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THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF BRITISH HISTORY

The evolving story of the British Isles forms the central theme of this fascinating and compelling
atlas, which covers England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales - and the expansion and gradual
disintegration of Britain's overseas empire. This new edition includes:

• Politics - from the Saxon kingdoms and the collapse of England's French Empire to the Tudors
and Stuarts, the English Civil War, the Restoration, Parliamentary Reform, the Commonwealth
and Europe, the European Union and the Coalition Government formed in 2010
• War and conflict - from Viking attacks and the Norman Invasion to the Armada, two World
Wars and the end of empire, the Falklands War, the Gulf War, British forces overseas, terror at
home and the recent armed conflicts in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Iraq and Afghanistan
• Trade and industry - from the post-Norman economy and Tudor trade to industrial unrest and
the opening of international trade routes, imports and exports, arms sales and British
humanitarian aid overseas today
• Religion - from the Saxon Church to the Reformation and the multi-cultural Britain of modern
times
• Society and economics - from civilian life in Roman Britain to the Industrial and Agricultural
revolutions, the General Strike and the growth of universities, unemployment, homelessness,
charitable activities and government expenditure, nuclear power, energy and eco-towns and the
2012 London Olympic Games
• Immigration - the growth of immigrant communities, the wide range of countries from which
immigrants came, citizenship applications and citizenship granted in the first decade of the
twenty-first century.

Sir Martin Gilbert is Winston Churchill's official biographer, and one of Britain's leading
historians, having written eighty-two books in total. He is an Honorary Fellow of Merton College,
Oxford, and a Distinguished Fellow of Hillsdale College, Michigan. He has most recently served
on the Iraq Inquiry set up by the British Government. For more information, please visit
www.martingilbert.com.
BOOKS BY MARTIN GILBERT

The Routledge Atlas of American History The Routledge Historical Atlas of Jerusalem
The Routledge Atlas of the Arab-Israeli Conflict The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History
The Routledge Atlas of British History The Routledge Atlas of Russian History
The Routledge Atlas of the First World War The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War
The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust

The Appeasers (with Richard Gott) The Second World War

The European Powers, 1900-1945 D-Day
The Roots of Appeasement The Day the War Ended
Children's Illustrated Bible Atlas Empires in Conflict: A History of the Twentieth
Atlas of British Charities Century, 1900-1933
The Holocaust: Maps and Photographs Descent into Barbarism: A History of the
The Jews of Arab Lands: Their History in Maps Twentieth Century, 1934-1951
The Jews of Russia: Their History in Maps Challenge to Civilization: A History of the
Sir Horace Rumbold: Portrait of a Diplomat Twentieth Century, 1952-1999
Jerusalem: Rebirth of a City Never Again: A History of the Holocaust
Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century The Jews in the Twentieth Century: An
Exile and Return: The Struggle for Jewish Illustrated History
Statehood Letters to Auntie Fori: The 5,000-Year History
Israel: A History of the Jewish People and Their Faith
The Story of Israel The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the
Auschwitz and the Allies Holocaust
The Jews of Hope: The Plight of Soviet Jewry In Search of Churchill
Today Churchill and America
Shcharansky: Hero of Our Time Churchill and the Jews
The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy The Will of the People: Churchill and
Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction Parliamentary Democracy
The Boys: Triumph over Adversity In Ishmael's House: The 1,400-Year History of
The First World War Jews under Muslim Rule
Somme: The Heroism and Horror of War

THE CHURCHILL BIOGRAPHY

Volume III: The Challenge of War, 1914-1916 Volume VI: Finest Hour, 1939-1941
Document Volume III (in two parts) Churchill War Papers I: At the Admiralty,
Volume IV: World in Torment, 1917-1922 September 1939-May 1940
Document Volume IV (in three parts) Churchill War Papers II: Never Surrender,
Volume V: The Coming of War, 1922-1939 May-December 1940
Document Volume V: The Exchequer Churchill War Papers III: The Ever-
Years, 1922-1929 Widening War, 1941
Document Volume V: The Wilderness Volume VII: Road to Victory, 1941-1945
Years, 1929-1935 Volume VIII: Never Despair, 1945-1965
Document Volume V: The Coming of War, Churchill: A Photographic Portrait
1936-1939 Churchill: A Life

EDITIONS OF DOCUMENTS

Britain and Germany between the Wars Servant of India: Diaries of the Viceroy's
Plough My Own Furrow: The Life of Lord Private Secretary, 1905-1910
Allen of Hurtwood Winston Churchill and Emery Reves:
Correspondence 1937-1964
THE ROUTLEDGE ATLAS OF
BRITISH HISTORY
5th Edition

Martin Gilbert

~l Routledge
~~ Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK

Fifth edition published 2011
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2011 Martin Gilbert

The right of Martin Gilbert to be identified as author of this work has

been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or

registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.

First edition published as British History Atlas by Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1968
Fourth edition published by Routledge 2007

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Gilbert, Martin.
The Routledge atlas of British history. -5th ed.
p. cm.
1. Great Britain-Historical geography-Maps. I. Title.
G1811.S2.G52011
911'.41-dc22
2010051164

ISBN: 978-0-415-60875-6 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-415-60876-3 (pbk)

Typeset in Sabon
by RefineCatch Ltd, Bungay, Suffolk
Preface

The maps in this atlas are intended to provide a visual introduction to British history. I have used the
word 'British' in its widest sense, including when relevant England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales, the
changing overseas empire, the wars and treaties in which Britain engaged, the alliances in time of peace,
the growth of industry and trade, and, on five of the maps, famine and plague.
The story of the British Isles forms the central theme. I have included maps to illustrate economic,
social and political problems as well as territorial and military ones. I hope this atlas will help to show
that there is more to British history than Hastings and Crecy, Blenheim and Waterloo, Passchendaele
and Dunkirk, all of which moments of glory I have tried to put in their wider, and no less important,
contexts.
For the maps covering the period before the Norman Conquest, the sources are often conflicting
on specific details. I have therefore drawn these maps on the basis of probability. In many instances
precise knowledge of early frontiers is lacking. I have tried nevertheless to give a clear if also, of necessity,
an approximate picture.
As British history advances from wattle huts to timber mansions, and thence on to steel and concrete,
so too do the number and variety of facts available to the historian. This is reflected in the maps
themselves. I have tried to avoid too complex or too cluttered a page; but a map cannot always satisfy
all the demands made upon it, and only the reader can judge where clarity of design and sufficiency of
information have been successfully combined.
I am under an obligation of gratitude to those historians and colleagues who kindly scrutinised my
draft maps at an early stage, and who made many suggestions for their scope and improvement; in
particular Dr J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, Dr Roger Highfield, Mr Ralph Davies, Mr T. F. R. G. Braun, Dr
C. C. Davies and Miss Barbara Malament. When the maps were more completed, they were checked
by Mr Adrian Scheps, Mr Edmund Ranallo, Mrs Elizabeth Goold, Mr Tony Lawdham and Mrs Jean
Kelly, to all of whom my thanks are due.
Twenty-five years have passed since the first edition of this atlas. Within a year of its publication,
violence in Northern Ireland re-emerged at the centre of the political stage: I have drawn three
new maps to reflect this. The evolution of the European Community has led to growing British
participation in Europe, culminating in the Maastricht Treaty of February 1992 and the Edinburgh
Summit of December 1992, both of which are a part of the new maps. The Falkland Islands and Persian
Gulf wars are included, as are the natural and man-made disasters of the past forty years. Also mapped
are many of the problems and challenges of the 1990s, among them asylum, charity, homelessness,
unemployment, trade, education, religious diversity, and ethnic minorities. Britain's oil and gas resources
are a new feature, as is the most recent phase of the reduction of British overseas possessions, her
dwindling military and naval commitments world wide, and her new overseas responsibilities.
The first 118 maps were produced for this atlas by Arthur Banks and his team of cartographers,
including Terry Bicknell. The new maps in this edition were produced by Tim Aspden and Robert
Bradbrook; I have been helped considerably in the task of compiling them by Abe Eisenstat and Kay
Thomson. For their help in providing material for this volume, I would also like to thank the Information
Officer, Private Secretary's Office, Buckingham Palace; the Board of Deputies of British Jews, Central
Information Desk; the Building Societies Association Press Office; the Lesotho High Commission; the
Race Relations Commission; the Refugee Arrivals Project, London Airport; and the Royal Ulster
Constabulary Press Office, Belfast.

24 June 1993 MARTIN GILBERT

Merton College, Oxford
Note to the Fifth Edition

Thirty-three years have passed since the first edition of this atlas, and four years since
the last (fourth) edition. When the first edition appeared, it took the story up to 1967.
Ninety-five maps trace the British story from 1967 to 2010. The most recent maps cover
Britain's military involvement in I(osovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Iraq, as well the
conflict in Northern Ireland since 1967, from violence to settlement. The evolution of
political powers to Scotland and Wales, the growth of nuclear power, and the spread of
wind farms both off-shore and on-shore are all features of this new edition, as are
immigrations and eco-towns. The General Election of 2010, the 2010 budget and the
Coalition Government's expenditure cuts each have a map, as do the sites for the 2012
London Olympics both in London and outside it.

