General Mathematics

Second Quarter — All Topics (Exponential Function → Truth Table)

❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ STEM 11 - A [ Reviewer ]

i. Exponential Functions iii. MORE EXAMPLES FROM MODULE :

x
● a function in the form f(x) = b where b is called the base
and b>0 but not equal to 1
● are quite different from other algebraic functions, like the
linear and the quadratic functions.
● table of values consists of ordered pairs of members ( x,
f(x) ) representing a function or describing points in a
coordinate plane. It is used in sketching the graph.
● graph of an exponential function — is a necessary tool
in describing its behavior and characteristics its
intercepts, asymptote and zeroes.
● graph — can also provide insights as to real-life
situations that can be modelled by exponential functions.

i. EXAMPLE :

(1) 3y = 54x (3) 5y = 10 (⅛)3x

(2) y + 8 = 2x - 4 (4) ⅓y = 5(½)x

ii. PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS :

● The domain is the set of all real numbers

● The range is the set of all positive real numbers
● Exponential function is a one-to-one function that
satisfies the Horizontal Line Test.
● The y-intercept is 1. There is no x-intercept.
● The horizontal asymptote is the line y=0 (or the x-axis).
There is no vertical asymptote.
● The function is increasing if b > 1
and is decreasing if 0 < b < 1
IIi. Exponential Inequalities
Ii. Exponential Equations
● an inequality which has variables in the exponents. It
● an equation involving exponential expressions.
contains symbols of <, >, ≤, or ≥.
● an equation which includes a variable in the exponent or
an equation involving exponential expressions. i. PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL INEQUALITIES
● to solve exponential equations is to write both sides of
the equation as powers of the same base. 01. If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is increasing
for all values of x. Thus, bx < by if and only if x < y.
i. EXAMPLE : 02. If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is
decreasing for all values of x. This means that bx > by if
(1) 25 = 5x (3) 4x = 1/16
and only if x < y.
(2) 72x-x = 1/343 (4) 272x+⅓ = 81
03. In solving exponential inequalities, convert the
ii. HOW TO SOLVE EQUATIONS : expressions of both sides of the inequality in such a way
that they are of the same base like am > an. This implies
● 272x+1 = 81 ● 52 + 2x = ⅕ that m > n if a > 1.
→ 33(2x+1) = 34 → 52 + 2x = 5-1
→ 33(2x+1) = 34 → 2 + 2x = -1 i. EXAMPLE :
→ 3(2x + 1) = 4 → 2x = -1 - 2
→ 6x + 3 = 4 → 2x = -3 (1) 52x - 5x+1 < 0 (3) 4x = 1/16
→ 6x = 4 - 3 2 (2) 25x+1 ≤ 125x (4) 73x+2 ≥ 49x
→ 6x = 1 ● x=-3
6 2
● x = 1/6

❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ – Page 1

 ii. HOW TO SOLVE INEQUALITIES : i, HOW TO SOLVE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH :

● 10x ≤ 1 .
10, 000
●
→
(½)x-3
x-3
½ ≥ 64
➗ (½)3 ≥ 64
1. At the start of an experiment, there are 500 bacteria.
Suppose that the bacteria doubles every 5 hours. Give an
→ 10x ≤ 10 -4 ½3
exponential model for the bacteria as a function of t.
→ 10x ≤ 10 -4 → ½x-3-3 ≥ ½-6
● initial amount : 500
→ x ≤ -4 → x-3-3 ≤ -6
● T = 5 hours
● {xER | x ≤ - 4} → x - 6 ≤ -6
● exponential model : y = 500 (2)t/5
→ x ≤ -6 + 6
2. In a community, there were 1,000 people initially living, after
→ x≤0
a year, the population doubles, how many are living after a
● {xER | x ≤ 0}
decade.
● initial amount : 1, 000
● T = 1 (since after a year, year = 1)
iii. MORE EXAMPLES FROM MODULE : ● t = 10 (since decade = 10 years)
● exponential model : y = 1000 (2)10/1
● = 1, 024, 000 people

