627 706 784 863 941 1,019 1,098 1,176 1,255 1,333 1,411 1,490 1,568
4.75 164 246 328 410 492 574 656 738 820 902 984 1,066 1,148 1,230 1,312 1,394 1,476 1,558 1,640
5.00 171 257 342 428 513 599 684 770 855 941 1,026 1,112 1,197 1,283 1,368 1,454 1,539 1,625 1,710
5.25 178 267 356 445 534 623 712 801 890 978 1,067 1,156 1,245 1,334 1,423 1,512 1,601 1,690 1,779
5.5 185 277 369 462 554 646 739 831 923 1,016 1,108 1,200 1,293 1,385 1,477 1,570 1,662 1,754 1,847
5.75 191 287 383 478 574 670 765 861 957 1,052 1,148 1,244 1,339 1,435 1,531 1,626 1,722 1,818 1,913
6.00 198 297 396 495 594 693 791 890 989 1,088 1,187 1,286 1,385 1,484 1,583 1,682 1,781 1,880 1,979
6.25 204 306 409 511 613 715 817 919 1,021 1,124 1,226 1,328 1,430 1,532 1,634 1,736 1,839 1,941 2,043
6.50 211 316 421 526 632 737 842 948 1,053 1,158 1,263 1,369 1,474 1,579 1,685 1,790 1,895 2,001 2,106
6.75 217 325 434 542 650 759 867 975 1,084 1,192 1,301 1,409 1,517 1,626 1,734 1,843 1,951 2,059 2,168
7.00 223 334 446 557 669 780 891 1,003 1,114 1,226 1,337 1,449 1,560 1,671 1,783 1,894 2,006 2,117 2,229
7.25 229 343 458 572 687 801 915 1,030 1,144 1,259 1,373 1,487 1,602 1,716 1,831 1,945 2,060 2,174 2,288
7.50 235 352 469 587 704 822 939 1,056 1,174 1,291 1,408 1,526 1,643 1,760 1,878 1,995 2,113 2,230 2,347
7.75 241 361 481 601 722 842 962 1,082 1,203 1,323 1,443 1,563 1,684 1,804 1,924 2,044 2,165 2,285 2,405
8.00 246 369 492 615 739 862 985 1,108 1,231 1,354 1,477 1,600 1,723 1,846 1,970 2,093 2,216 2,339 2,462
8.25 252 378 504 629 755 881 1,007 1,133 1,259 1,385 1,511 1,637 1,762 1,888 2,014 2,140 2,266 2,392 2,518
8.50 257 386 515 643 772 900 1,029 1,158 1,286 1,415 1,544 1,672 1,801 1,930 2,058 2,187 2,316 2,444 2,573
8.75 263 394 525 657 788 919 1,051 1,182 1,313 1,445 1,576 1,707 1,839 1,970 2,102 2,233 2,364 2,496 2,627
9.00 268 402 536 670 804 938 1,072 1,206 1,340 1,474 1,608 1,742 1,876 2,010 2,144 2,278 2,412 2,546 2,680
9.25 273 410 546 683 820 956 1,093 1,230 1,366 1,503 1,639 1,776 1,913 2,049 2,186 2,323 2,459 2,596 2,732
9.50 278 418 557 696 835 974 1,114 1,253 1,392 1,531 1,670 1,810 1,949 2,088 2,227 2,366 2,506 2,645 2,784
9.75 283 425 567 709 850 992 1,134 1,276 1,417 1,559 1,701 1,843 1,984 2,126 2,268 2,409 2,551 2,693 2,835
10.00 288 433 577 721 865 1,010 1,154 1,298 1,442 1,587 1,731 1,875 2,019 2,163 2,308 2,452 2,595 2,740 2,885
Page 9-10 Baker Oil Tools

Sand Feed Rate < 11 - 40 > (lb/min)