25 October 2010
MARTIN GILBERT
London
Maps

1 The Celts in Britain by 50 BC 35 Owen Glendower's Revolt 1400-1405

2 The Roman Conquest 54 Bc-l00 AD 36 The Defeat of Owen Glendower
3 Roman Military Government 100 1405-1412
AD-400 AD 37 The Collapse of English Rule in France
4 Civilian Life in Roman Britain 1429-1453
5 The Pattern of Roman Settlement in 38 The Wars of the Roses: Territorial
Southern England Divisions 1450
6 The Decline of Roman Britain 367 39 The Wars of the Roses: Castles and
AD-517 AD Battles 1450-1485
7 Early Saxon Settlement 500-626 40 English Trading Companies
8 Saxon Kingdoms and Bretwaldaships 1467-1696
630-829 41 Wales 1500-1535
9 The Church 700-850 42 Ireland 1500-1558
10 Viking Expansion in Europe 700-941 43 The Pattern of Monastic Property
11 The Norse and Danish Invasions 1500-1530
793-876 44 The English Reformation 1531-1571
12 The English Resurgence 876-920 45 Scotland 1500-1603
13 The English Resurgence 920-973 46 England 1500-1600
14 The Danish Empire 1000-1034 47 Drake and Spain 1577-1585
15 Bishoprics and Monasteries 48 Leicester's Intervention in the
1000-1066 Netherlands 1585-1587
16 Harold's Defeat 1066 49 The Armada 1588
17 The Norman Conquest 1066-1072 50 Ireland 1553-1603
18 England under the Normans 51 Ireland 1603-1625
1066-1100 52 The Caribbean 1562-1717
19 Norman Rule 1066-1087 53 The Origins of English Settlement in
20 The Norman Conquest of Wales Virginia 1607-1700
1068-1200 54 The Origins of English Settlement in
21 Ireland 1150 New England 1620-1700
22 Anglo-France 1189 55 The New World 1642-1713
23 The Church 1100-1300 56 The Civil War 1642-1643
24 Stephen and Matilda 1135-1148 57 The Civil War 1644-1646
25 England 1200-1300 58 Cromwell's Wars and Diplomacy
26 The Economy 1200-1300 1649-1660
27 London 1200-1400 59 The Atlantic Ocean 1660
28 Scotland 1295-1402 60 The Indian Ocean 1660
29 The Hundred Years' War 1259-1368 61 The Three Dutch Wars
30 The Conquest of Wales 1277-1295 62 Monmouth's Rebellion 1685
31 England 1300-1400 63 The Glorious Revolution 1688
32 The Black Death 1333-1369 64 Ireland 1649-1651
33 The Peasants' Revolt 1381 65 Ireland 1689-1691
34 England 1400-1500 66 The Jacobite Rising 1715
 67 The Jacobite Rising 1745 105 Violence in India 1919-1947
68 The War of the Spanish Succession 106 Britain and Abyssinia 1935
1702-1713 107 Britain and Czechoslovakia 1938
69 The Peace of Utrecht 1713 108 British Diplomacy 1939
70 The British Conquest of Canada 109 The German Threat to Britain
1758-1760 1939-1941
71 The British Empire 1763 110 The Defeat of Germany 1942-1945
72 The European Powers in India 111 Britain and Japan at War 1941-1945
1510-1775 112 Britain and Europe 1945-1965
73 The Revolt of the American Colonies 113 Britain in Africa 1947-1968
1774-1783 114 University Foundations 1264-1967
74 Agriculture 1700-1800 115 Britain 1945-1966
75 Industry 1715-1815 116 The British Commonwealth 1967
76 Transport 1760-1830 117 Colonies and Bases 1967
77 British Expansion in India 1775-1858 118 The Western Pacific since 1945
78 The War against France 1793-1802 119 Disasters, 1952-1992
79 The War against Napoleon 120 The Queen and the Commonwealth,
1805-1812 1953-1992
80 The Peninsular War 1808-1814 121 Old Enemies, New Nations: State
81 The Defeat of Napoleon 1812-1815 Visits, 1955-1992
82 The War against the United States 122 Britain and Europe, 1957-1993
1812-1815 123 Northern Ireland, 1969-1993
83 The British Empire 1820 124 Terrorism on the British Mainland,
84 Parliamentary Representation before 1972-1992
1832 125 Terrorism in London, 1973-1992
85 Parliamentary Reform 1832 126 North Sea Gas and Oil since 1967
86 Ireland 1789-1861 127 Britain and the Pacific Ocean,
87 Ireland 1880-1882 1968-1980
88 Labour Movements 1819-1910 128 Asylum, 1985-1992
89 Famine and Plague in India 129 Ethnic Minorities, 1991
1866-1919 130 The Falkland Islands War, 1982
90 Railways 1825-1914 131 Britain, the Gulf War and its
91 Britain in the Far East 1788-1914 Aftermath, 1990-1993
92 Britain and China 1840-1945 132 Homelessness, 1977-1993
93 Britain and France in Africa 133 Homes for the Homeless, 1992-1993
1876-1904 134 Private Charity and Public Welfare,
94 The Boer War 1899-1902 1992
95 The Indian Empire in 1901 135 New Universities, 1992-1993
96 Britain and Russia in Central Asia 136 Britain's Principal Trading Partners, 1989
1870-1907 137 British Overseas Dependent
97 Strikes and Riots 1910-1912 Territories, 1993
98 Ireland 1914-1922 138 The Royal Navy in 1992
99 British Diplomacy 1904-1914 139 British Forces Overseas, 1992-1993
100 The First World War 1914-1918 140 Towards a Single European Market,
101 The Western Front 1914-1918 October-December 1992
102 Industrial Unrest 1920-1939 141 A Prime Minister's Journeys, 1990-1993
103 The British Empire 1920 142 The Long-Term Unemployed, 1993
104 Britain and the Middle East 143 Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, Jews and
1919-1967 Buddhists, 1993
144 Public Spending 1993-1994 169 The London Suicide Bombers, 7 July
145 Government Expenditure, 1999- 2005: Outside London
2000 170 United Kingdom Citizenship Granted in
146 British Visitors Overseas, 2000: 2005
Europe 171 Global Imports: Fresh Fruit and
147 British Visitors Overseas, 2000: Vegetables on Sale in London, 2006
Beyond Europe 172 Government Expenditure, 2005-2006
148 Visitors to Britain, 2000: From Europe 173 Home Towns of British Soldiers Killed
149 Visitors to Britain, 2000: Beyond in Iraq, 2003-2009
Europe 174 National Parks, the National Forest
150 United Kingdom Overseas Territories, and the National Memorial Arboretum,
2002 1949-2010
151 British Armed Forces Overseas, 2002 175 Britain's Nuclear Power Stations,
152 Worldwide Citizens Obtaining 1956-2010
Permission to Stay in Britain, 176 Britain and Diego Garcia, 1964-2010
1997-2000 177 Northern Ireland: The Troubles,
153 Non-European Union Citizens in 1968-1998
Europe Given Permission to Stay in 178 Northern Ireland: From Civil War to
Britain, 2000 Civil Society, 1998-2007
154 British Humanitarian Aid Overseas, 179 Northern Ireland: Agreements and the
2000-2001 Renewed Troubles, 2007-2010
155 British Arms Exports to Countries 180 Scottish Devolution, 1997-1999
with Internal Conflicts: 2001 181 Welsh Devolution, 1997-2007
156 Writers in Prison, Championed by 182 British Participation in the NATO
English PEN Kosovo Campaign, 1999
157 Britain's Muslims, 2002 183 British Emergency Aid to Ethnic
158 United Kingdom Exports, Global, Albanian Refugees from Kosovo, 1999
2003 184 British Military Intervention in Sierra
159 United Kingdom Exports, Europe, Leone,2000
2003 185 British Civilian Victims of Terror
160 United Kingdom Imports, Global, Attacks, 2001-2008
2003 186 Seventy-Four Prime Ministerial
161 United Kingdom Imports, Europe, Journeys, July 2007-March 2010
2003 187 British Humanitarian Aid Overseas,
162 The Defence Export Services 2008-2010
Organisation (DESO) 188 British Airports and their Passengers,
163 Principal British Arms Sales Overseas, 2008
2004 189 The National Gardens Scheme:
164 United Kingdom Citizenship Gardens Open for Charity
Applications Granted, 2004: Europe 190 United I(ingdom-Funded Projects in
165 United Kingdom Citizenship Southern Iraq, 2008-2009
Applications Granted, 2004: Asia 191 Britons Being Held Abroad in Prison
166 United Kingdom Citizenship and Detention, March 2009
Applications Granted, 2004: Africa 192 Foreign-Born Population of the United
167 United Kingdom Citizenship I(ingdom, 2009: Countries of Origin,
Applications Granted, 2004: The Numbers between 647,000 and 25,000
Americas 193 Foreign-Born Population of the United
168 The London Suicide Bombers, 7 July I(ingdom, 2009: Countries of Origin,
2005 Numbers between 24,000 and 3,000
194 Home Towns of British Soldiers Killed 203 Previous Nationality of Immigrants
in Afghanistan, 2009 Granted British Citizenship in 2009:
195 Home Towns of British Soldiers Killed Africa
in Afghanistan, 1 January 2010- 204 Off-Shore Wind Farms, 1991-2010
31 December 2010 205 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: England
196 Places in Afghanistan where British 206 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: Scotland
Soldiers were killed, 1 January 2009- 207 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: Wales
1 August 2010 208 On-Shore Wind Farms, 2010: Northern
197 Writers in Prison, Championed by Ireland
English PEN, 2010 209 Eco-Towns in Prospect, and in
198 British Service Personnel Killed in Jeopardy, 2010
Action, 1945-2011 210 First World War Sites and Museums in
199 British Forces Overseas, 2010 Britain, 2010
200 Previous Nationality of Immigrants 211 The British General Election of 6 May
Granted British Citizenship in 2009: 2010
Europe, Turkey and the Caucasus 212 Proposed Government Expenditure and
201 Previous Nationality of Immigrants Receipts, 22 June 2010
Granted British Citizenship in 2009: 213 Government Expenditure Cuts, 20
Asia and Oceania October 2010
202 Previous Nationality of Immigrants 214 The London Olympic Games, 2012:
Granted British Citizenship in 2009: Sites in and outside London
The Americas
 ~ Route of Julius Caesar's expedition 54 Be

