Text Book(s)

[1] Thomas’ Calculus, George B.Thomas, D.Weir and J. Hass, 13th edition, Pearson,
2014.
[2] Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, 10th Edition, Wiley India,
2015.
Reference Books
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics, B.S. Grewal, 43rd Edition ,Khanna Publishers,
2015
2. Higher Engineering Mathematics, John Bird, 6th Edition, Elsevier Limited, 2017.
3. Calculus: Early Transcendentals, James Stewart, 8th edition, Cengage Learning,
2017.
4. Engineering Mathematics, K.A.Stroud and Dexter J. Booth, 7th Edition,
Palgrave Macmillan (2013)
 DEFINITION: A function ƒ from a set X to a set is a rule that assigns a unique
(single) element ƒ( ) ∊ to each element ∊
Range (set of outputs)
Domain Co-domain

Example (i) ( ) = in to ( ) ( ) = √ in to iii) ( ) = √ in (0, ∞) to

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𝑥
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𝑌
𝑎
𝑅𝑅
𝑅𝑅
𝑅
𝑋
 Definition: Limit

We say that the limit of ( ) as approaches 0 is the number

lim ( ) =
→ 0

If for every > 0, there exists a corresponding > 0 such that for all
0< − 0 < ⟹ ( )− <

2
−1
Example: How does the function f( ) = behave near =1
−1
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 The sandwich Theorem
Suppose that ( ) ≤ ( ) ≤ ( ) for all in some open interval containing ,
except possibly at = itself. Suppose also that
( )= ( )= .
→ →

Then ( )=
→

Example: 1
2 2
Find lim ( ), where 1 − ≤ ( )≤1+ for all
→0 4 4

Example: 2 lim sin − ≤ sin ≤ | |

→0
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𝒎
𝒈
𝒙
𝒍
𝒊
𝒎
𝒉
𝒙
𝑳
 Right-hand limit
We can say that the function tends to as tends to through values greater than
+
( )=
→

If for every > , there exists a corresponding > such

( )− < whenever
< < +
Left-hand limit

We can say that the function tends to as tends to through values greater than

−
( )=
→

If for every > , there exists a corresponding > such

( )− < whenever
− < <

→0 ( )
Examples:
| |
1) lim 1
2) To prove lim sin =0
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𝐦
𝒇
𝒇
𝒙
𝒙
𝑳
𝑳
 Continuous function

A function ( ) is said be continuous at if for given > , there exists a

corresponding > such that ,
< − < ⟹ ( )− ( ) <

We can write ( )= ( )
→

−
Example 1: ( ) = and ( ) = + + +…+

{
≠
( )=
=
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𝒙
𝒇
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𝒔
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𝒏
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𝐧
𝒏
𝟏
 Definition:
The derivative of a function at a point and denoted
( + ) − ( ) provided this limit exists
′( ) = →

The derivative of a function ( ) with respect to and It is denoted

as ′( )
( + ) − ( ) provided this limit
′( ) = → + h ))
exists
+ h , (
Q(

Geometrical interpretation

( ))
The slope of
( + )− ( )

( ,
=
IF → ⟹ →0
+ −
( + )− ( )
The slope of the tangent at P is → = ′( )
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𝒉
𝒉
𝒉
The function ( ) is differentiable at
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𝒙
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𝒙
iff there exists a unique tangent at
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𝒇

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 Right-hand limit Left-hand limit

( + )− ( ) ( − )− ( )
→ + = → −

Both limits are equal then the given f(x) is differentiable

is it differentiable = | | at = 0?

2
Example (1) ( ) = (ii) ( ) = ( ) ( )=
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𝑎
𝑥
 Extreme values of
Functions
Definitions Let ƒ be a function with domain . Then ƒ has
an absolute maximum value on at a point c if

ƒ( ) ≤ ƒ( ) for all in .

and an absolute minimum value on at if

ƒ( ) ≥ ƒ( ) for all in .