Sand Mix Slurry Rate (bpm)
Ratio
11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 22.0 23.0 24.0 25.0 27.5 30.0 35.0 40.0
(ppga)
0.25 114 125 135 145 156 166 176 187 197 208 228 239 249 260 285 311 363 415
0.50 226 246 267 287 308 329 349 370 390 411 452 472 493 513 565 616 719 821
0.75 335 365 396 426 457 487 518 548 579 609 670 701 731 761 838 914 1,066 1,218
1.00 442 482 522 562 603 643 683 723 763 803 884 924 964 1,004 1105 1205 1,406 1,607
1.25 546 596 646 695 745 795 844 894 944 993 1,093 1,142 1,192 1,242 1,366 1,490 1,738 1,987
1.50 649 708 767 826 885 943 1,002 1,061 1,120 1,179 1,297 1,356 1,415 1,474 1,622 1,769 2,064 2,359
1.75 749 817 885 953 1,021 1,089 1,157 1,225 1,293 1361 1,497 1566 1,634 1,702 1,872 2,042 2,382 2,723
2.00 847 924 1,001 1,078 1,155 1,232 1,309 1,386 1,463 1540 1,694 1,771 1,848 1,924 2,117 2,309 2,694 3,079
2.25 943 1,028 1,114 1,200 1,286 1,371 1,457 1,543 1,628 1,714 1,886 1,971 2,057 2,143 2,357 2,571 3,000 3,428
2.50 1,037 1,131 1,225 1,320 1,414 1,508 1,602 1,697 1,791 1,885 2,074 2,168 2,262 2,356 2,592 2,828 3,299 3,770
2.75 1,129 1,232 1,334 1,437 1,539 1,642 1,745 1,847 1,950 2,053 2,258 2,360 2463 2,566 2,822 3,079 3,592 4,105
3.00 1,219 1,330 1,441 1,552 1,663 1,773 1,884 1,995 2,106 2,217 2,438 2,549 2,660 2,771 3,048 3,325 3,879 4,433
3.25 1,308 1,427 1,545 1,664 1,783 1,902 2,021 2,140 2,259 2,378 2,615 2,734 2,853 2,972 3,269 3,566 4,161 4,755
3.50 1,394 1,521 1,648 1,775 1,902 2,028 2,155 2,282 2,409 2,535 2,789 2,916 3,042 3,169 3,486 3,803 4,437 5,071
3.75 1,480 1,614 1,749 1,883 2,018 2,152 2,287 2,421 2,556 2,690 2,959 3,094 3,228 3,363 3,699 4,035 4,708 5,380
4.00 1,563 1,705 1,847 1,989 2,131 2,273 2,415 2,558 2,700 2,842 3,126 3,268 3,410 3,552 3,907 4,263 4,973 5,683
4.25 1,645 1,794 1,944 2,093 2,243 2,392 2,542 2,691 2,841 2,990 3,289 3,439 3,589 3,738 4,112 4,486 5,233 5,981
4.50 1,725 1,882 2,039 2,195 2,352 2,509 2,666 2,823 2,980 3,136 3,450 3,607 3,764 3,921 4,313 4,705 5,489 6,273
4.75 1,804 1,968 2,132 2,296 2,460 2,624 2,788 2,952 3,116 3,280 3,608 3,772 3,936 4,100 4,509 4,919 5,739 6,559
5.00 1,881 2,052 2,223 2,394 2,565 2,736 2,907 3,078 3,249 3,420 3,762 3,933 4,104 4,275 4,703 5,130 5,985 6,840
5.25 1,957 2,135 2,313 2,491 2,669 2,847 3,024 3,202 3,380 3,558 3,914 4,092 4,270 4,448 4,892 5,337 6,227 7,116
5.50 2,031 2,216 2,401 2,586 2,770 2,955 3,140 3,324 3,509 3,694 4,063 4,248 4,432 4,617 5,079 5,540 6,464 7,387
5.75 2,105 2,296 2,487 2,679 2,870 3,061 3,253 3,444 3,635 3,827 4,209 4,401 4,592 4,783 5,262 5,740 6,697 7,653
6.00 2,177 2,374 2,572 2,770 2,968 3,166 3,364 3,562 3,759 3,957 4,353 4,551 4,749 4,947 5,441 5,936 6,925 7,915
6.25 2,247 2,451 2,656 2,860 3,064 3,268 3,473 3,677 3,881 4,086 4,494 4,698 4,903 5,107 5,618 6,128 7,150 8,171
6.50 2,316 2,527 2,738 2,948 3,159 3,369 3,580 3,790 4,001 4,212 4,633 4,843 5,054 5,265 5,791 6,317 7,370 8,423
6.75 2,385 2,601 2,818 3,035 3,252 3,468 3,685 3,902 4,119 4,336 4,769 4,986 5,203 5,419 5,961 6,503 7,587 8,671
7.00 2,451 2,674 2,897 3,120 3,343 3,566 3,789 4,012 4,234 4,457 4,903 5,126 5,349 5,572 6,129 6,686 7,800 8,914
7.25 2,517 2,746 2,975 3,204 3,433 3,662 3,890 4,119 4,348 4,577 5,035 5,263 5,492 5,721 6,293 6,865 8,010 9,154
7.50 2,582 2,817 3,051 3,286 3,521 3,756 3,990 4,225 4,460 4,694 5,164 5,399 5,633 5,868 6,455 7,042 8,215 9,389
7.75 2,646 2,886 3,127 3,367 3,608 3,848 4,089 4,329 4,570 4,810 5,291 5,532 5,772 6,013 6,614 7,215 8,418 9,620
8.00 2,708 2,954 3,200 3,447 3,693 3,939 4,185 4,431 4,678 4,924 5,416 5,662 5,909 6,155 6,770 7,386 8,617 9,848
8.25 2,770 3,021 3,273 3,525 3,777 4,028 4,280 4,532 4,784 5,036 5,539 5,791 6,043 6,295 6,924 7,553 8,812 10,071
8.50 2,830 3,087 3,345 3,602 3,859 4,116 4,374 4,631 4,888 5,146 5,660 5,917 6,175 6,432 7,075 7,718 9,005 10,291
8.75 2,890 3,152 3,415 3,678 3,940 4,203 4,466 4,728 4,991 5,254 5,779 6,042 6,305 6,567 7,224 7,881 9,194 10,508
9.00 2,948 3,216 3,484 3,752 4,020 4,288 4,556 4,824 5,092 5,360 5,896 6,164 6,432 6,700 7,370 8,040 9,380 10,720
9.25 3,006 3,279 3,552 3,825 4,099 4,372 4,645 4,918 5,192 5,465 6,011 6,285 6,558 6,831 7,514 8,197 9,564 10,930
9.50 3,062 3,341 3,619 3,898 4,176 4,454 4,733 5,011 5,290 5,568 6,125 6,403 6,682 6,960 7,656 8,352 9,744 11,136
9.75 3,118 3,402 3,685 3,969 4,252 4,536 4,819 5,102 5,386 5,669 6,236 6,520 6,803 7,087 7,795 8,504 9,921 11,339
10.00 3,173 3,462 3,750 4,038 4,327 4,615 4,904 5,192 5,481 5,769 6,346 6,635 6,923 7,212 7,933 8,654 10,096 11,538
Baker Oil Tools Page 9-11

