Lesson 1: Identify the Basic Tenets of Major

Political Ideologies and Differentiate Political

Ideologies

What Is It

What is an ideology?
The term was conceived in 1796 by French Philosopher Destutt de Tracy
which he called “science of ideas” ideologie.
Today, ideology could mean different things to different people. It simply
put as a set of related ideas or systematic group of concepts and beliefs about
culture, society, and human life.
Appropriately, an ideology that pertains to the conduct of government is
called a political ideology. A more or less coherent set of ideas that provides a
basis for organized political action, whether the ideas are intended to preserve,
modify, or overthrow the existing power structure (Ramos, 2016).

POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES:
Liberalism – it is a political ideology that gives importance to the
fulfillment of the individual through the satisfaction of his interests. Liberals
believe that individuals are born equal and should have equal opportunities to
realize their goals and therefore, be allowed the greatest latitude of freedom.
Conservatism – is defined by the desire to preserve institutions and is
reflected in a resistance to, or at least suspicion of, change. For the
conservatives, tradition reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past, as
manifested in the practices that have endured the test of time.
Socialism – is an ideology that stands in opposition to capitalism and
proposes an alternative which is more humane and equitable. The goal of
socialism is to minimize or abolish class division between the rich and the poor.
Socialists view human beings as social creatures bound by common humanity,
cooperation is preferred, collectivism is favored over individualism, and
characterize therefore with equality.

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 Communism – may be described as a socio-economic structure which
aims to establish a society that is classless, egalitarian, and stateless. A political
ideology based on common ownership. Under communism, there is no such
thing as private property. All property is communally owned, and each person
receives a portion based on what they need.
Marxism - An idea that the exploitation of the workers (proletariat) by the
capitalists (bourgeoisie) develop class consciousness among the workers hence
conducting a proletarian revolution which will facilitate the birth of a communist
society.
Fascism – is a political ideology which adheres to the maxim of strength
through unity and desires an organically unified national community. The
community or social group absorbs individual identity. The individual is literally
nothing. It is anti-rational, anti-liberal, anti-conservative, anti-capitalist, anti-
communist, etc., and believe exactly the opposite.
Anarchism – is an ideology that is based on the belief that government
and laws are not necessary. Political authority in whatever form is undesirable

From the activity above, you were able to determine the important
factor on how people make decisions. In order to make good decisions, you
have to have an open mind to all of the potential solutions for the issue under
consideration. Here are the following topics that you need to contemplate for
you to have a better understanding of the significance of political ideologies.

and unwanted. The state is evil because it exercises coercive authority, which
violates the freedom and equality of individuals. Anarchists prefer a stateless
society.
Feminism - the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the
sexes. It desires to enhance the social role of women and the structure of male
power must be overturned.

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 What I Have Learned

Key Points
 The term “ideology” was conceived in 1796 by the French
philosopher Destutt de Tracy to refer to a new science that
endeavored to uncover the origins of conscious thought and ideas.
 Political Ideology pertains to a coherent set of ideas that provides a
basis for organized political action.
 Political ideologies are both descriptive and prescriptive, they
provide lenses for positive and normative analysis of socio-political
conditions.
 Among the different political ideologies are liberalism,
conservatism, socialism, communism, Marxism, fascism,
anarchism, and feminism.

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Lesson 2: Examine the Relationship between
Political Ideologies and Analyze how Political
Ideologies Impact on the Social and Political life of
Filipino

What Is It

The above activity has something to do with…..

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND POLITICAL
COMMUNITY
The political ideology of a state inevitably shapes the configuration of the
political community. This occurs because the form of government reflects the
ideals advocated by the political ideology. In other words, a state would certainly
not have institutions which do not adhere to its beliefs. It would be incongruous
for a democratic nation advocating liberal ideas to have an authoritarian
government or a dictatorship. Conversely, it would be preposterous for a
communist nation to have a multi-party system where there are free elections
and the officials of government are elected by popular vote.
It does not mean, however, that a political ideology is necessarily
immutable. It has to adopt to the necessities of the times. An ideology should be
malleable to survive and prevail. After all, it is just a set of coherent ideas that
serve as the blueprint for political action. For example, China has astutely
retained its one-party system while at the same time adopting some features of
capitalism. This bold step has transformed the country into an economic
powerhouse: it is now one of the leaders on the world stage (Ramos, 2016).
We need to give more emphasis that political theory and political practice
are totally entangled. Political ideas did not come out of nowhere. They are
shaped and continuously reshaped by current socio-historical, economic, and
political circumstances. Whether you are conscious or not, your behavior is
guided by a set of ideas, beliefs, or value systems you adhere to. At a more
general level and at a definitely larger scale, political ideas shape the nature of
political systems and serve as glue that binds societies together.

HOW POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AFFECTS THE LIFE OF THE FILIPINO

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 The ideologies espoused by the succession of Philippine presidents have
had varying effects on the social and political lives of the Filipinos. After the
country regained its independence in 1945, however, the same rigid structures
resurfaced: the elite reasserted their dominance of the economy and politics.
The early years after the Second World War saw a largely destroyed local
economy dependent on American aid and Japanese reparations. Philippine
Presidents then were rabidly pro-American and so were many Filipinos. The
political ideology was adhered to the American model and we were able to
maintain the presidential form of government. Under the re-emergent democratic
system, the patrimonial character of the government remained. Many things
depended on personal considerations and connections, even with the growth of
bureaucracy.
The election of Ferdinand Marcos as the President (1965-1985) launched
a new ideology that advocated a “revolution” from the center,” meaning the
radical change would come from the top of the political leadership. He crafted the
“New Society” and he experimented with a mixed presidential and parliamentary
system. There was a president (Marcos) elected by a popular vote, and there
was a prime minister elected by the parliament.
Corazon Aquino, who replaced Marcos after he was deposed, returned
the country to the path of liberal democracy. She acted as the legislator when the
Freedom Constitution was in effect. It was the time when the political institutions
of the country was being rebuilt.
The re-democratization brought many problems. On the political level,
there is a highly politicized military, the persistence of elite-dominated,
patronage-based political party system, and rival claims for autonomy in the
South. On the economic level, poverty and unemployment persist. There is the
foreign debt burden and inflation to contend with. On the social level, unequal
social structures remain.

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 What I Have Learned

Important Points for you to remember

 The political ideology of a state inevitably shapes the configuration
of the political community because the form of government reflects
the ideals advocated by the political ideology.
 The ideologies espoused by the succession of Philippine presidents
have had varying effects on the social and political lives of Filipinos.

REFERENCES:
Ramos, Renan E.Philippine Politics and Governance.Vibal Group, Inc.2016

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