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untinodonU-Ely Cathedral
orwich Ca'the!drclll'lcwlel

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m\\m\\\\~XH:.:::/.\ H'.~:.., « ~~ Monmoutl:J.': Oxford
:::: :. '" ':~\..~." '. ;:;;:7 ~ Caerleon,~ r., Wallingford_ ondon II

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,.: :. .. :' .:::. " Westminster Hall ..L
:::: : : ::: c:::·· :" '.:'. ..... ::.:: :::~ -1097T~ ~'... .~.
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. ..':.;,,;.;.;,: ':::: ~ I r:;~v.

-- WinchesterCathedraE==CC}.(\~e(
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18
co f,i,'lilfi!i!i!i}!!!Ji!i!}i!!i!!!Nii!}i}i}!!;!);i!)}i}'i!!fifi,;( ;\¢}}i!fii!"Ni!!! iijl!i1iii!iiliili/li!llililiiiillillli!llilllilililli!iiiilillllllli)!i!!1

BURGUNDY
ANJOU

Y ,I 1~O I
Miles
I
 w
0::
Q.

~
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z
~
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o
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o
.:t

Possessions
HenrylI
Dependencies of
Henry IT ARAGON
Possessions of I:
the King of France
o 100
Dependencies of I I I I I

~I I the King of France I ~!lli')lii))'I)))III)ili!i1-[[@!m,i~'I[:~ i!![!!!f!~),!I))N)J

23
 Towns and castles loyal to Stephen
nephew of Henry I
lI'.,.,,:::::::'::::::;;; .... 1:::::::::::::::::::::1 Main sphere of influence of Matilda
. : . . .::
daughter of Henry I
Land controlled by Matilda's half-
brother Robert of Gloucester
Land controlled by Geoffrey de c.:;
Mandeville 1140 - 43 :"
o, 100
I

Miles

::::;

Iilyo?!rk
..:.'.. ' ...•.
:. .,.'
. '. '.' 01143-4 Ravaged by Geoff- ::...:.....:
". '.;' rey de Mandeville. Religious:. \
_ :::::::::::: :::'. houses plundered. Towns . ,-- .,'

1!:e~~:~I~ions '" ft~~~~~~~~~ unctiilllilil:'lliil!~~:d~:f~O~4~OO'; . .:..:.

(/p:': : L --:;':::':;::~;.::;;:~': i~L

"li!~:,~';';·: ~ '/ ~WALES G~~~!~t~~re~~~~:~~I~~~!se: ;;~Ci>

j~): ml1145 Stephen cuts off Robert of ,-:Farmgdon. London iii . • Wallingford II11111111111 ~owns refus~ to
admit Stephen on hiS
if; ~oucester from Matilda(then at A1135 St.ephen - arriv.al in~;~~~,I:~:.n. . .d. ':.. :.
jj: Wallingford). Two years later Robert ~ I~::::::"::
'!! dies.ln1148 Matilda flees to France. ilton. elected king ~V>~..~ ""i '. )~"

1"J:r~ ~}j;"! ~"l·f<;.';~ ;~:": :~; ",:; "; ;,. DEVON .. ~eHam~~~~'~~~~ ~;: : ~~e:IBoUlogne •....

'.: .,~:: :., .: . :.. ". . . ........ .. .... ; Feb.-Sept. 1141 Stephen imprisoned.
:i:::;.:-:;.... . '.:. ..:'.::' " :: .:.:' .'. :.: ..... .:'.:. 01142 Capt~red by Ste- }i:~. :!!! Matilda expelled September. Robert of
:{;\~:';~: ..:<~.:;.:.: ..,. .' ..... ". ·.. :::::mr·~::.: ;;~< Phen. Angevln port for f< Gloucester captured. Stephen released
'[./'<" . .:' . .... .... '.' France. Lost in 1143. .. ""

......
. .

..
, :;.:

' .

. .#
24
25
 '., .. :::::::.

1245 Papal money-raiser expelled from England

by king, clergy and barons
.: .. '~
1274 Anglo-Flanders Commercial Treaty
(, 1275 King to receive duty on wool
1280 German merchants in England form a Hansa ..
1290 Expulsion of the Jews from England
1299 Act to repress bad coinage passed '. Y.
·1
.~

Nottingham (f)
.~' Norwich
*.
'. H:.'J1

,.: .... ,,;:'

~ Cloth producing areas with names of cloth

.~: . ;;:: ::::., @ Towns with weavers guilds by 1200
...... .... :.: H(:. • The Cinque Ports :special liberties granted 1278
. '. U:!
• The liberties of Chepstow, Ramsey and Somersham
• Towns with Jewish settlements where Jewish
loans were recorded 1190 1290
'i:j:.' : .:i:.:

.";:/::'.\': ;;, ". ........... :.:": . :,. :.:~<r::··.-t.::·:.· "

26
tv
-...J
 IIIWIIIfI~~~~~~;_r'"q
....... --
___ - - -.....IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIT' - - - - - - -
~~~=~=~=~\ii\:
Franchise ofTynedale(held by
King of Scotland until 1295)
Disputed land
Franchise of the Bishopric
of 'Durham
Scottish royal castles
English castles __
--:_-_-_-_\j_-
_ . ;:=:=:=:=:=::::.,.

English victories -------:- ENG LAN D

I\:)
ex> 11~~Js~cio~tt~is~hiv~ic;t~o;rieis~II~IIIIIIIIIIIIII=-~-~-~--~-~--~-:-:- -:-~~~~~~~~~~~~:. .:.: ~;~~~~;~~
 o 100
I
-

Miles
Ip-------_
........
_....._...._~-~-~-~-~-~--

29
 ~hirk

oswestr y

, ShreW~ry

Welshpool t.. .
Mont g omer y •.J3

~Painscastle
~Bronllys

-
~ Castles held by the English 1277-1283
I::::: :1 Crown Lordships 1276
~ Conquered by 1283 20
I

~ Edward's march through Wales 1294-1295 Miles

30
 ITHE BLACK DEATH 1333-1369 ~

I
-'4

A F R C A

There were three visitations of

the plague in England: 1348-9,
1361-2 and 1369. It probably was
responsible for halving the
population by 1400. In Bristol
the death rate was estimated
at 40 ~o of the inhabitants. In
some areas 50 % of the Clergy,
and in Oxford two thirds of
the academics, died.
W
I'J
i i li i i i i lil l j~ j~ r: : : .'
1lf
1IIIIIi =:"0 Leicester
~

I
Norwich
'~@ ••
Yarmouth

i@ Cambridge
@)Mildenhall

,BUry St. Edmunds

Dunstable®
"
Jack Straw leads peasants
into London from the
north
Sudbury@)

::::~

~~t.
:::::::

rr:
::::::::::
~:~:~:~:~:
Richard IT leaves for London and
receives peasant petition at
.:.:.:.:.: Mile End. He grants it on 14 June.
t~~f
:::::::. Nine days later he withdraws his
::::::. grant and says: "Villeins ye are
~~~ and villeins ye shall remain." But
.:. ~ as a result of the revolt the
1~ ~C'~l\> Poll Tax was abolished.
::: '$ter
.:.
e -:'
o

~:.;~>_ ~ Main peasant marches.

(!) Towns where severe rioting took place. Peasants demanded'

abolition of villeinage and of the poll tax. Art isans joined
the rising to attack burgesses' monopolies and privileges.
The lower clergy also supported anti-clerical activity.

33
34
~ ~(:\(i~([((:@::!::!:::@@:ii!@eUie@uUUde!i!i!e /ffii/Ueei@ete/iT • I
- - . , . 1 1 1 •• 11111 ....

l~I,!:;j';!;;;;f\": I)P!((!I(I(i!i)!t))1)

~~:
1405

- -Campaign of the Welsh in 1405 ....... .;;::::::j I

- Can'lpaign of the English in 1405 ::/J
EI Castles besieged by the Welsh
• Castles besieged by the English
::::::::::::4~
 HOLY

ROMAN

EMPIRE

SAVOY

IlIII English possessions in France 1429.

r~:~:~:~:~t Burgundy, allied with England.

~ French possessions and dependencies.

• Papal territory.
II English towns besieged or sacked by France.

-. . - __M-i-ks_~_1
D French victories.
Last remaining English possession in France 1453.....

