Experimental study of a centrifugal compressor

1. Introduction
The exploration of centrifugal compressors has evolved significantly over the years, driven by advancements
in experimental techniques and computational methodologies. The foundational work by [1] laid the
groundwork for understanding the influence of hydraulic component geometry on flow patterns and
performance characteristics in axial-flow pumps. Their experimental research provided critical insights into
the minimum hub ratios needed to prevent reverse flow and optimize pump efficiency, underscoring the
importance of precise geometric design in hydraulic machinery.

Following this, [2] utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to analyze the hydrodynamic characteristics
of fluid flow through impellers, emphasizing the necessity of thorough testing before performance
predictions can be made. This study highlighted how CFD can address complex flow phenomena, such as
diffusion and swirl, which are pivotal in the design and optimization of centrifugal pumps. The integration of
optimization techniques, such as HEEDS MDO-Modeler, was identified as essential for enhancing pump
efficiency, indicating a shift towards more sophisticated design methodologies.

[3] further advanced the discourse by investigating flow development in centrifugal compressors, particularly
focusing on the interactions between the impeller and diffuser. This research illuminated the critical aspects
of surge margins and operational stability, which are vital for maximizing compressor performance in gas
turbine applications. The findings emphasized the need for a deeper understanding of flow interactions in
high-speed compressors, especially in the context of modern gas turbine engine demands.

In 2017, [4] introduced the centripetal-flow fan as a novel compressor design, demonstrating its structural
compliance with aerodynamic flow behaviors. This innovative approach opened new avenues for
refrigeration compressors, showcasing the potential for organic working fluids and enhancing the versatility
of centrifugal compressor applications.

[5] contributed to the optimization of centrifugal compressors by examining the performance enhancement
achieved through the addition of splitter blades near the pressure surface. This work illustrated the
significant impact of blade design on overall compressor efficiency, reinforcing the notion that incremental
design modifications can lead to substantial performance gains.

The same year, [6] highlighted the advancements in numerical simulation methods, particularly in the
context of steady-state CFD simulations. Their research underscored the importance of turbulence modeling
and the integration of preparatory tools within CFD codes to enhance the design and operational analysis of
centrifugal compressors, reflecting the growing reliance on computational methods in engineering design.

[7] explored the application of a dynamic centrifugal compressor model for simulating mechanical vapor
recompression systems. Their one-dimensional model provided insights into the performance impacts of
various losses, further demonstrating the importance of robust modeling techniques in understanding
compressor dynamics.

[8] reviewed the challenges faced by centrifugal pumps under two-phase flow conditions, emphasizing the
need for effective numerical models to accurately predict performance modifications. Their analysis revealed
the complexities introduced by gas-liquid interactions and highlighted the importance of flow visualization
techniques in developing better predictive models.

[9] focused on the optimization of centrifugal compressors using Design of Experiment techniques, revealing
how systematic analysis of design parameters can lead to significant improvements in efficiency and
pressure ratios. This approach exemplified the ongoing trend towards data-driven design methodologies in
compressor optimization.

Most recently, [10] investigated the compressibility characteristics of low Mach number laminar flow in
rotating channels, shedding light on the effects of Coriolis forces and turbulence transitions in rotating
machinery. Their findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of flow dynamics in centrifugal
systems, particularly under high-speed rotational conditions.

Overall, the literature presents a comprehensive examination of the various factors influencing centrifugal
compressor performance, from geometric design and fluid dynamics to advanced computational techniques.
Each study contributes to a growing body of knowledge aimed at improving the efficiency and reliability of
these critical components in various engineering applications.

2. Literature review
The article titled "Investigation of Flow Inside an Axial-Flow Pump of GV - IMP Type" by Yevtushenko et al. [1]
provides a detailed examination of the hydraulic performance and flow dynamics within an axial-flow pump.
The authors focus on the impact of geometrical parameters of the pump's hydraulic components, specifically
the guide vanes and impeller, on the flow characteristics and efficiency of the pump.