Example 1. = and sin at [ − , ]

2 2
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𝐷
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 Example
No absolute maximum
) = h ( − ∞, ∞)
Absolute minimum of 0 at = 0

b) = 2
h [0, 2] Absolute maximum is 4 at =2
Absolute minimum of 0 at
2 = 0 =2
c) = h (0, 2] Absolute maximum is 4 at
No absolute minimum
2
d) = h (0, 2) No absolute extrema
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 The extreme Value theorem If ƒ is continuous on a closed interval [ , ] ,
then ƒ attains both an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum
value in [ , ]. That is, there are numbers 1 and 2 in [ , ] with
ƒ( 1) = , ƒ( 2) = , and ≤ ƒ( ) ≤ for every other in [ , ].
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 {0, = 1
, 0≤ <1
( )=
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 A function ƒ has a local maximum value at a point c within its
domain if ƒ( ) ≤ ƒ( ) for all ∈ lying in some open
interval containing .
A function ƒ has a local minimum value at a point within its
domain if ( ) ≥ ( ) for all ∈ lying in some open
interval containing .
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𝑐
𝑥
𝑐
𝑥
𝑥
𝐷
𝐷
𝑓
𝑐
𝑐
 Finding extrema by using first derivative:
The First Derivative theorem for Local extreme values
If ƒ has a local maximum or minimum value at an interior point c
of its domain, and if ′is defined at , then
′( ) = 0.
Definition
An interior point of the domain of a function ƒ where ′ is zero
or undefined is a critical point of .
How to Find the Absolute extrema of a Continuous Function

on a Finite Closed interval

1. Evaluate at all critical points and
endpoints.
𝒇
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𝑐
𝑓
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𝑓

𝑐
 Example 1 Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of
2
( )= on [ − 2, 1]

Example 2: Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of

( ) = 10 (2 − ln ) on the interval [1, 2
]

2. ( ) = 10 (2 − ln ) on the interval
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2
[1, ]
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 2/3
Example 3 Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of ( ) =
on the interval [ − 2, 3]

2/3
3. f( ) = on the interval [ − 2, 3]

Example 4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of

4
( )=8 − on [ − 2, 1]
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 Intermediate value theorem

If is continuous on a closed interval [ , ]and is any number between ( ) and ( ) inclusive

i . e . , ( ( ) < ( )), then there is at least one number in the closed interval [ , ], such that
( ) = .

Example: Show that there is a root of the equation

2
− − 1 = 0 between 1 & 2.
Solution:
3
( )= − −1
We know that ( ) is continuous function.

(1) = 1 − 1 − 1 = − 1 < 0 and (2) = 6 − 2 − 1 = 5 > 0

Therefore, ( ) < 0 < ( )

This implies that there is a number between 1 & 2 such that

( ) = 0.
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 Rolle’s Theorem:

Let ( ) be continuous on a closed interval [ , ] ,

( ) be differentiable on the open interval ( , ).
If ( ) = ( ) ,
then there is at least one point ∈ ( , ) such that ′( ) = 0.
𝑓

𝑐
𝑓
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𝑐
𝑎
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 3
Example: Show that the equation + 3 + 1 = 0 has exactly one real
solution.
𝑥
𝑥
 Geometrically, the Mean Value Theorem (MVT)
says that somewhere between and the
curve has at least one tangent parallel to the
secant joining and .
𝑎𝑏𝐴𝐵
 3
Find value of mean value theorem for the function ( ) = + in [1,2]

2
Find value of mean value theorem for the function ( ) = in [0,2]

Find value of mean value theorem for the function ( ) = ( − 1)( − 2)

in [0,½]
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 If a car accelerating from zero takes 8
to go 352 ,
Example: 352
its average velocity for the 8-sec interval is = 44 /
8
Here (0) = 0 and (8) = 352ft

The Mean Value Theorem say that the average speed of the car (the
slop of the secant line) is equal to the instantaneous speed (slope of the
tangent line) at some points in the open interval.

( )− ( )
The average velocity is
−
(8) − (0)
= = 44ft/sec
(8) − 8(0)
−0
′( ) = = 44ft/sec for some
8−0
𝑏
𝑎
The speedometer must read exactly 30mph at some point
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𝑓

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Example: Find the function ƒ(x) whose derivative is sin x and
whose graph passes through the point (0, 2).
 Monotonic Functions and the First Derivative
test
Increasing functions and Decreasing Functions

Note: A function that is increasing or decreasing on an interval is said

to be monotonic function on the interval.