37
38
 HENRY TUDOR~ DYNASTY
HENRY VII
KING 1485 -1509
I
HENRY VIII
KING 1509 -1547

EDWARD VI ELIZABETH
KING 1547 -1553 QUEEN 1558-1603
MARY
QUEEN 1553 -1558

39
::: I ' <L¢.X.. ~ . . I
~
~.
c.v
ffiEf) EB •• ••
CD Important monasteries(with an income of ••
over £200 or at least 16 monks)
E9 0~ ~. Saffron Walden
~ Houses of regular canons
E9 Smaller religious houses of all kinds •• E9
E9 Woburn E9 E9
@ Houses of friars ~.. IiJ EB
Areas of special religious jurisdiction
EB
•• E9 " Gl9
- - Boundaries of the bishoprics EB EB
EBEe EB
E9' ;
EB
EB EB
BISHOPRIC OF LINCOLN E9EB
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BISHOPRIC OF LONDON
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BISHOPRIC OF SALISBURY
E9~
Newbury ~ E9

€a EB
E9 BISHOPRIC OF WINCHESTER
THE PATTERN OF
MONASTIC PROPERTY e
EB E9 ~. •• Waverley
1500-1530 Ea·· ••
Random documents with unrelated
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 XVI
BRITISH AND PORTUGUESE ARTILLERY
IN THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1812
[DETAILS COLLECTED BY MAJOR J. H. LESLIE, R.A.]

I. ROYAL HORSE ARTILLERY

The following troops were serving in the Peninsula in 1812:—

Arrived in Designation
Troop. Under Command of Peninsula. in 1914.
A Brevet Major H. D. Ross July 1809 ‘A’ Battery, R.H.A.
D Captain G. Lefebure [808] March 1810
‘V’ Battery, R.H.A.
[Later 2nd Captain E. C. Whinyates]
E Captain R. Macdonald August 1811 ‘E’ Battery, R.H.A.
I Brevet Major R. Bull August 1809 ‘I’ Battery, R.H.A.

A, E, and I were serving with Wellington’s main army in 1812, attached

respectively to the Light Division, the 7th Division, and the 1st Division of Cavalry
(Stapleton Cotton). All three were present at Salamanca, but A was left at Madrid
in August with the Light Division, and did not take part in the Burgos Campaign. D
was attached to Erskine’s ‘2nd Cavalry Division,’ and served under Hill in
Estremadura from the beginning of the year till Hill marched up to Madrid in
October.

II. ROYAL (FOOT) ARTILLERY

A.
The seven companies shown in the following tables were serving in the
Peninsula in 1812 with the field army.
Note.—In 1812 there were ten battalions of Royal (Foot) Artillery, the
companies of which were always designated by the name of the commanding
officer, whether he was actually present with his company or no.

Arrived in Designation
Batalion. Under Command of Peninsula. in 1914.
1st Captain J. May[809] March 1809 2nd Battery, R.F.A.
4th Captain S. Maxwell October 1810 72 Company, R.G.A.
5th Captain F. Glubb [810] March 1809 48 Company, R.G.A.
8th Brevet Major R. W. Gardiner April 1811 78 Company, R.G.A.
8th Captain R. Lawson August 1808 87th Battery, R.F.A.
8th Captain J. P. Eligé [811] October 1810
Reduced in 1819.
[Later, Captain T. A. Brandreth]
9th Captain R. Douglas March 1812 45th Battery, R.F.A.

Of these, Gardiner’s company was attached to the 1st Division, Maxwell’s to the
2nd, Douglas’s to the 3rd, Lawson’s to the 5th, Eligé’s to the 6th. May’s company
accompanied the main army without guns, in charge of the Reserve ammunition
train.
Glubb’s company was attached to the heavy 18-pounders and 24-pounder
howitzers of the Reserve Artillery.
Gardiner’s, Douglas’s, Lawson’s, and Eligé’s [now temporarily under 2nd
Captain W. Greene, Eligé having been killed at the Salamanca forts] companies
were present at Salamanca, as was also the Reserve Artillery, but the last-named
was not engaged.
Maxwell’s company was with Hill in Estremadura from January till the march to
Madrid in September-October. Part of it was present at the capture of Almaraz on
19 May.

B.
The following additional companies were in Portugal in 1812, but did not join
the field army:—

Arrived in Designation
Batalion. Under Command of Peninsula. in 1914.
6th Brevet Major H. F. Holcombe April 1811 102 Company, R.G.A.
1st Captain A. Bredin September 1808 37th Battery, R.F.A.
6th Captain G. Thompson March 1809 18th Battery, R.F.A.
5th Captain H. Stone March 1812 92 Company, R.G.A.
6th Captain W. Morrison October 1812 51 Company, R.G.A.
 Of these Holcombe’s company was employed at the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo
and Badajoz. The other companies present at these leaguers were Glubb’s and
Lawson’s at Rodrigo, and Glubb’s and Gardiner’s at Badajoz.
In June Holcombe’s and Thompson’s companies were sent round by sea to the
east coast of Spain, and there joined the Anglo-Sicilian expedition of General
Maitland, with which they continued to serve.

C.
At the beginning of 1812, there were present at Cadiz, Cartagena, and Tarifa,
doing garrison duty, the following companies under Lieut.-Col. A. Duncan:—

Arrived in Designation
Batalion. Under Command of Peninsula. in 1914.
2nd Captain P. Campbell[812] March 1810[813] 62 Company, R.G.A.
5th Captain H. Owen January 1810 60 Company, R.G.A.
9th Captain P. J. Hughes January 1810 Reduced in 1819.
10th Captain W. Roberts March 1810 63 Company, R.G.A.
10th Major A. Dickson April 1810 21 Company, R.G.A.
10th Captain W. Shenley April 1810 11 Company, R.G.A.

Of these Hughes’s company was detached to Tarifa, and took a brilliant part in
its defence in Dec. 1811-Jan. 1812. The rest were in Cadiz and the Isle of Leon.
Owen’s and Dickson’s companies (the latter until July 1812 being commanded by
Captain R. H. Birch, whose own company of the 10th battalion was at Gibraltar, as
Dickson, with the rank of Major, was serving with the Portuguese Army) marched
from Cadiz to Madrid with Skerrett’s column at the end of September 1812, and in
October joined Wellington’s main field army. Hughes’s, Roberts’s, and Shenley’s
companies remained in garrison at Cadiz, and Campbell’s was divided between
Cartagena and Tarifa.

D.
At Alicante, under General Maitland, there were present during the later
months of the year not only Holcombe’s and Thompson’s companies, which had
come round from Lisbon, but also the two following British companies from Sicily:
—

Arrived in Designation
Batalion. Under Command of Peninsula. in 1914.
8th Captain J. S. Williamson August 1812 40th Battery, R.F.A.
 4th Captain R. G. Lacy December 1812 25 Company, R.G.A.

III. KING’S GERMAN LEGION ARTILLERY

Of the three companies of the Legionary Artillery in the Peninsula only one (No.
4) was with the field army, that of Captain F. Sympher, attached to the 4th
Division. This unit was present at the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, and also at the
battle of Salamanca.
Captain K. Rettberg’s (No. 1) and Captain A. Cleeves’s (No. 2) companies were
doing garrison duty in the Lisbon forts; but Rettberg himself, with a detachment of
two officers and thirty men of his company, came up to the siege of Badajoz in
March-April.

IV. PORTUGUESE ARTILLERY

[The details are taken from Major Teixeira Botelho’s Subsidios.]

Only three field batteries accompanied the allied field army during the
campaign of 1812, though seven had been at the front in 1811. These batteries
were:—
Captain J. da Cunha Preto’s 6-pounder [from the 1st regiment] and Captain W.
Braun’s 9-pounder [from the 2nd regiment] batteries, both attached to General
Hamilton’s Portuguese division, which always acted with Hill in Estremadura, and
Major S. J. de Arriaga’s 24-pounder howitzer battery, which formed part of the
Artillery Reserve, and accompanied Wellington’s own army to Badajoz, Salamanca,
and Burgos. This company came from the 1st (Lisbon) regiment.
But in addition the 2nd or Algarve regiment supplied one company, under
Captain J. C. Pereira do Amaral for the siege of Badajoz.
The 4th or Oporto regiment gave two companies (200 men) under Captain J. V.
Miron for the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, and one (70 men) under Captain William
Cox for the siege of Badajoz. Cox’s company was sent round to Alicante in June,
along with the British companies of Holcombe and Thompson, and joined
Maitland’s Anglo-Sicilian corps for the rest of the war.
Another company of the 4th regiment under Captain D. G. Ferreri formed the
divisional artillery of Silveira’s Militia corps, and was present at the blockade of
Zamora in June-July 1812.
The 1st or Lisbon regiment sent a company under Captain M. A. Penedo to
Alicante, along with the company of Cox mentioned above from the 4th regiment.
It also supplied one company under Lieutenant A. da Costa e Silva for the siege of
Ciudad Rodrigo.
The 3rd or Elvas regiment supplied three companies, under the command of
Major A. Tulloh[814], for the siege of Badajoz—they were those of Captains A. V.
Barreiros, J. Elizeu, and J. M. Delgado.
 INDEX