One of the significant contributions of this study is the identification of the minimum hub ratio behind the
guide vanes that avoids reverse flow near the hub. This finding is crucial for optimizing pump design, as
reverse flow can lead to inefficiencies and potential damage to the pump. The research also highlights the
relationship between the impeller hub ratio and pump efficiency, emphasizing the importance of these
parameters in achieving optimal performance.

The methodology employed in this study is robust, utilizing a model pump designed specifically for the
experimental research. The authors conducted tests using a 5-channel probe to measure velocity
distributions downstream of the impeller across different operational capacities. This approach provides
valuable insights into the flow patterns and performance characteristics of the pump, allowing for a
comprehensive analysis of its hydraulic behavior.

The results indicate that the losses in the discharge diffuser are minimal, which suggests that the design of
the hydraulic components is effective in maintaining high efficiency. The performance curves obtained
through standard testing procedures further validate the experimental findings and provide a benchmark for
future studies.

The article "A CFD Investigation of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Fluid Flow through an Impeller and
Multi-Objective Design Optimization of a Centrifugal Pump" by Mohammed Khammat Sagban [2] provides an
extensive examination of the role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in optimizing the performance of
centrifugal pumps, particularly focusing on the impeller's influence on fluid dynamics. The author
emphasizes the necessity of empirical testing for accurate performance predictions, underscoring that CFD
serves as a vital tool in the design and analysis of centrifugal pumps.

Sagban's work highlights the complexity of fluid flow within centrifugal pumps, characterized by phenomena
such as diffusion and swirl, which can significantly impact overall performance. The article effectively
illustrates the importance of understanding the internal flow dynamics through the impeller, which is
identified as the critical component responsible for energy generation in the system. The author advocates
for the use of CFD approaches to dissect these intricate flow patterns, thereby facilitating performance
optimization.

The inclusion of various studies within the article strengthens its argument by providing a context for the
application of CFD in centrifugal pump design. However, while the article presents a comprehensive
overview of the theoretical and empirical foundations of CFD in pump design, it could benefit from a more
detailed discussion on practical applications and limitations of CFD methodologies.

The article titled "A study on flow development in an APU-style inlet and its effect on centrifugal compressor
performance" by Fangyuan Lou [3] presents a thorough examination of the aerodynamic performance of
centrifugal compressors, focusing on critical parameters such as mass flow rate, total pressure ratio, and
efficiency. The author meticulously outlines how the operational range of the compressor is constrained by
the surge line and choke line, highlighting the surge line as a critical threshold that separates stable from
unstable operational conditions.

Lou's research underscores the ongoing challenges in enhancing the surge margin, which is crucial for
improving the reliability and efficiency of centrifugal compressors. The article effectively contextualizes the
advancements in gas turbine engines, which are increasingly demanding higher efficiency and performance
from centrifugal compressors. The author emphasizes that the drive for higher pressure ratios and
efficiencies necessitates operational adjustments, including increased rotational speeds and tighter
clearances between the rotating and stationary components.

A significant contribution of this study is its exploration of flow and component interactions within high-speed
centrifugal compressors. The investigation into impeller-inlet and impeller-diffuser interactions is particularly
relevant, as these interactions are pivotal in optimizing compressor performance. The author advocates for a
comprehensive understanding of the flow field and swirl development mechanisms, especially given the
rising use of gas turbines equipped with APU-style inlets.

Lou outlines a structured design process for centrifugal compressors that begins with one-dimensional (1-D)
preliminary design methodologies, leveraging empirical equations to identify key parameters such as stage
loading, efficiency, pressure ratio, and surge margin. This foundational step is critical for subsequent
optimization efforts.