Example: Find the critical points ƒ( ) = − −

and identify the open intervals on which ƒ s increasing and
on which ƒ is decreasing.
𝒐
𝒇
𝒙
𝒙
𝟏
𝟐
𝒙
𝟓
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𝟑
 Example: Find the critical points ƒ( ) = − +
and
identify the open intervals on which ƒ s increasing and on
which ƒ is decreasing.
𝒐
𝒇
𝒙
𝒙
𝟒
𝒙
𝟒
𝒙
𝒊
𝟒
𝟑
𝟐
 First Derivative Test for Local Extrema

The critical points of a function locate where it is increasing and

where it is decreasing. The first derivative changes sign at a critical
point where a local extremum occurs
 Example: Find the critical points ƒ( ) = − − and identify the open intervals on
which ƒ s increasing and on which ƒ is decreasing.
𝒐
𝒇
𝒙
𝒙
𝟏
𝟐
𝒙
𝟓
𝒊
𝟑
 Concavit
y

3
The graph of ƒ( ) = is concave down on ( − , 0) and concave up on
(0, )
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𝑥
𝑞
𝑞
 2
The graph of ƒ( ) = is concave up
on every interval
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𝑥
 3
1. Determine the concavity of = on
( − ∞, ∞)

2. Determine the concavity of = 3 + sin on [0, 2 ]

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𝑦
𝜋
𝑥
 Note

5/3
Example: Discuss the point of inflection for the function ( ) =
𝑓
𝑥
𝑥
Second Derivative test for Local extrema
 4 3
Sketch a graph pf the function ( ) = −4 + 10

• Identify where the extrema of ƒ occur.

• Find the intervals on which ƒ is increasing and the intervals
on which ƒ is decreasing.
• Find where the graph of ƒ is concave up and where it is
concave down.
• Sketch the general shape of the graph for ƒ.
• Plot some specific points, such as local maximum and
minimum points, points of inflection, and intercepts. Then
sketch the curve
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𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
 2
( + 1)
1 Sketch the graph of ( ) =
1+ 2
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𝑓
𝑥
𝑥
Identify the inflection points and local maxima and minima of the functions
graphed in following problems. Identify the intervals on which the functions are
concave up and concave down
 Applied Optimization

An open-top box is to be made by cutting small congruent squares from

the corners of a 12-in.-by-12-in. sheet of tin and bending up the sides. How large
should the squares cut from the corners be to make the box hold as much as
possible?

Volume= × ×h
𝑙
𝑤
 Domain of the function is
(0, 6) .
We have to find the maximum of the function
( ) ’( ) = 12(2 − )(6 − )

Critical points are 2 end points are 0 and 6.

(0) = 0, (6) = 0 (2) = 128

The cutout squares should be 2 in. on a

side.
𝑉
𝑥
𝑉
𝑉
𝑎
𝑛
𝑑
𝑉
𝑉
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
 You are planning to make an open rectangular box from an 8-in.-by-15-
in. piece of cardboard by cutting congruent squares from the corners and
folding up the sides. What are the dimensions of the box of largest
volume you can make this way, and what is its volume?
Soln: The volume of the box is ( ) = (15 − 2 )(8 − 2 )
2 3 3
( ) = 120 − 46 +4 , where 0 ≤ ≤4

Solving ′( ) = 120 − 92 + 12 2
= 4(6 − )(5 − 3 )

5
Therefore, ′( ) ⟹ = 6,
3

5
To find (0), (4) and ( )
3

(3)
5 2450 3
= = 91 ,
27
𝑉
𝑉

𝑥
𝑥
𝑎
𝑛
𝑑
𝑉
𝑖
𝑛
𝑉

𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
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𝑛
𝑉
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑉
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑥
𝑉
𝑥
𝑉
Designing a poster: You are designing a rectangular poster to
contain 50 in2 of printing with a 4-in. margin at the top and bottom and
a 2-in. margin at each side. What overall dimensions will minimize the
amount of paper used?
 Integration-Average function value

The Definite
Integral

The rectangles approximate the region between the graph of the function = ƒ( ) and the -axis
𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
Integration-Average function value
The Definite
Integral
The symbol for the number J in the definition of the definite
integral is
 Example: find the area under over the interval and
𝐴
 2
Find the average value of ƒ( ) = 24 − on [-2, 2]
𝑥
𝑥
 −
Find the area of the region bounded above by the curve = 2 + , below by the curve = , on the left by = 0,
2
and on the right by = 1.
𝑦
𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
𝑒
𝑥
𝑒
𝑥
𝑥
 2
Find the area of the region enclosed by the parabola =2− and the line =−
𝑦
𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant that is bounded above by = and below by the
-axis and the line = − 2
𝑦
𝑥
𝑥𝑦
𝑥
Integration with Respect
to y

Formula:
 Find the area of the region in Example 6 by integrating
with respect to y.

2
Find the area of the region enclosed by =2− and the
line = −
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𝑥
𝑦
𝑥