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ME323 Compressible Flow

The document covers various problems and concepts related to compressible flow in fluid mechanics, including calculations for velocities, pressures, and temperatures in different scenarios. It discusses the behavior of gases in pipes, nozzles, and under isothermal and adiabatic conditions, as well as the effects of shock waves. Additionally, it explores the area-velocity relationship and the flow characteristics of supersonic and subsonic flows.

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8 views

ME323 Compressible Flow

The document covers various problems and concepts related to compressible flow in fluid mechanics, including calculations for velocities, pressures, and temperatures in different scenarios. It discusses the behavior of gases in pipes, nozzles, and under isothermal and adiabatic conditions, as well as the effects of shock waves. Additionally, it explores the area-velocity relationship and the flow characteristics of supersonic and subsonic flows.

Uploaded by

Blacc Doug
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID MECHANICS II

ME-323
Chapter 15: Compressible Flow
Tazeen Afrin
Assistant Professor
ME Department
MIST
Problem 1
Fig. 1 shows a horizontal pipe in which gas is flowing at a temperature
of 6°C. The pressures at the sections 1 and 2 are 4 bar (gauge) and 3
bar (gauge) respectively. If R = 287 J/kg K and atmospheric pressure is 1
bar find the velocities of the gas at these sections, assuming an
isothermal change.

Fig. 1
Problem 2
In the case of air flow in a conduit transition, the pressure, velocity and
temperature at the upstream section are 35 kN/m2, 30 m/s and 150°C
respectively. If at the downstream section the velocity is 150 m/s,
determine the pressure and the temperature if the process followed is
isentropic. Take k = 1.4, R = 290 J/kg K.
Problem 3
A gas with a velocity of 300 m/s is flowing through a horizontal pipe at
a section where pressure is 78 kN/m2 absolute and temperature 40° C.
The pipe changes in diameter and at this section, the pressure is 117
kN/m2 absolute. Find the velocity of the gas at this section if the flow of
the gas is adiabatic. Take R = 287 J/kg K and k = 1.4.
Problem 4
A 120 mm diameter pipe reduces to 60 mm diameter through a sudden
contraction. When it carries air at 25°C under isothermal condition, the
absolute pressures observed in the two pipes just before and after the
contraction are 480 kN/m2 and 384 kN/m2 respectively. Determine:
(i) Densities at the two sections,
(ii) Velocities at the two sections, and
(iii) Mass rate of flow through the pipe.
Take R = 287 J/kg K.
Problem 5

Find the sonic velocity for the following fluids :

(i) Crude oil of specific gravity 0.8 and bulk modulus 1.5 GN/m2.

(ii) Mercury having a bulk modulus of 27 GN/m2.


Problem 6

An aeroplane is flying at a height of 14 km where temperature is –45°C.


The speed of the plane is corresponding to M = 2. Find the speed of the
plane if R = 287 J/kg K and k = 1.4.
Propagation Of Disturbance In Compressible Fluid

Figure: Nature of propagation of disturbances in compressible flow.


Problem 7

A projectile is travelling in air having pressure and temperature as 88.3


kN/m2 and – 2°C. If the Mach angle is 40°, find the velocity of the
projectile.

Take k = 1.4 and R = 287 J/kg K.


Problem 8

A supersonic aircraft flies at an altitude of 1.8 km where temperature is


4°C. Determine the speed of the aircraft if its sound is heard 4 seconds
after its passage over the head of an observer. Take R = 287 J/kg K and k
= 1.4.
Problem 9

Calculate the stagnation pressure, temperature and density at the


stagnation point on the nose of a plane, which is flying at 800 km/h
through still air having a pressure 8.0 N/cm2 (abs.) and temperature

-10°C. take R= 287 J/kgK and k= 1.4.


Problem 10

Air has a velocity of 1000 km/h at a pressure of 9.81 kN/m2 vacuum


and a temperature of 47°C. Compute its stagnation properties and the
local Mach number.

Take atmospheric pressure = 98.1 kN/m2, R = 287 J/kg K and k = 1.4.