Abadia, Francisco Xavier, general, orders for, 220;

tiresome conduct of, 337.
Abbé, general, governor of Navarre, his proclamation against guerrilleros, 102;
defeated by Mina, 198.
Alba de Tormes, Carlos de España fails to hold castle of, 415, 466.
Albuera, Hill in position at, 269;
combats in front of, 527-30.
Alcantara, bridge of, restored by Wellington, 333.
Aldaya, combat of, 64.
Alicante, occupied by Mahy, repulses Montbrun, 78, 79;
Maitland lands at, 573.
Almaraz, forts of, stormed by Hill, 322-30.
Almeida, re-fortified by Wellington, 160;
repulses the attack of Clausel, 281.
Almendralejo, seized by Hill, 132.
Altafulla, combat of, 96.
Alten, Victor, general, fails to assist Carlos de España at Rodrigo, 280;
retreats to Villa Velha, 284;
results of his action, 290;
with Wellington’s advance into Spain, 352;
at Salamanca, 365, 369, 372-3;
at Pollos, 389, 399, 401;
his successful charge at Castrillo, 405-6;
wounded at Salamanca, 422.
America, Spanish colonies in, troubles of, 136-8, 337.
Andalusia, position of Soult in, 80, 108, 109, 110, 274, 305;
evacuation of, proposed by Jourdan, 307, 308;
resisted by Soult, 309-10;
operations in, during June-August, 521, 522, 535, 536;
evacuation of, by Soult, 539-43.
Andriani, Luis, colonel, defends Saguntum, 13, 17-30;
surrenders, 45-6.
Anson, George, major-general, operations of his cavalry, 401, 402;
at Salamanca, 449, 461;
at Garcia Hernandez, 501.
Anson, William, major-general, his brigade at Castrillo, 406;
at Salamanca, 457, 458.
Aragon, French army of, 5;
Suchet’s garrisons in, 6;
operations of Duran and the guerrilleros in, 21-3;
French reinforcements for, 51-2;
Palombini’s and Severoli’s campaigns in, 98-101.
Arentschildt, Friedrich, colonel, takes command of a brigade at Salamanca, 442-5,
454, 461, 494;
marches on Madrid, 504.
Artificers, Royal Military, at siege of Badajoz, 225, 255-6;
converted into Royal Sappers and Miners, 256.
Artillery, the allied, table of the, in 1812, Appendix, pp. 619-22.
Astorga, siege of, 337-8, 388, 502.
Asturias, the, evacuated by Bonnet, 196-8;
reconquered by him, 338;
evacuated again, 390, 391.
Aubert, colonel, governor of Almaraz, slain there, 324-6.
Ayerbe, skirmish at, 22.

Baccelar, Manuel, general, commands Portuguese of the North, 219-21;

concentrates to keep off Marmont, 282-3;
dissuades Trant from attacking Marmont, 285.
Badajoz, siege of, 217-56;
disgraceful sack of, 256-64.
Ballasteros, Francisco, general, harasses Soult in south Andalusia, 111;
harasses the besiegers of Tarifa, 116-17;
unwilling to receive orders from British, 230;
threatens Seville, 274;
retires prematurely, 275;
his ineffective raids on Zahara and Osuna, 275;
routs Rey at Alhaurin, 276;
checked at battle of Bornos, 336, 348, 385;
instructed by Wellington to threaten Seville, 519;
defeated at Bornos, 521, 522;
surprises Malaga, 535;
and Osuna, 536;
harasses retreating French, 542, 544.
Barcelona, alleged poisoning plot at, 565.
Barnard, Andrew, colonel, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 179;
becomes commander of the Light Division on Craufurd’s death, 182, 184.
Barrié, general, governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, 165, 173, 188.
Barrois, general, takes part in siege of Tarifa, 116;
 sent to Drouet’s aid by Soult, 525, 531.
Bathurst, Henry, second earl, his correspondence with Wellington on financial
difficulties, 350, 351.
Bentinck, Lord Frederick, negotiates with Wellington, 344.
Bentinck, Lord William, commander of British forces in Sicily, proposes expedition
against east coast of Spain, 342, 343;
sends only a small force, 346, 347;
his indecision, 386, 408;
the expedition starts, 499, 565.
Beresford, William Carr, marshal, his strict discipline for Portuguese army, 149;
at siege of Badajoz, 217, 228;
leads centre of army advancing into Leon, 352;
nominated by Wellington second in command in event of his being disabled,
353;
before Salamanca, 359;
with Wellington involved in skirmish of Castrejon, 402;
urges delay in attack at Salamanca, 427;
in the battle, 459;
wounded, 471.
Berkeley, admiral, sends Russian guns for siege of Badajoz, 224.
Berthier, Louis Alexander, marshal, his dispatch to Marmont on reorganization of
army of Portugal, 189;
sends news of Joseph’s appointment as Commander-in-Chief to the marshals in
the Peninsula, 298-9.
Bertoletti, general, governor of Tarragona, 96.
Bilbao, taken by Popham and Mendizabal, 556;
recaptured by Caffarelli, 557.
Blake, Joaquim, general, Spanish commander-in-chief in Valencia, assumes
defensive against Suchet, 10;
his plans, 19-23;
advances against Suchet, 31;
defeated at battle of Saguntum, 36-43;
besieged by Suchet in Valencia, 47-72;
surrenders, 73;
imprisoned at Vincennes, 73.
Blaniac, H. Lafon, general, appointed governor of Madrid on Joseph’s departure,
488;
defends the Retiro against Wellington, 507;
surrenders, 516.
Bock, Eberhard, major-general, commanding Heavy Dragoons K.G.L. at Badajoz,
219, 229;
with army advancing into Leon, 352;
at Salamanca, 365, 372, 373;
 at Pollos, 389;
at Castrillo, 399;
at Salamanca, 403, 425;
at Garcia Hernandez, 476-7;
marches on Madrid, 504;
goes north with Wellington, 581.
Bonnet, general, his expedition into the Asturias, 338;
summoned by Marmont before Salamanca, 354;
joins him, 381, 390, 391;
his feigned advance against Wellington, 397;
at Salamanca, 424-39;
assumes command on Marmont’s being disabled, 440;
wounded, 440, 469.
Bornos, battle of, 336, 385.
Bourke, general, defeated by Eroles at Roda, 98.
Boussard, general, wounded at Aldaya, 64.
Brennier, Antoine François, general, blockades Rodrigo, 281;
beaten at Castrillo, 405, 406;
his division routed at Salamanca, 451.
Burgoyne, John, major of engineers, takes charge of assault on castle of Badajoz,
251;
besieges the forts of Salamanca, 362.

Cadiz, bombardment of by the French, 167, 168;

politics at, 137-44;
siege of, raised, 539, 540.
Caffarelli, Louis Marie, general, occupies Saragossa, 57;
troubles of, in Aragon, 82;
vainly pursues Mina, 103;
Wellington’s plans against, 339, 340;
promises help to Marmont, 356, 372;
fails to send it, 378, 393, 394;
sends cavalry brigade under Chauvel, 419;
relieves Santander, 554;
retakes Bilbao from Mendizabal, 556, 557.
Calatayud, captured by Duran, 21, 22;
attacked by Montijo, 51-2;
captured by Gayan, 101.
Campbell, Colin, general, governor of Gibraltar, garrisons Tarifa, 112;
forbids abandonment of the town, 123.
Campbell, John, colonel, commands brigade of Portuguese horse in Estremadura,
219, 530, 531, 534.
Caro, José, general, at battle of Saguntum, 33, 41, 42.
Caroline, queen of the Two Sicilies, her intrigues against the British, 346, 347.
Carrera, La, Martin, brigadier, encompasses Boussard’s cavalry at Aldaya, 64;
his gallant raid on Murcia, 81;
death, 81.
Carrié, general, beaten and captured at Castrillo, 405.
Castalla, battle of, 567-70.
Castaños, Francis Xavier, general, in command in Galicia, 197, 219, 337, 388.
Castello Branco, sacked by Clausel, 284.
Castlereagh, Lord, succeeds Canning at the Foreign Office, 155, 349.
Castrejon, combat of, 401, 402.
Castrillo, combat of, 405, 406.
Castro Urdiales, taken by Popham, 553.
Catalonia, French army of, 4, 5;
operations of Lacy, Eroles, and Decaen in, 90-9;
formally annexed by Napoleon, 97;
projected British landing in, 344;
Lacy’s summer campaign in, 562-4;
Maitland refuses to land in, 571.
Ceccopieri, colonel, slain near Ayerbe, 22.
Cerdagne, ravaged by Eroles, 93;
by Sarsfield, 99.
Chauvel, general, arrives after Salamanca, and covers retreat of French army, 482.
Chlopiski, general, commands flank-guard at Saguntum, 35;
his victorious charge, 37.
Chowne, Christopher Tilson, general, makes false attack on castle of Miravete,
324-8.
Ciudad Real, seized by Morillo, 134.
Clausel, Bertrand, general, fails to attack Almeida, 281;
occupies Castello Branco, 284;
dissuades Marmont from attacking at Salamanca, 367, 368;
his unsuccessful attack at Castrillo, 405, 406;
at battle of Salamanca, 430, 435;
assumes command after Marmont and Bonnet are disabled, 440;
advances on Wellington’s centre, 458;
repulsed, 460;
wounded, 469;
his dispatch to Joseph, 489;
continues to retreat north, 491.
Clinton, Henry, general, his victorious advance at Salamanca, 459-60;
left to contain Clausel, 501.
Codrington, Edward, captain R.N., operations of, on the coast of Catalonia, 92,
563, 564;
his views on Lacy and Eroles, 572.
Colborne, John, colonel, leads storming-party at Ciudad Rodrigo, 167;
wounded, 182, 184.
Cole, Hon. Lowry, general, his operations on June 10, 403-6;
his advance at Salamanca, 455;
wounded, 456.
Conroux, Nicolas, general, surprised by Ballasteros, 522.
Constitution, the Spanish, drawn up by the Cortes, 140, 144.
Copons, Francisco, general, at the siege of Tarifa, 112, 118;
opposes evacuation of the town, 123, 125.
Cortes, the, at Cadiz, Constitution drawn up by, 140.
Cotton, Stapleton, general, routs Drouet’s rearguard at Villagarcia, 278;
commands rearguard on retreat to Salamanca, 401;
in the battle, 434-47, 449;
wounded there, 471.
Craufurd, Robert, general, observing Ciudad Rodrigo, 159;
mortally wounded in storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 182;
Charles Stewart’s high estimate of him, 186.
Creagh, Juan, general, at Valencia, 60, 65.
Cruz Murgeon, Juan, general, storms Seville, 540, 541.
Cuenca, occupied by Mahy, 24;
taken by D’Armagnac, 56;
evacuated by Maupoint, 488.