II. Exponential Decay

● If a quantity is decreasing exponentially at a rate of r (in
decimal form and positive), then the quantity present at
time t is given by y = yO (1- r)t , where yO is the initial
value of y and (1- r) is the decay factor.
● FORMULA :y = yO (1- r)t
i, HOW TO SOLVE EXPONENTIAL DECAY :

1. Your family bought a house 10 years ago for ₱2,700,000.00.

Since that time, the value of real estate declines 2% per year.
How much would your house be worth today?
● initial amount : 2, 700, 000
● r= 2% → 0.02
● t = 10 (since 10 years)
● exponential model : y =2, 700, 000 (1 - 0.02)10
● Thus, the house is worth ₱2,206,096.58 today.

III. Half – life

● half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for
half of the substance to decay.
● FORMULA :y = yO (½)t/T
i. HOW TO SOLVE HALF LIFE :

1. Suppose that the half - life of a substance is 250 years. If

there were initially 100 g of the substance, how much will
Exponential Growth, Decay, Half-life, and remain after a millennium?
compound interest ──────────────── ● initial amount : 100 g
● T = 250
● Population growth, exponential decay, and ● t = 10 (since 10 years)
compound interest are some of the most common ● t = 1000 (since millennium = 1000 years)
applications in real-life of exponential functions. ● exponential model : y = 100 (½) 1000/250
● = 6.25 grams
I. Exponential Growth
● Suppose a quantity N doubles every T units of time. If No
is the initial amount, then the quantity N after t units of
time is given by : y = yO (2)t/T
t/T
● FORMULA : y = yO (2)
● where yO is the initial amount

❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ – Page 2

 IV. Compound Interest ii. REMINDERS
● Exponential function is very useful in investment-related 01. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the
situations. If a principal P is invested at an annual rate r, base. In the exponential form, y is an exponent; this
compounded annually, then the amount after t years is implies that the logarithm is actually an exponent.
given by : y = P (1 + r)t Hence, logarithmic and exponential functions are
● FORMULA : A = P (1 + r)t inverses.
02. In the logarithmic form logbx , x cannot be negative.
i, HOW TO SOLVE COMPOUND INTEREST : 03. The value of logbx can be negative.

1. You take out a 20, 000 loan at a 5% interest rate, If the A. Logarithmic Function
interest is compounded annually, how much will you owe after ● with base b defined by f(x) = logbx is the inverse function
10 years?
of the exponential function with base b whose value
● initial amount : 20, 000
● rate : 5 → 0.05 always positive. That is, y = logbx if and only if x = by .
● t = 10 (10 years) ● EXAMPLES :
● exponential model : y = 20, 000 (1 + 0.05) 10 ○ f(x ) = log4x
● → y = 20, 000 (1.05) 10 ○ y = log (2x + 5)
● = 32, 577. 89254 ○ h(x) = logx .
● = ₱32, 577. 89 log5 - x

ONE TO ONE PROPERTY OF LOG FUNCTION

○ for any logarithmic function f(x) = logbx, if logbu = logbv

Logarithm then u = v.

● the inverse function to exponentiation.

B. Logarithmic Equations
● logarithm of a given number x is the exponent to which
another fixed number, the base b, must be raised, to ● an equation that involves an expression such as logbx
produce that number x. and an equation containing a variable in a logarithmic
● In the simplest case, the logarithm counts the number of expression.
occurrences of the same factor in repeated multiplication. ● EXAMPLES :
○ log2 (x + 10) = 3
Let b be a positive real number such that b ≠ 1. The logarithm ○ there’s an equal sign
of x with base b is denoted by logbx, and is defined as :
i. SOLVING LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS GUIDELINES
● y = logbx if and only if x = by
○ Isolate the logarithmic term on one side of the equation.
Common Logarithms Natural Logarithms ○ Write the equation in exponential form.
— are logarithms with base — are logarithms to the base ○ Solve for the variable.
10; log x is a short notation for e, and are denoted by “ln”. In ○ Check to make sure you do not have extraneous
log10x . other words, lnx is another solutions.
[EXAMPLE] way of writing logex.
● log10 10,000 = 4 — e = 2.71828 ii. EXAMPLES :
→ it should be : [EXAMPLE]
● log 10,000 = 4 ● loge5 = x EX. #1
→ if there is no base, it is → it should be :
understood that the base is 10 ● ln 5 = x

LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FORM

Logarithmic Form Exponential Form

EX #2.
log3 9 = 2 32 = 9

log5 1 = 0 50 = 1

log1/2 8 = -3 (½) -3 = 8

log 10, 000 = 4 104 = 10, 000

ln 5 = x ex = 5

❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ – Page 3

 C. Logarithmic Inequalities Illustrating Simple and Compound
● an inequality that involves logarithm. Interests
● EXAMPLES : ● LENDER or CREDITOR — person (or institution) who
○ log2 (x + 10) = 3 invests the money or makes fund available.
○ there’s an equal sign ● BORROWER or DEBTOR — person (or institution) who
owes the money or avails the funds from the lender.
i. PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
● ORIGIN or LOAD DATE — date on which money is
Given the logarithmic expression logbx : received by the borrower.
1. If 0 < b < 1 ● REPAYMENT DATE or MATURITY DATE — date on
■ then x1 < x2 which the money borrowed or loaned is to be completely
■ if and only if logbx1 > logbx2 repaid.
2. If b > 1 ● TIME or TERM (t) — amount of time in years the money
■ then x1 < x2 is borrowed or invested; length of time between the
■ if and only if logbx1 < logbx2 origin and maturity dates.
● PRINCIPAL (P) — amount of money borrowed or
ii. EXAMPLES : invested on the origin date.
● RATE (r) — annual rate, usually in percent, charged by
EX #1. the lender, or rate of increase of the investment.
● INTEREST (I) — is the amount paid or earned for the use
of money.
● SIMPLE INTEREST (Is) — interest that is computed on
the principal and then added to it.
● COMPOUND INTEREST (Ic) — interest is computed on
the principal and also on the accumulated past interests
● MATURITY VALUE OR FUTURE VALUE (F) — amount
after 𝑡 years that the lender receives from the borrower
EX #2. on the maturity date.

Simple Interest Compound Interest

— interest that is computed — interest is computed on

on the principal and then the principal and also on the
added to it accumulated past interests

— this interest remain — interest from the previous

constant throughout the year also earns interest. Thus,
investment term the interest grows every year.

● Is = Prt ● Ic = F - P
● P = Is / rt ● F = P (1 + r)t
● r = Is / Pt ● P= F .
● t = Is / Pr (1 + r)t
● F = P + Is
Laws of Logarithm
● F = P (1 + rt)
Let b be any positive real number not equal to 1, and n be any
real number. For any positive real numbers u and v, the following → Some of their differences :
properties are true: ● procedure in finding simple and compound interest
● PRODUCT LAW (multiplication and addition) ● interest earned throughout the investment term
○ logb (uv) = logbu + logbv ● formula used in solving the interest earned in each
● QUOTIENT LAW (division and subtraction) case.
○ logb (u/v) = logbu - logbv
● POWER LAW
○ logbun = nlogbu

NOTE:
● if x or base is negative, it is NOT a logarithm.

❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ – Page 4

 PROPOSITION ● EXAMPLE :
● is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but ○ 7 is an odd number
not both. NEGATION : 7 is not an odd number
● If a proposition is true, then its truth value is true which therefore, 7 is an even number
is denoted by T ; otherwise, its truth value is false and is B. CONJUNCTION
denoted by F.
● joining of two or more propositions by the word "and"
● propositions are usually denoted by small letters.
results in their socalled conjunction or logical product.
● propositions joined in this manner are called the
01. Twelve is a prime number
members of the conjunction or the factors of the logical
■ it is a propositio, since it is a declarative
product.
sentence; however it is false because twelve is
● conjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by p Λ q
not a prime number.
(read as “p and q”)
02. Stay away from me!
● propositions p and q are called conjuncts
■ it is not a proposition since it’s an imperative
● EXAMPLE :
sentence.
○ p: Roel was on time
03. Do you want to travel abroad?
○ q: Tom was late
■ not a proposition since it’s an interrogative
CONJUNTION : Roel was on time and Tom was late.
sentence.
04. w: 2x + 8 = 13 C. DISJUNCTION
■ this is a declarative sentence which may be read
● joining of two or more propositions by the word "or "
as “ The sum of twice a number x and eight is
results in their socalled disjunction or logical sum
thirteen”, but we cannot determine whether it is
● the propositions joined in this manner are called the
true or false because of the variable x
members of the disjunction or the summands of the
■ therefore w is not a proposition.
logical sum.
i. SIMPLE PROPOSITION ● the disjunction of propositions p and q is denoted by p v
q (read as “p or q”).
● if it contains only one idea or conveys one thought with ● EXAMPLE :
no connecting words. ○ p: Rita studies her lesson
● sometimes called atomic proposition ○ q: Jovic plays badmintion
● EXAMPLE : DISJUNCTION : Rita studies her lesson or Jovic plays
○ the food tastes good badminton.
○ it is hot outside
○ there is life in Mars D. CONDITIONAL

ii. COMPOUND PROPOSITION ● are compound propositions connected by the words

“If…then” or just “then ”.
● if it is composed of at least two simple propositions ● the conditional of propositions p and q is denoted by
joined together by logical connectives. p→q (read as “If p, then q” or “p implies q” ).
● words such as and, or, not, if…then and if and only if are ● the proposition p is called the hypothesis (premise),
examples of connectives. while the proposition q is called the conclusion
● are sometimes called complex propositions. (consequence).
● EXAMPLE : ● EXAMPLE :
○ a square is a rectangle and it has 4 sides ○ p: Josellito shuts up
○ three is not a factor of sixteen ○ q: Josellito achieves peace
○ susan is dancing, or clara is singing CONDITIONAL : If Josellito shuts up, then he
achieves peace.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
E. BICONDITIONAL
● Negation
● compound propositions connected by the words “if and
● Conjunction
only if.” the propositions p and q are the components of
● Disjunction
the biconditionals.
● Conditional
● biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by p↔q
● Biconditional
(“p if and only if q”) and can also be written as “p if q”.
A. NEGATION ● EXAMPLE :
○ p: Cora is a bibliophile
● the simplest operation of propositions
○ q: Cora loves reading books
● negation of the proposition p is denoted by ~p
BICONDITIONAL : Cora is a bibliophile if and only if she
○ read as “not p”
loves reading books.
❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ – Page 5
OPERATORS Negation Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional

DEFINITION a statement that is the conjunction p Λ q the disjunction p v q the conditional p ↔ q is true only
false whenever the is true only when is false only when p → q is false only when p and q have
given statement is both conjuncts p and both disjuncts p and when p is true the same truth
true, and true q are true. q are false and q is false ; value. ( T and T is
whenever the given otherwise, it is T, F and F is T, the
statement is false. true. rest are false)

SYMBOLS
~p pΛq pvq p→q p↔q
p q

T T F T T T T

T F F F T F F

F T T F T F F

F F T F F T T

● TAUTOLOGY — if the result is all true

● FALLACY — if the result is all false

FOrms of COnditional Propositions iii. CONTRAPOSITIVE

● CONVERSE : q → p
● INVERSE : ~p → ~q ● ~q → ~p
● CONTRAPOSITIVE : ~q → ~p ● “ If Gerard is not a senior high school learner, then he is
not in Grade 11.” This is true
i. CONVERSE

● q→p
● “If Gerard is a senior high school learner, then he is in
Grade 11.” This is not necessarily true, because Gerard
may be a Grade 12 learner.

TAKE NOTE THAT :

● the converse and inverse of a conditional have the

same truth values.
● converse and inverse are equivalent.
ii. INVERSE ● the conditional and its contrapositive have the same
truth values.
● ~p → ~q ● conditional and contrapositive are equivalent.
● “If Gerard is not in Grade 11, then he is not a senior ● contrapositive of converse is inverse
high school learner.” This is not necessarily true,
because Gerard may be in Grade 10, which is not part
of senior high school.
— end of general mathematics —

❛ notes ni rai ‧₊˚✧ – Page 6