What would be the compressibility correction factor for a pitot-static


tube to measure the velocity at a Mach number of 0.8.
AREA-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP AND EFFECT OF VARIATION OF AREA FOR SUBSONIC,
SONIC AND SUPERSONIC FLOWS
AREA-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP AND EFFECT OF VARIATION OF AREA FOR SUBSONIC,
SONIC AND SUPERSONIC FLOWS
AREA-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP AND EFFECT OF VARIATION OF AREA FOR SUBSONIC, SONIC
AND SUPERSONIC FLOWS
AREA-VELOCITY RELATIONSHIP AND EFFECT OF VARIATION OF AREA FOR SUBSONIC, SONIC
AND SUPERSONIC FLOWS
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank

A passage in which the sonic velocity has been


reached and thus in which the mass flow rate is
maximum is often said to be choked or in chocking
conditions. It is evident from eqn. (15.26) that for a
fixed value of inlet pressure the mass flow depends
on nozzle exit pressure.
Flow of Compressible Fluid Through Orifices and Nozzles Fitted to a Large Tank
Problem 11

Find the velocity of air flowing at the outlet of a nozzle, fitted to a large
vessel which contains air at a pressure of 294.3 N/cm2 (abs.) and at a
temperature of 20°C. The pressure eat the outlet of the nozzle is 206
N/cm2 (abs.).

Take k=1.4 and R=287 J/kg K.


Problem 12
A tank contains air at a temperature of 30°C. Air flows from the tank
into atmosphere through a convergent nozzle. The diameter at the
outlet of the nozzle is 25mm. Assuming adiabatic flow, find the mass
rate of flow of air through the nozzle when the pressure of air in tank is
(i) 3.924 N/cm2 (gauge) ,
(ii) 33.354 N/cm2 (gauge).
Take k=1.4, R=287 J/kg K and atmospheric pressure = 10.104 N/cm2
(abs).
Problem 13

A large tank contains air at 28.449 N/cm2 gauge pressure and 24°C
temperature. The air flows from the tank to the atmosphere through
an orifice. If the diameter of the orifice is 20mm, find the maximum
rate of flow of air. Take R=287 J/kg K, k=1.4, atmospheric pressure =
10.104 N/cm2 .
FLOW THROUGH LAVAL NOZZLE (CONVERGENT-
DIVERGENT NOZZLE)
FLOW THROUGH LAVAL NOZZLE (CONVERGENT-
DIVERGENT NOZZLE)
Laval nozzle is a convergent-divergent nozzle (named after de
Laval, the Swedish scientist who invented it) in which subsonic
flow prevails in the converging section, critical or transonic
conditions in the throat and supersonic flow in
Let, p2 (= pc) = Pressure in the throat when the flow is sonic
for given pressure p1.
— When the pressure in the receiver, p3 = p1, there will be no
flow through the nozzle, this is shown by line a in Fig. 15.12
(b). the diverging section.
FLOW THROUGH LAVAL NOZZLE (CONVERGENT-
DIVERGENT NOZZLE)
Shock Waves
Whenever a supersonic flow (compressible) abruptly changes to subsonic flow, a
shock wave is produced, resulting in a sudden rise in pressure, density, temperature
and entropy. This occurs due to pressure differentials and when the Mach number
of the approaching flow M1 > 1. A shock wave is a pressure wave of finite thickness,
of the order of 10-2 to 10-4 mm in the atmospheric pressure. A shock wave takes
place in the diverging section of a nozzle, in a diffuser, throat of a supersonic wind
tunnel, in front of sharp-nosed bodies.
Shock waves are of two types :
1. Normal shocks which are almost perpendicular to the flow.
2. Oblique shocks which are inclined to the flow direction.
Normal Shock Waves

Figure: Normal Shock Wave.

Consider a duct having a compressible sonic flow.


Oblique Shock Waves
As shown in Fig., when a supersonic flow
undergoes a sudden turn through a small angle α
(positive), an oblique wave is established at the
corner. In comparison with normal shock waves,
the oblique shock waves, being weaker, are
preferred. The shock waves should be avoided or
made as weak as possible, since during a shock
wave conversion of mechanical energy into heat
energy takes place.
Shock Strength
The strength of shock is defined as the ratio of pressure rise across the shock to the
upstream pressure.
Problem 14

For a normal shock wave in air Mach number is 2. If the atmospheric


pressure and air density are 26.5 kN/m2 and 0.413 kg/m3 respectively,
determine the flow conditions before and after the shock wave.

Take k = γ = 1.4.
Problem 15

In a duct in which air is flowing, a normal shock wave occurs at a Mach


number of 1.5 . The static pressure and temperature upstream of the shock
wave are 170 kN/m2 and 23°C respectively. Determine :

(i) Pressure, temperature and Mach number downstream of the shock, and

(ii) Strength of shock.

Take k = γ = 1.4.

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