Darcy's Law Equations For Water Pack

Linear Flow (Velocity < 0.7 ft/sec)

0.00078 k A ( p s – p i )
h = ----------------------------------------------------
μq

Where: h = gravel height above top of screen (ft)

k = permeability of gravel (darcies)
A = flow area in casing/blank annulus (ft2)
ps = sandout pressure (psi)
pi = initial circulating pressure (psi)
μ = completion fluid viscosity (cp)
q = pump rate (bpm)

Linear Flow (Velocity > 0.7 ft/sec)

2
k A ( ps – pi )
h = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
⎛ ⎞
21 ( 1 – φ )
1279.0 μ q A + 0.0000144 ⎜ -------------------------⎟ p k q
2
⎜ 3 ⎟
⎝ d 50 φ ⎠

Where: h = gravel height above top of screen (ft)

k = permeability of gravel (darcies)
A = flow area in casing/blank annulus (ft2)
ps = sandout pressure (psi)
pi = initial circulating pressure (psi)
μ = completion fluid viscosity (cp)
q = pump rate (bpm)
φ = porosity (fraction)
d50 = average grain size (in.)
ρ = completion fluid density (ppg)

Flow Velocity

5.615 q
V = -----------------
A

Where: V = flow velocity (ft/min)

A = flow area (ft2)
q = pump rate (bpm)