PIPE FLOW
A.B. KAYANGE
HYDRAULICS I
Department of Civil Engineering ,MUBAS.
SYLLABUS
Objectives
Be able to classify flow types and pipe flow regimes
Be acquainted with fundamental principles governing fluids in motion i.e
conservation of mass, conservation of energy and conservation of
momentum
Apply fundamental principles to determine flow conditions (velocity,
discharge, pressure, forces) at different points of the flow system
Describe the laminar sub-layer
Fluid flow
Recall
❑Definition of hydrostatics
❑Definition of ideal and real fluids and their properties
❑Derivation of Reynolds number
Classification of flow
Flows fall under two subdivisions based on
1.Time scale
2.Distance scale
Categories defined by time scale
1. Steady flow: A flow is steady if the parameters describing that flow do not vary
with time.
Typical parameters of a flow are velocity, discharge (volume per second passing a
given point), pressure or depth of flow (e.g., in a river or channel).
Classification of flow
2. Unsteady flow- a flow is unsteady if these parameters described in 1 do vary
with time.
Categories defined by distance
1. Uniform flow - A flow is uniform if the parameters describing the flow do not
vary with distance along the flow path.
2. Non-uniform flow- for a non-uniform flow, the magnitude of the parameters
varies from point to point along the flow path.
Types of fluid flows
Some flows will exhibit changes with both time and distance. So, a combination
of the four gives;
Pause!!
Flow patterns are defined by streamlines.
Reading assignment : streamlines and stream tubes
Flow regimes
Flow regime is the manner in which fluid particles move relative to each other.
This was demonstrated by Osborne Reynolds in 1883 through an experiment
in which water was discharged from a tank through a glass tube.
Three flow regimes were identified; laminar, turbulent and transient states.
Between these laminar and turbulent flows; we have transitional flow, that is,
a state in which regions of both laminar and turbulent flows coexist.
1. Laminar flow
❑ It is a type of flow where particles of fluid move in an orderly manner and
retain the same relative positions in successive cross-sections.
❑ This will usually occur at low flow rates, fluids move in layers. Characterized
by a Reynolds number value Re < 2000. Have a low flow velocity and dye does
not mix with water once added to the flow.
Flow regimes
Turbulent flow
It is the type of flow where fluid particles no longer move in an orderly manner and
occupy different relative positions in successive cross-sections.
In turbulent flow, particle paths are completely irregular. Characterized by a
Reynolds number value Re > 4000. Have a high flow velocity and dye mixes rapidly
and completely once added to the flow.
Reynolds number, Re
The ratio of the inertial force to the viscous force acting on the particle.
The criterion determines whether flow will be viscous or turbulent.
Suppose l is a characteristic length in the system under consideration and t is a
typical time.
Then lengths, areas, velocities and accelerations can all be expressed in terms of l
and t.
For a small element of fluid of mass density , then the following properties can
be expressed as;
Reynolds number
where k1, k2 and k3 are constants
Newton’s second law,
llL 𝑙Τ = 𝑣Τ𝑘2
𝑡
Similarly, Viscous force can be expressed as;
From Newton’s law of viscosity
Reynolds number
where μ = coefficient of dynamic viscosity
Therefore
And the Reynolds number ratio
Experiments carried out with a number of different fluids have established that l
is equated to the pipe diameter and using the mean velocity.
Re =
Fundamental laws of Fluid Dynamics
There are three conservation laws of fluid dynamics namely;
1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of energy
3. Conservation of momentum
Conservation of mass
The law of conservation of matter states that mass cannot be created or
destroyed, though it may be changed from one form to another.
Fundamental laws of Fluid Dynamics
Conservation of energy
The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, though it may be transformed from one type to another.
Energy is the capacity or potential for doing work and therefore has the same
dimensions (N m) as work done. Energy can exist in a number of forms but for
our immediate purposes we are interested in only three, which can be applied to
an incompressible liquid.
1. Potential energy is related to the height (or elevation) above some datum
level. If the mass of our unreliable car is M kg and it is situated at the top of
a hill which is z m high, then the potential energy is Mgz (N m).
2. Kinetic energy is related to motion and here takes the form Mu2/2 where
u is the velocity.
3. For a liquid there is a third form of energy related to pressure, p (N/m2).
Fundamental laws of Fluid Dynamics
Conservation of momentum
The law of conservation of momentum states that a body in motion cannot gain or
lose momentum unless some external force is applied. The classical statement of
this law is Newton’s second law of motion.