Daricau, general, operations of, in Estremadura, 233, 275, 521, 526, 533.
D’Armagnac, general, goes to aid Suchet in Valencia, 56-76;
co-operates with Montbrun, 478.
Decaen, Charles, general, commands in Catalonia, 4, 5, 90;
his difficulties with Barcelona, 92;
relieves Barcelona, 94;
harassed by the Catalan army under Lacy, 563.
Decken, Gustav von der, captain, his gallant charge and mortal wound at Garcia
Hernandez, 477.
Delort, colonel, defeats O’Donnell at Castalla, 568, 569.
D’Erlon, see Drouet.
Denia, captured by General Harispe, 87.
Dickson, Alexander, colonel, brings up siege-guns to Ciudad Rodrigo, 160;
prepares for siege of Badajoz, 201, 224;
his account of the storm, 247;
with Hill’s expedition to Almaraz, 322;
at Salamanca, 364.
Dombrouski, general, driven from Merida, 131, 132.
Dorsenne, Jean Marie, general, ignores the danger of Ciudad Rodrigo, 187, 188,
194;
 meets Marmont at Valladolid, 192;
declines to obey Jourdan’s orders, 300, 304.
Downie, John, colonel, his gallant conduct at Seville, 541.
Doyle, Charles, general, suggests fortification of Saguntum (Murviedro), 11, 12.
Drouet, Jean Baptiste, Comte d’Erlon, in Estremadura, observing Hill, 106, 107;
driven from Almendralejo by Hill, 132;
retires before Graham, 230, 231;
sends pressing summons to Soult, 267;
routed by Le Marchant at Villagarcia, 277;
fails to intercept Hill after Almaraz, 330, 331;
threatened by Hill, 525;
his manœuvres against Hill, 531-5;
retreats suddenly to join Soult, 543.
Duran, José, chief of guerrilleros, seizes Calatayud, 21;
attacks Suchet’s rear, 49;
seizes Almunia, and retires to Molina, 51.
D’Urban, Benjamin, colonel, chief of the Portuguese staff, his views on Wellington’s
advance into Leon, 317;
with Silveira on the Douro, 339;
his activity, 386, 387, 409;
joins Wellington before Salamanca, 410-13;
in the battle, 426-36;
his charge, 441-5, 453, 454, 461;
in pursuit of Joseph at Segovia, 495;
enters the town, 496;
marches on Madrid, 504;
routed by Treillard at Majalahonda, 509-13.

‘El Manco,’ guerrillero chief, 102.

Empecinado, Juan Martin, the, his co-operation with the army of Valencia, 3, 5,
10;
seizes Calatayud, 21;
attacks Suchet’s rear, 49;
attacks Mazzuchelli, 51;
his jealousy of Montijo, 52;
his disaster at Siguenza, 102;
captures the garrison of Guadalajara, 516.
Engineers, Wellington’s demand for sappers and miners, 255, 256.
Eroles, General Baron, raids French frontier, 93;
destroys a French column at Villaseca, 95;
defeated at Altafulla, 96;
defeats Bourke at Roda, 98;
his differences with Lacy, 562-3.
Erskine, Sir William, lieut.-general, sends false intelligence of French advance to
Hill, 330;
Wellington’s comments on, 331-2;
his slack pursuit of Pierre Soult, 542.
España, Carlos de, general, 220;
retires from Rodrigo before Marmont’s advance, 280, 281;
reports lack of provisions to Wellington, 290;
joins Wellington before Salamanca, 355, 365;
at the ford of Pollos, 389;
at Castrillo, 399;
at Salamanca, 411;
fails to hold castle of Alba de Tormes, 415, 466;
marches on Madrid, 504;
governor of Madrid, 517, 567.
Estremadura, invaded by Hill, 133, 134;
operations by Hill and Graham in, 228-33;
campaign of Hill and Drouet in, June-August, 520-33.

Ferey, general, advises Marmont to fight at San Cristobal, 367;

covers retreat of French at Salamanca, 462-5;
slain, 464, 469.
Figueras, fall of, 1.
Fletcher, Richard, colonel, engineer officer directing siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 170;
at Badajoz, 228, 237;
wounded, 238;
again on duty, 243.
Fortescue, Hon. John, his estimate of the British Ministers and their dealings with
Wellington, 152.
Foy, Maximilien, general, moves with Montbrun against Valencia, 52-78;
attempts to divert British from Badajoz, 233, 266;
fails to help Almaraz, 329;
his description of Marmont’s plans at San Cristobal, 367;
at Toro, 390;
makes feigned advance against Wellington, 397;
describes opening of battle of Salamanca, 420, 421, 424, 433;
criticism of Marmont, 438, 461;
successfully covers French retreat, 467;
his account of battle of Salamanca, 472-3;
defeated at Garcia Hernandez, 475-8.
Freire, Manuel, general, prevented from joining Blake at Valencia, 57;
with Mahy’s force, 77, 78;
his raid on eastern Andalusia, 559.
Frère, general, protects Suchet’s rear in Catalonia, 6, 92.
Galicia, state of, in 1812, 220, 337, 338.
Garcia Hernandez, combat of, 467-8.
Gaspard-Thierry, colonel, governor of Picurina fort at Badajoz, taken prisoner, 240.
Gayan, guerrillero chief, seizes Calatayud, 101.
Gijon, occupied by the French, 338.
Gough, Hugh, colonel, takes part in defence of Tarifa, 118;
opposes its evacuation, 122-7.
Graham, Thomas, general, overruns Estremadura, 228;
fails to catch Reymond, 230-2;
falls back on Albuera, 268;
obliged to throw up his command, 352-3;
before Salamanca, 359, 369, 373-5.
Granada, evacuated by Soult, 544, 545.
Grant, Colquhoun, major, captured at Idanha Nova, 292, 318.
Guarda, Trant’s disaster at, 285-6.
Guarena, combat of the, 404-5.
Gudin, colonel, at the storming of Saguntum, 17, 18.
Guetaria, attacked by Home Popham, 553, 557.
Gurwood, lieutenant, J., leads forlorn hope at storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 181;
controversy concerning, 589.

Habert, general, at storming of Saguntum, 17, 28, 33, 39;

at capture of Valencia, 58-63;
joins Harispe, 67;
at Gandia, 85.
Hamilton, general A., commands a Portuguese division under Hill, 130, 520.
Harispe, general, in invasion of Valencia, 14;
at battle of Saguntum, 34, 40;
at capture of Valencia, 58, 61-4;
moves toward Alicante, 85;
defeats O’Donnell at Castalla, 567-70;
retires behind the Xucar, 573.
Hay, Andrew Leith, captain, his account of the storming of Badajoz, 255;
of the battle of Salamanca, 448-9.
Henriod, governor of Lerida, repulses Lacy, 564.
Hill, Rowland, General, his advance into Estremadura, 86:
retires into Portugal, 106;
seizes Merida, 130-2;
forms covering force for siege of Badajoz, 218, 228, 233;
joins Graham at Albuera, 268;
contains Drouet in Estremadura, 291;
his raid on Almaraz, 311-29, 348;
Wellington’s instructions to him to harass Drouet, 519;
 advances to Zafra, 522;
awaits Drouet’s attack, 527;
his manœuvres against Drouet, 531-5;
does not pursue when Drouet joins Soult, 543;
warns Wellington of Soult’s evacuation of Andalusia, 578;
marches on Madrid, 579.
Hodenberg, Karl, captain in the K.G.L., his account of the sack of Badajoz, 262;
of Garcia Hernandez, 480.

Infantado, J. de Silva, Duke of, created a member of the Regency 144, 145.

Jones, John, colonel R.E., his remarks on the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 173;
on the storming of Badajoz, 247;
on the siege of the Salamanca forts, 371.
Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, Napoleon’s instructions to him to send troops to
Valencia, 53;
he negotiates with the Cortes at Cadiz, 138;
receives news of the siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 188;
appointed commander-in-chief by Napoleon, 298;
difficulties of his situation, 301, 302;
determines to march to Marmont’s aid, 385;
authorizes Marmont to give battle, 395;
marches north to join Marmont, 484;
receives news of the defeat of Salamanca, 488;
retreats to Madrid, 489;
halts at Segovia, 492;
evacuates Madrid, 505;
orders Drouet to join him, 533;
marches on Valencia, 574-8.
Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, appointed Chief-of-the-Staff to Joseph, 298;
his comments on the situation, 301;
his Mémoire of May 1812, 303-7;
urges Marmont to attack Wellington, 394, 395;
his criticism of Marmont’s failure at Salamanca, 430, 473;
marches with Joseph to aid Marmont, 488;
and retreats, 489;
urges evacuation of the Retiro, 507.

