PC2 (2024/2025)

Analysis III
Solution of the Midterm Exam

Exercise 1 (7 pts) Study following the given real parameters the nature of the series
+∞ n +∞ 
X a + 2n X −b

, a, b ∈ [0, +∞) ; an − 1 , a > 1, b > 0;
bn + 3 n
n=0 n=0
+∞
X 2n
n , α > 0.
Q k
n=0 (1 + α)
k=1

Solution:
an +2n
1. Put un = bn +3n .
We have then
 a
n
n
 b
+ 2b ,
if b > 3, (0.5 pt)
n n
un v 12
a3 + 21
23 , if b = 3, (0.5 pt) for n near + ∞.
 a n n
3 + 23 , if b < 3, (0.5 pt)
Thus, we distinguish two cases.

n
n
• If b > 3, then n≥0 2b is convergent P and the series n≥0 ab
P P
converges if and
only if a < b. Consequentely, the series n≥0 un converges if and only if a < b. (1
pt)

n
n
• If b ≤ 3, then n≥0 32 is convergentP and the series n≥0 a3
P P
converges if and
only if a < 3. Consequentely, the series n≥0 un converges if and only if a < 3. (1
pt)

Conclusion:

X (b > 3 and a < b) or
un converges ⇐⇒ (0.5 pt)
(b ≤ 3 and a < 3) .
n≥0

−b
2. Put vn = an − 1. Because b > 0, we have
 
ln(a) ln(a)
vn = exp b
−1v for n near + ∞. (1 pt)
n nb
Consequently, X
un converges ⇐⇒ b > 1. (0.5 pt)
n≥0
n
3. Put wn = 2n / (1 + α)k . We have then
Q
k=1
n
(1 + α)k
Q
wn+1 2n+1 k=1 2
= n+1 = .(1 pt)
wn 2n (1 + α)n+1
(1 + α)k
Q
k=1

Because
P α > 0, we have lim wwn+1
= 0 < 1 and D’Alembert criterion guarantees that the
n
series n≥0 wn converges for all α > 0. (0.5 pt)
Exercise 2 (6 pts) Discuss following the real parameter α the nature of the series
X (−1)n
.
n≥1
nα (ln (n))α+1 + (−1)n

(−1)n
Solution: Put Un = nα (ln(n))α+1 +(−1)n
. Since

+∞, if α ≥ 0,
lim nα (ln (n))α+1 =
n→+∞ 0, if α < 0,

we distinguish two cases. (1 pt)

• α < 0. In this case we have

(−1)n n−α (−1)n n−α
Un = =
n−α + (−1)n (ln (n))α+1

(−1)n n−α nα (ln (n))α+1 + (−1)n
1
= → 1 when n → +∞. (1 pt)
(ln(n))α+1
1 + (−1)n n−α
P
Consequentely, in this case, the series n≥1 Un diverges. (1 pt)
(−1)n
• α ≥ 0. In this case we have Un = nα (ln(n))α+1
− Vn (0.5 pt), where

(−1)n 1
Vn = α+1 − Un =  .
nα (ln (n)) nα (ln (n))α+1 nα (ln (n))α+1 + (−1)n

Since lim nα (ln (n))α+1 = +∞, we have Vn > 0 for n large and
1
Vn v for n near + ∞. (0.5 pt)
n2α (ln (n))2α+2

Taking in consideration that

X 1 1
converges ⇐⇒ α ≥ (Bertrand series), (1 pt)
n≥2
n2α (ln (n))2α+2 2

converges if and only if α ≥ 12 . (0.5 pt)

P
we conclude that in this case, n≥1 Vn

converges if and only if α ≥ 12 . (0.5 pt)

P
Conclusion: n≥1 Vn

2
Exercise 3 (5 pts) Let (gn )n≥1 the sequence of functions defined for x ∈ [0, 1] by

n2
gn (x) = .
(1 + x2 ) (n2 + x2 )

1. Study the pointwise and the uniform convergence of (gn )n on [0, 1] .

2. Deduce that
+∞
t2
Z
π
2 2 2
dt v 2 at + ∞.
1 (1 + t ) (1 + n t ) 4n

Solution:
1
1. Set for x ∈ [0, 1] , g (x) = 1+x2
. Hence, for any x ∈ [0, 1] we have

1
lim gn (x) = lim   = g(x). (1 pt)
n→+∞ n→+∞ x 2


(1 + x2 ) 1 + n

This shows that (gn ) is pointwise convergente to g on [0, 1] .

Now, for all n ∈ N we have

n2
 
1
kgn − gk = sup 2
1− 2
x∈[0,1] (1 + x ) n + x2
x2 1
= sup 2 2 2
x∈[0,1] 1 + x n + x
1
≤ . (1 pt)
n2
U
This shows that gn −→ g on [0, 1] .

2. By the of variables t = 1/s, we obtain (1 pt)

+∞ 1 1
n2 t2
Z Z Z
π
dt = gn (s)ds −→ g(s)ds = when n → +∞. (1 pt)
1 (1 + t2 ) (1 + n2 t2 ) 0 0 4

This leads to
+∞
t2
Z
π
2 2 2
dt v 2 for n near + ∞.(1 pt)
1 (1 + t ) (1 + n t ) 4n

3
 +∞
P (−1)n −nx2
Exercise 4 (6 pts) Let f (x) = n+1 e .
n=0

1. Determine the domain of definition D of f.

2. Study the continuity of f on D and calculate f (0).

Solution:
 2 
(−1)n −nx2 e−nx
1. Set fn (x) = n+1 e . Since for any x ∈ R the sequence n+1 is decreasing and
n≥0
+∞
P (−1)n −nx2
converges to 0, we obtain by Leibniz criterion that n+1 e converges. (1 pt)
n=0
Therefore, D = R. (0.5 pt)
 −nx2 
2. Since (|fn |)n≥0 is decreasing and kfn k = supx∈R en+1 = n+11
−→ 0 when n → +∞, we
obtain by means of Leibniz criterion for the uniform convergence that the series
+∞
X
fn converges uniformly on D = R. (1 pt)
n=0

This with the fact that

fn is continuous on R for all n ∈ N, (0.5 pt)

we obtain that f is continuous on R.

Now, since the series n≥0 (−1)n tn converges uniformly on any interval [−y, y] with y ∈
P
1
(0, 1), and has its sum equal to 1+t , we have
 
X (−1)n X Z y
n n
 Z y X
S(y) = y n+1 = (−1) t dt =  (−1)n tn  dt
n+1 0 0
n≥0 n≥0 n≥0
Z y
1
= dt = ln (1 + y) . (1 pt)
0 1+t

Thus, we obtain that for x 6= 0

2
X (−1)n 2 2
 2

e−x f (x) = e−(n+1)x = S(e−x ) = ln 1 + e−x .(0.5 pt)
n+1
n≥0

Leading to (   2
2
ln 1 + e−x ex , if x 6= 0,
f (x) = P (−1)n
(0.5 pt)
n≥0 n+1 , if x = 0.
At the end, taking in consideration that f is continuous at 0, we obtain
X (−1)n  2
 2
f (0) = = lim f (x) = lim ln 1 + e−x ex = ln(2). (1 pt)
n+1 x→0 x→0
n≥0