Commandes et programmes standards sous GNU / Linux

Anthony Labarre

17 septembre 2024

Ce document donne la liste des programmes et commandes standards sous GNU / Linux, ainsi qu’une description
brève pour chacune de ces commandes. Ignorez les éventuels numéros comme (1) ou (2): ils ne font pas partie de la
commande. Pour plus d’informations, référez-vous à man commande ou help commande.

Nom Description
: Null command.
[ Evaluate conditional expression.
alias Define or display aliases.
arch (1) print machine hardware name (same as uname -m)
b2sum (1) compute and check BLAKE2 message digest
base32 (1) base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output
base64 (1) base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output
basename (1) strip directory and suffix from filenames
basename (3) parse pathname components
basenc (1) Encode/decode data and print to standard output
bg Move jobs to the background.
bind Set Readline key bindings and variables.
break Exit for, while, or until loops.
builtin Execute shell builtins.
caller Return the context of the current subroutine call.
cat (1) concatenate files and print on the standard output
cd Change the shell working directory.
chcon (1) change file security context
chgrp (1) change group ownership
chmod (1) change file mode bits
chmod (2) change permissions of a file
chown (1) change file owner and group
chown (2) change ownership of a file
chroot (2) change root directory
chroot (8) run command or interactive shell with special root directory
cksum (1) compute and verify file checksums
command Execute a simple command or display information about commands.
command Execute a simple command or display information about commands.
compgen Display possible completions depending on the options.
complete Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline.
compopt Modify or display completion options.
continue Resume for, while, or until loops.
cp (1) copy files and directories
csplit (1) split a file into sections determined by context lines
cut (1) remove sections from each line of files
date (1) print or set the system date and time
dd (1) convert and copy a file
declare Set variable values and attributes.
df (1) report file system space usage

1
Nom Description
dirs Display directory stack.
dircolors (1) color setup for ls
dirname (1) strip last component from file name
dirname (3) parse pathname components
dirs Display directory stack.
disown Remove jobs from current shell.
du (1) estimate file space usage
echo Write arguments to the standard output.
enable Enable and disable shell builtins.
env (1) run a program in a modified environment
eval Execute arguments as a shell command.
exec Replace the shell with the given command.
exit Exit the shell.
expand (1) convert tabs to spaces
export Set export attribute for shell variables.
expr (1) evaluate expressions
factor (1) factor numbers
false Return an unsuccessful result.
fc Display or execute commands from the history list.
fg Move job to the foreground.
fmt (1) simple optimal text formatter
fold (1) wrap each input line to fit in specified width
getopts Parse option arguments.
groups (1) print the groups a user is in
hash Remember or display program locations.
head (1) output the first part of files
help Display information about builtin commands.
history Display or manipulate the history list.
hostid (1) print the numeric identifier for the current host
id (1) print real and effective user and group IDs
install (1) copy files and set attributes
jobs Display status of jobs.
join (1) join lines of two files on a common field
kill Send a signal to a job.
let Evaluate arithmetic expressions.
link (1) call the link function to create a link to a file
link (2) make a new name for a file
ln (1) make links between files
local Define local variables.
logname (1) print user’s login name
logout Exit a login shell.
ls (1) list directory contents
mapfile Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable.
md5sum (1) compute and check MD5 message digest
mkdir (1) make directories
mkdir (2) create a directory
mkfifo (1) make FIFOs (named pipes)
mkfifo (3) make a FIFO special file (a named pipe)
mknod (1) make block or character special files
mknod (2) create a special or ordinary file
mktemp (1) create a temporary file or directory
mktemp (3) make a unique temporary filename
mv (1) move (rename) files
nice (1) run a program with modified scheduling priority
nice (2) change process priority

2
Nom Description
nl (1) number lines of files
nohup (1) run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
nproc (1) print the number of processing units available
numfmt (1) Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings
od (1) dump files in octal and other formats
paste (1) merge lines of files
pathchk (1) check whether file names are valid or portable
pinky (1) lightweight finger
popd Remove directories from stack.
printf Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.
printenv (1) print all or part of environment
printf Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT.
ptx (1) produce a permuted index of file contents
pushd Add directories to stack.
pwd Print the name of the current working directory.
read Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.
readarray Read lines from a file into an array variable.
readlink (1) print resolved symbolic links or canonical file names
readlink (2) read value of a symbolic link
readonly Mark shell variables as unchangeable.
realpath (1) print the resolved path
realpath (3) return the canonicalized absolute pathname
return Return from a shell function.
rm (1) remove files or directories
rmdir (1) remove empty directories
rmdir (2) delete a directory
runcon (1) run command with specified security context
seq (1) print a sequence of numbers
set Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters.
sha1sum (1) compute and check SHA1 message digest
sha224sum (1) compute and check SHA224 message digest
sha256sum (1) compute and check SHA256 message digest
sha384sum (1) compute and check SHA384 message digest
sha512sum (1) compute and check SHA512 message digest
shift Shift positional parameters.
shopt Set and unset shell options.
shred (1) overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it
shuf (1) generate random permutations
sleep (1) delay for a specified amount of time
sleep (3) sleep for a specified number of seconds
sort (1) sort lines of text files
source Execute commands from a file in the current shell.
split (1) split a file into pieces
stat (1) display file or file system status
stat (2) get file status
stdbuf (1) Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams.
stty (1) change and print terminal line settings
stty (2) unimplemented system calls
sum (1) checksum and count the blocks in a file
suspend Suspend shell execution.
sync (1) Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage
sync (2) commit filesystem caches to disk
tac (1) concatenate and print files in reverse
tail (1) output the last part of files
tee (1) read from standard input and write to standard output and files

3
Nom Description
tee (2) duplicating pipe content
test Evaluate conditional expression.
timeout (1) run a command with a time limit
times Display process times.
touch (1) change file timestamps
trap Trap signals and other events.
true Return a successful result.
trap Trap signals and other events.
true Return a successful result.
truncate (1) shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size
truncate (2) truncate a file to a specified length
tsort (1) perform topological sort
tty (1) print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input
tty (4) controlling terminal
type Display information about command type.
typeset Set variable values and attributes.
ulimit Modify shell resource limits.
umask Display or set file mode mask.
unalias Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases.
uname (1) print system information
uname (2) get name and information about current kernel
unexpand (1) convert spaces to tabs
uniq (1) report or omit repeated lines
unlink (1) call the unlink function to remove the specified file
unlink (2) delete a name and possibly the file it refers to
unset Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions.
users (1) print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host
vdir (1) list directory contents
wait Wait for job completion and return exit status.
wc (1) print newline, word, and byte counts for each file
who (1) show who is logged on
whoami (1) print effective user name
yes (1) output a string repeatedly until killed

Document généré automatiquement sur une machine avec les caractéristiques suivantes:
• système d’exploitation: Debian 12.7
• version de bash: 5.2.15(1)-release
• version de coreutils: 9.1-1