The article titled "Aerodynamic Design and Performance Assessment of a Centripetal-Flow Fan" by Y. Song et
al. [4] presents a comprehensive examination of the aerodynamic characteristics and performance metrics of
centripetal-flow fans, positioning them as viable alternatives in compressor technology. The authors
emphasize the structural advantages of centripetal-flow fans, particularly their compatibility with the
aerodynamic flow field, which is crucial for enhancing efficiency and performance in compressor
applications.
One of the key insights from the article is the design flexibility afforded by the centripetal-flow fan's blade
structure. Additionally, the article introduces the concept of utilizing centripetal-flow fans as novel
compressors for refrigeration applications, particularly when using organic working fluids characterized by
high molecular weight and significant specific volume changes. This innovative perspective is particularly
relevant in the context of modern refrigeration technologies, which increasingly prioritize efficiency and
sustainability.

The article "Performance Enhancement of Centrifugal Compressor with Addition of Splitter Blade Close to
Pressure Surface" by A. Malik et al. [5] presents a significant exploration into the aerodynamic performance
of centrifugal compressors through the innovative implementation of splitter blades. The authors delve into
the mechanics of how these blades, positioned near the pressure surface, can lead to enhanced performance
metrics, including efficiency and pressure rise.

One of the key insights from the article is the experimental methodology employed to assess the impact of
splitter blades on compressor performance. The findings indicate that the addition of splitter blades can
effectively mitigate flow separation and improve the overall aerodynamic efficiency of the compressor.
Furthermore, the article critically evaluates the implications of these findings for future compressor designs.

The article "Computational Study in Centrifugal Compressor" by Irina-Carmen Andrei and Gabriela Stroe [6]
provides a comprehensive exploration of the advancements in numerical simulation methods and their
application in enhancing the performance of centrifugal compressors. A significant contribution of this study
is its focus on the role of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations in the design of centrifugal
compressors. The integration of data management from the Universal Map is also discussed as a vital
component in both the design process and performance analysis of centrifugal compressors.

The article titled "Application of Dynamic Centrifugal Compressor Model for Mechanical Vapor Recompression
System Simulation" by Le Wang et al. [7] presents a comprehensive study on the performance analysis of a
centrifugal compressor using a one-dimensional (1D) thermodynamic model.

The article "A Review of Design Considerations of Centrifugal Pump Capability for Handling Inlet Gas-Liquid
Two-Phase Flows" by Qifeng Jiang et al. [8] provides an in-depth examination of the performance degradation
of centrifugal pumps when subjected to two-phase flow conditions, particularly in the context of gas-liquid
mixtures. The authors elucidate the complexities that arise when centrifugal pumps operate under these
conditions.

The article titled "Optimization of a Centrifugal Compressor Using the Design of Experiment Technique" by M.
Mojaddam and K. R. Pullen [9] presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the performance
of centrifugal compressors, particularly focusing on the impeller's design parameters.

The article "Investigation on the Compressibility Characteristics of Low Mach Number Laminar Flow in
Rotating Channel" by Junxin Che et al. [10] presents a comprehensive exploration of the effects of rotation
on fluid dynamics, particularly in the context of centrifugal compressors.

3. Conclusion
The literature on centrifugal compressors illustrates a progressive enhancement in understanding the
intricate dynamics and performance optimization techniques associated with these critical components in
engineering applications. The foundational research by Yevtushenko et al. [1] established a baseline for
analyzing the hydraulic performance of pumps, particularly emphasizing the geometric parameters that
govern flow characteristics and efficiency. Their findings on minimum hub ratios are crucial for preventing
reverse flow, a significant factor in pump design and performance optimization.

Building on this groundwork, Sagban [2] utilized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to delve deeper into
the fluid dynamics within centrifugal pumps, underscoring the necessity for empirical testing alongside
computational predictions. This highlights the complexity of flow phenomena such as diffusion and swirl,
which are essential for effective design and optimization of centrifugal systems.

Lou [3] further contributed to this discourse by exploring flow development in centrifugal compressors and
its effects on performance metrics, particularly focusing on surge margins and operational stability. This
research is vital for understanding the operational constraints imposed by surge lines, which are critical for
ensuring reliability in high-performance applications like gas turbines.