Kempt, James, major-general, leads assault on castle of Badajoz, 239-40;

takes command when Picton is disabled, 251;
wounded, 252.
Kincaid, John, his account of the sack of Badajoz, 261.
King, Henry, major, takes part in defence of Tarifa, 112, 118;
 opposes its evacuation, 122, 123.

La Carrera, see Carrera.

Lacy, Luis, general, his raids against Igualada, Cervera, and Montserrat, 5;
his quarrels with the Catalan Junta, 91;
endeavours to starve out Barcelona and Tarragona, 94;
his unpopularity, 91, 562, 563;
his fruitless attack on Lerida, 564;
dissuades Maitland from landing at Palamos, 571.
Lafosse, general, governor of Tortosa, surprised and routed by Eroles, 95.
Lallemand, general, defeats Slade at Maguilla, 523, 524;
skirmishes with Hill’s cavalry, 530, 531.
Lamare, commandant of engineers at Badajoz, 235;
his able conduct in the defence, 246.
La Peña, Canon, secret agent of King Joseph, 139, 140.
Lardizabal, José, general, commanding a division in Valencia, 3;
at battle of Saguntum, 32, 40, 44;
at siege of Valencia, 60, 66;
fails to cut his way out, 70;
surrender of, 73.
Leith, James, general, commanding 5th Division, his successful escalade at
Badajoz, 245, 253, 254;
at Salamanca, 434, 435;
leads central attack, 446, 448;
wounded, 449, 471.
Le Marchant, John Gaspard, general, commanding heavy dragoons, 219, 228;
routs Drouet’s rearguard at Villagarcia, 277;
with Wellington’s advance into Leon, 352;
at Salamanca, 365, 374;
at Pollos, 389;
to Fuente la Peña, 399;
at Salamanca, 403, 425, 447, 449;
charges Maucune’s division, 450, 451;
fatally wounded, 452;
founder of Military College at High Wycombe, 452.
Le Mesurier, Haviland, general, governor of Almeida, repulses Clausel, 281;
his report on the defences of the city, 283.
Leval, Jean François, general, besieges Tarifa, 116-29;
fails to catch Ballasteros, 536;
harassed by Freire, 559, 560.
Liverpool, Lord, his support of Wellington, 152-6, 349;
sanctions Sir Home Popham’s naval expedition on coast of Biscay, 340;
and Bentinck’s scheme for attacking Catalonian coast, 342, 343.
Llerena, Graham’s operations round, 230, 231.
Longa, Juan, guerrillero chief, 340;
joins Popham’s raid on Biscayan coast, 553;
joins Mendizabal at Bilbao, 557.
Lübeck, sack of, by Bernadotte’s troops a parallel to that of Badajoz, 262.
Luddites, the, riots of, 153.

Macdonald, Étienne, marshal, Duke of Tarentum, recall of, 1.

Mackinnon, Henry, major-general, at siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 178, 180;
killed in the storm, 181.
Madrid, Wellington marches on, 497;
evacuated by Joseph, 506, 507;
Wellington’s triumphal entry, 513, 514.
Maguilla, combat of, 385, 523, 524.
Mahy, Nicolas, general, commands Murcian army, 20;
his abortive expedition against Cuenca, 23;
joins Blake in attacking Suchet, 31;
at battle of Saguntum, 36-8;
his comments, 39;
opinion of Valencians, 50;
abandons Valencia, escapes to the south, 64, 68;
occupies Alicante, 78;
abandons Denia, 87;
removed from his command, 87.
Maitland, Frederick, general, leads Sicilian expedition against Catalonia, 346, 347,
499, 565;
arrives at Palamos, 571;
at Alicante, 572;
threatens Harispe, 573;
withdraws to Alicante, 574.
Majalahonda, combat of, 509-13.
Malaga, surprised by Ballasteros, 535;
seized by English squadron, 559.
Marmont, Auguste Frédéric, marshal, Duke of Ragusa, sends expedition to
Valencia, 53, 157, 161;
receives news of fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, 187, 188;
reorganization of his army by Napoleon, 190, 191;
warned by Thiébault of Wellington’s advance on Ciudad Rodrigo, 192, 195;
concentrates troops to oppose him, 196;
retires to Valladolid 199;
deprived of some troops by the Emperor, 203, 204;
severely criticized by Napoleon, 203-6, 221-6;
makes a raid on central Portugal, 243;
 concerts joint action with Soult against Wellington, 266;
masks Rodrigo and Almeida, and marches to Sabugal, 283;
surprises Trant at Guarda, 285;
returns to Sabugal, 288;
and Fuente Guinaldo, 288;
escapes from Wellington at Fuente Guinaldo, 290-295;
receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 298-9;
sends in report to Joseph, 302;
his partial compliance with Joseph’s orders, 310-11;
his intercepted dispatches, 318-19;
evacuates Salamanca, 354;
his dispatch to Joseph, 370;
waits vainly for Caffarelli, 370-8;
retreats on to the Douro, 380;
requisitions horses, 391;
advances against Wellington, 397;
long strategical movements, 398-417;
opens battle of Salamanca, 421-37;
wounded, 437;
his dispatch, 469;
criticism of his actions, 472-4;
his report to Joseph, 488.
Mathieu, Maurice, general, operations of, in Catalonia, 94-6, 563.
Maucune, general, at Salamanca, 430-7.
May, John, brevet-major, R.A., in charge of siege of forts of Salamanca, 362.
Mazzuchelli, general, his skirmishes with Aragonese guerrilleros, 51.
Melito, André, Miot de, Joseph’s minister, his comments on his master’s situation,
301.
Mendizabal, Gabriel, general, commanding 7th army, employed by Wellington to
harass Caffarelli, 339, 348;
comes to aid Popham, 554;
in conjunction with Popham captures Bilbao, 550-7;
driven out by Caffarelli, 557.
Merida, seized and evacuated by Hill, 130-2;
reoccupied, 233;
raided by the French, 535.
Merino, guerrillero chief, his cruelty, 102.
Mina, Francisco, guerrilla chief, 4, 6, 21;
destroys Ceccopieri, 22;
eludes Musnier, 23;
his reprisals against the governor of Navarre, 102;
escapes into Aragon, 103;
seizes French convoy in the Pass of Salinas, 103;
 escapes from Pannetier, 104;
his activity in the North, 190;
defeats Abbé near Pampeluna, 198;
his activity 548, 549;
sends aid to Popham, 553.
Miranda, José, general, at battle of Saguntum 36-44;
at Valencia, 60.
Mislata, combat of, 65-6.
Montbrun, Louis Pierre, general, leads expedition against Valencia, 53, 76;
advances on Alicante, 77;
retires, 78;
returns to Toledo, 79, 265.
Montijo, conde de, commands irregular troops against Suchet, 49, 52;
besieges Soria, 198;
with O’Donnell at rout of Castalla, 568-9.
Morillo, Pablo, general, his raid on La Mancha, 134, 135;
with Penne-Villemur threatens Seville, 274;
co-operates with Hill, 520;
marches with Hill on Madrid, 580.
Mosquera, Joaquim, member of the Council of the Indies, created member of the
Spanish Regency, 144.
Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, failure of his expedition against Sicily, 341.
Murcia, captured and evacuated by Pierre Soult, 80, 81.
Murviedro, see Saguntum.
Musnier, general, 9;
opposed by guerrilleros, 21-3;
marches on Valencia, 57;
attacks Valencia, 61, 69:
relieves Tarragona, 94-6.

Napier, George, major, at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo, 181;

wounded, 182.
Napier, Sir William, historian, his remarks on the surrender of Peniscola, 88;
comments on the fall of Ciudad Rodrigo, 194;
account of the storming of Badajoz, 247;
of Salamanca, 407, 457;
comments on Soult’s plan for retiring on Andalusia, 546;
accepts Suchet’s version of his administration in Valencia, 560, 561.
Napoleon, Emperor, his plans for the invasion of Valencia, 2;
arrangements for reinforcing Suchet, 53-5, 80;
withdraws troops from Spain for the Russian War, 83-4, 189;
his plan for the subjection of Catalonia, 96-7;
fails to foresee Wellington’s advance on Ciudad Rodrigo, 193, 194;
 withdraws troops from Marmont, 203:
his criticism on the fall of Badajoz, 270;
his forebodings about the Russian campaign, 297;
appoints Joseph commander-in-chief of forces in the Peninsula, 298;
further instructions to Joseph, 312, 313;
his condemnation of Marmont’s failure at Salamanca, 396, 397, 431, 439, 473.
Navarro, Garcia, treacherously surrenders Peniscola, 87;
deserts to the French, 89.
Navas de Membrillo, combat of, 131.
Neveux, captain, exploit of, at Navas de Membrillo, 131.
Nevill, P. P., colonel, his account of the sack of Badajoz, 263, 264.
Ney, Michel, marshal, Duke of Elchingen, his views on the treatment of a garrison
that held out to the last, 259.
Niebla, the Condado of (western Andalusia), operations in, 107, 274, 539.