Application of Continuity Equation
Recall
❑ Derivation of the continuity equation
Qin = Qout
Reason?
Pause!!
Question
Water flows from A to D and E through the series pipeline shown in figure below.
Given the pipe diameters, velocities and flow rates. Find the missing values.
Application of Energy Equation
Recall
Derivation of the energy equation
Take home Assignment
Application of Continuity and Energy equations
Question
Application of the momentum equation
The momentum equation is a statement of Newton’s Second Law and
relates the sum of the forces acting on an element of fluid to its acceleration
or rate of change of momentum.
The momentum equation is also applied in calculations for additional
strengthening of pipes, in location where the flow needs to be diverted. The
results are used in the design of concrete structures required for anchoring
of pipe bends and elbows.
Rate of change in momentum of fluid in x direction is equal to the resultant
force acting on the body of fluid in the x direction
Resultant
Similarly in y direction
Class example
A pipe bend tapers from a diameter of d1 of 500 mm at inlet to a diameter of
d2 of 250 mm at outlet and turns the flow through an angle θ of 45°.
Measurements of pressure at inlet and outlet show that the pressure P1 at
inlet is 40 kN m−2 and the pressure P2 at outlet is 23 kN m−2. If the pipe is
conveying oil which has a density ρ of 850 kg m−3, calculate the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force on the bend when the oil is flowing at the
rate of 0.45 m3 s−1. The bend is in a horizontal plane.
IN-CLASS PROBLEM
For a pipe bend shown in figure below of 45° laid in a horizontal plane
with a continuous diameter of D is 300 mm, is used to convey water of
mass density equals 1000 kg/m3. The water pressure in the bend is 100 kPa
at a measured flow rate of 26 l/s. The weight of the fluid can be neglected.
Determine
i. the magnitude of pipe thrust and direction of the resultant force
ii. The total energy and Piezometric head in the cross-section of the
bend if it is located at Z = 158 m.
PAUSE!!
Very Important
Acquaint yourselves with the derivation application of momentum
equation
Group Presentation-assignment
Formation of Boundary layer and types of boundary layers
Formation of boundary layer
The boundary layer (velocity profile in the flow due to the shear stress at the
wall) grows from zero when a fluid starts to flow over a solid surface.
The fluid particles in the layer in contact with the surface of the pipe comes to a
complete stop. This layer also causes the fluid particles in the adjacent layers to
slow down gradually as a result of friction.
To make up for this velocity reduction, the velocity of the fluid at the midsection
of the pipe has to increase to keep the mass flow rate through the pipe constant.
As a result, a velocity gradient develops along the pipe (laminar boundary layer)
Initially, as the boundary layer develops, will be laminar in form.
Formation of boundary layer
The viscous shear stresses that hold the fluid particles in a constant motion
within layers become small as the boundary layer increases in thickness and the
velocity gradient gets smaller. Eventually they are no longer able to hold the
flow in layers and the fluid starts to rotate.
This causes the fluid motion to rapidly becomes turbulent. Fluid from the fast
moving region moves to the slower zone transferring momentum and thus
maintaining the fluid by the wall in motion. Conversely, slow moving fluid
moves to the faster moving region slowing it down. The net effect is an increase
in momentum in the boundary layer. We call the part of the boundary layer the
turbulent boundary layer.
At points very close to the boundary the velocity gradients become very large
and the velocity gradients become very large with the viscous shear forces again
becoming large enough to maintain the fluid in laminar motion. This region is
known as the laminar sub-layer. This layer occurs within the turbulent zone
and is next to the wall and very thin.
Laminar sub-layer
This layer develops under the turbulent boundary layer.
In the turbulent region the fluid is moving at a higher velocity but the
fluid close to the surface experience low velocity due to viscous forces
and this slow moving fluid develops a laminar sub-layer.
The flow velocity gets high, it causes some particles of liquid from the
fast moving layer to be directed randomly down into the slow moving
layer.
Thus momentum is transferred from the fast moving layer to the slow
moving layer, effectively pushing it forward and maintaining its
motion.
This slow moving layer, retained in the turbulent part of the boundary
layer is called laminar sub-layer. At the actual surface of the plate the
liquid velocity may still be zero.
Write short notes on the following types of fluids
ZIKOMO