The introduction of centripetal-flow fans by Song et al. [4] represents an innovative approach to compressor
design, showcasing the adaptability of centrifugal technologies to modern refrigeration needs. This study
illustrates how advancements in design can lead to significant efficiency improvements, particularly when
using organic working fluids.

Malik et al. [5] examined the performance enhancements achievable through the implementation of splitter
blades in centrifugal compressors. Their findings demonstrate that minor design modifications can yield
substantial improvements in aerodynamic efficiency, reinforcing the importance of iterative design
processes.

Andrei and Stroe [6] emphasized the role of numerical simulation methods in the optimization of centrifugal
compressors, reflecting the increasing reliance on computational tools in engineering design. Their
exploration of turbulence modeling and data integration within CFD codes highlights the critical nature of
advanced methodologies in performance analysis.

Wang et al. [7] focused on dynamic modeling for mechanical vapor recompression systems, providing
insights into the performance implications of various losses. This study underscores the necessity of robust
modeling techniques in understanding the dynamics of centrifugal compressors under diverse operational
conditions.

Jiang et al. [8] reviewed the challenges faced by centrifugal pumps under two-phase flow conditions,
emphasizing the need for effective numerical models to predict performance modifications accurately. This
analysis is crucial for enhancing the operational reliability of centrifugal systems in complex flow scenarios.

Mojaddam and Pullen [9] employed Design of Experiment techniques to optimize centrifugal compressor
performance, demonstrating how systematic analysis of design parameters can lead to significant efficiency
improvements. This approach represents a shift towards data-driven methodologies in compressor design.

Finally, Che et al. [10] investigated the compressibility characteristics of low Mach number laminar flow in
rotating channels, contributing to a nuanced understanding of flow dynamics in high-speed centrifugal
systems. Their research adds depth to the existing body of knowledge regarding the effects of rotational
forces on fluid behavior.

In conclusion, the reviewed literature collectively emphasizes the multifaceted nature of centrifugal
compressor research, highlighting significant advancements in design, computational methodologies, and
empirical testing. Each study contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing
compressor performance, paving the way for further innovations and optimizations in this critical area of
engineering.

References:

[1] A. A. Yevtushenko, A. N. Kochevsky, N. A. Fedotova, A. Y. Schelyaev et al., "Investigation of Flow Inside an

[2] M. Khammat Sagban, "A CFD Investigation of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Fluid Flow through an
Impeller and Multi-Objective Design Optimization of a Centrifugal Pump," 2014. [PDF]

[3] F. Lou, "A study on flow development in an APU-style inlet and its effect on centrifugal compressor
performance," 2016. [PDF]

[4] Y. Song, X. Sug, D. Huang, and Z. Zheng, "Aerodynamic Design and Performance Assessment of a
Centripetal-Flow Fan," 2017. [PDF]

[5] A. Malik, Q. Zheng, A. A. Zaidi, and H. Fawzy, "Performance Enhancement of Centrifugal Compressor with
Addition of Splitter Blade Close to Pressure Surface," 2018. [PDF]

[6] I. C. ANDREI and G. STROE, "Computational Study in Centrifugal Compressor," 2018. [PDF]

[7] L. Wang, G. Liu, C. Xie, J. Xiao et al., "Application of Dynamic Centrifugal Compressor Model for
Mechanical Vapor Recompression System Simulation," 2018. [PDF]

[8] Q. Jiang, Y. Heng, X. LIU, W. Zhang et al., "A Review of Design Considerations of Centrifugal Pump
Capability for Handling Inlet Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flows," 2019. [PDF]

[9] M. Mojaddam and K. R. Pullen, "Optimization of a Centrifugal Compressor Using the Design of Experiment
Technique," 2019. [PDF]

[10] J. Che, R. You, W. Chen, and H. Li, "Investigation on the Compressibility Characteristics of Low Mach
Number Laminar Flow in Rotating Channel," 2023. [PDF]