Obispo, José, general, cuts French communications, 20;

driven away by Palombini, 24;
returns to Segorbe, 30;
advances on Saguntum, 32, 35;
arrives too late for the battle, 36, 38;
at Valencia, 60;
retires to Cullera, 65.
O’Donnell, Charles, general, threatens Suchet’s flank, 20, 21;
forced to retire from Benaguacil by Suchet, 24, 25;
at battle of Saguntum, 35, 544.
O’Donnell, Henry, conde de la Bispal, made member of the Regency, 144.
O’Donnell, Joseph, general, captain-general of Murcia, reorganizes Mahy’s troops,
559;
routed by Harispe at Castalla, 567-70.
Ollorgan, combat of, 557.
O’Ronan, colonel, at battle of Saguntum, 32, 37.
Oropesa, garrisoned by Blake, 13, 14;
taken by Suchet, its garrison escapes, 25.
O’Toole, Bryan, major, commanding Portuguese caçadores at Ciudad Rodrigo, 179,
183.
Oviedo, captured by Bonnet, 338;
evacuated by him, 381.

Pack, Denis, general, commanding Portuguese brigade at Ciudad Rodrigo, 179,

183;
sent to Badajoz, 217, 229;
to Portalegre, 291;
with Wellington’s advance into Leon, 352;
 at Salamanca, 365;
at Pollos, 389;
at Salamanca, 411, 424, 425;
his attack on the Greater Arapile, 455, 457;
marches on Madrid, 504;
with Wellington’s army moves North, 581.
Pakenham, Hon. Edward, major-general, takes command of the 3rd Division
before Salamanca, 352, 353;
in battle, 425, 426;
executes turning movement, 436;
routs Thomières, 443, 445, 461.
Palacio, Marquis, captain-general of Valencia, 20.
Palamos, Maitland at, 571.
Palombini, general, sent against Obispo, 24, 30;
at siege and battle of Saguntum, 28, 33, 41;
at capture of Valencia, 63, 65, 66;
moved to southern Aragon, 85;
checked by Villacampa, 100;
summoned by Joseph to Madrid, 487;
at Majalahonda, 509.
Peña La, Canon, employed by Joseph to negotiate with Cortes at Cadiz, 139.
Peniscola, held by General Garcia Navarro, 13;
treacherously surrendered by him, 87, 88.
Penne-Villemur, Conde de, threatens Seville, 229, 230;
with Morillo makes a raid on Seville, 274;
co-operates with Hill, 520, 522;
routed by Lallemand at Santa Marta, 530;
pursues Drouet, 543;
marches with Hill on Madrid, 580.
Perceval, Spencer, Prime Minister, his troubles, 151-6.
Phillipon, Armand, general, governor of Badajoz, 235;
his energy and ability, 236, 240, 242;
his gallant defence at the storm of the city, 45, 246;
surrenders, 254;
Soult’s over-confidence in him, 270.
Picurina, fort at Badajoz, stormed, 239, 240.
Ponsonby, Hon. William, commanding cavalry brigade at Villagarcia, 278;
at Salamanca, 365;
marches on Madrid, 504;
drives away Treillard from Majalahonda, 512;
goes north with Wellington’s army, 58.
Popham, Sir Home, leads naval expedition against coast-forts of Cantabria and
Biscay, 340-8;
 prevents Caffarelli from joining Marmont, 378, 384, 393;
his descent on the Biscayan coast, 550;
his successes, 552, 553;
captures Santander, 554, 555;
captures Bilbao, 556, 557.
Porlier, Juan Diaz, guerrillero leader, in Cantabria, 338, 339, 340, 555, 556.

Regency, the, of Portugal, its financial difficulties, 145, 350-51.

Regency, the, of Spain, its composition changed, 144.
Reille, Honoré Charles, general, commands division on Upper Ebro, 4;
joins Suchet, 7, 48, 52, 57;
attacks Valencia, 61;
appointed chief of the army of the Ebro, 96;
his plan for the subjection of Catalonia, 98;
fails to capture Mina, 104.
Reizenstein, August von, captain K.G.L., leads charge at Garcia Hernandez, 479.
Renaud Redoute, at Rodrigo, stormed by Colborne, 167, 168.
Renovales, Colonel, his operation in Biscay, 556-7.
Reymond, general, escapes from Graham, 230, 231.
Ridge, Henry, lieut.-colonel, killed at the storm of Badajoz, 252.
Rignoux, general, governor of Seville, alarmed by raids of guerrilleros, 274, 275.
Rivas, Ignacio Rodriguez de, member of the Cadiz Regency, 144.
Roche, Philip K., general, organizes a Spanish division at Alicante, 85;
his operations at the battle of Castalla, 567-70;
joins Maitland at Alicante, 572.
Roda, combat of, 98.
Rodrigo, Ciudad, siege of, 158, 161-86;
defies Marmont, 281;
blockaded by Brennier, 281.
Rogniat, general, at the storm of Saguntum, 27.
Ross, captain, killed at Ciudad Rodrigo, 170.
Rouget, general, his campaign about Bilbao, 557.
Russia, Napoleon’s war with, causes withdrawal of French troops from the
Peninsula, 83.

Saguntum (or Murviedro), its defences, 11, 16, 17;

ineffectually stormed by Suchet, 17-19;
battle of, 26-45;
surrender of, 45.
Salamanca, evacuated by Marmont, 354;
Wellington enters, 360;
its forts besieged, 361-79;
Marmont and Wellington manœuvre before, 402-17;
 battle of, 421-70.
Salinas (Puerto de Arlaban), Mina’s victory at, 102.
Sanchez, Julian, guerrillero chief, his activity in the neighbourhood of Salamanca,
188, 220, 299;
marches with Wellington on Madrid, 504.
San Juan, José, general, rout of his Valencian cavalry at Saguntum, 37.
Santander, captured by Popham, 554-5.
Santesteban, general, in the Castalla campaign, 568, 570.
Santocildes, José Maria, general, his half-hearted attack on Astorga, 386-9;
comes to Benavente, 409;
sent to threaten Valladolid, 490;
occupies the town, 502, 503.
Santoña, French garrison at, 551, 555, 558.
Sarrut, general, joins expedition against Valencia, 53;
guards the fords of Huerta, 415-16;
his action at Salamanca, 458-61.
Sarsfield, Pedro, general, his raid on Foix, 99;
Lacy’s jealousy of, 563.
Schepeler, colonel, his account of Blake at Saguntum, 43;
and at Valencia, 66;
seizes Cordova, 543;
his notes on Suchet’s tyranny, in Valencia, 560, 561.
Scovell, George, captain, his ingenuity as cipher-secretary to Wellington, 317;
account of his file of ciphers, Appendix, 611-18.
Segovia, Joseph, halts at, 492;
occupied by D’Urban, 495.
Severoli, general, commands a division on Upper Ebro, 4;
joins Suchet, 4;
occupies western Aragon, 22, 23;
summoned to Valencia, 48, 52, 57.
Seville, attacked by Penne Villemur, 274, 275;
stormed by Cruz Murgeon and Skerrett, 540, 541.
Silveira, Francisco, general, commanding Portuguese in Tras-os-Montes, 219, 220;
moves on Lamego to protect Beira, 282;
told off by Wellington to blockade Zamora, 339, 348, 386, 387, 491, 502.
Slade, John, general, defeated at Maguilla, 385, 523, 524.
Smith, Charles F., captain R.E., opposes evacuation of Tarifa, 122.
Smith, Harry, 95th regiment, his romantic marriage at Badajoz, 264.
Souham, Joseph, general, put under Marmont’s orders, 189;
summoned by Marmont to Salamanca, 198.
Soult, Nicolas, marshal, Duke of Dalmatia, Napoleon orders him to assist Suchet,
80;
failure of his expedition to Tarifa, 78;
 disposition of his troops in Andalusia, 106-10;
sends Victor to besiege Tarifa, 115;
denounces King Joseph to Napoleon, 140;
moves toward Badajoz, 243, 268;
concerts action with Marmont against Wellington, 265, 266;
retires on hearing of the fall of Badajoz, 269;
reproaches Marmont, 271;
summoned back to Seville, 274, 275;
receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 299;
his recalcitrance, 302, 309;
threatens to give up command of Army of the South, 332;
believes Wellington is about to attack him, 357;
refuses to obey Joseph, 485, 492, 493, 495, 528;
denounces Joseph to Napoleon, 538;
begins to evacuate Andalusia, 539, 540, 557;
at Granada, 544;
joins Suchet, 545;
results of his insubordination, 545.
Soult, Pierre, general, seizes Murcia, 80, 81;
marches against Ballasteros, 276;
sent to Drouet’s help, 525, 531;
his raid on Ribera, 542.
Stewart, Charles (Lord Londonderry), his estimate of Craufurd, 186.
Stuart, Charles, British Ambassador in Lisbon, 145, 148.
Sturgeon, Henry, colonel, restores bridge of Alcantara, 333.
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, marshal, invades Valencia, 2;
takes Murviedro and Valencia, 2;
estimate of his forces, 4-9;
crosses Valencian frontier, 14;
fails to storm Saguntum, 17-19;
besieges Saguntum, 26-30;
wins battle, 34-45;
attacks and takes Valencia, 57-73;
violates treaty of capitulation, 74, 75;
deprived of troops for the Russian War, 84;
his illness, 86;
his threats to the governor of Tortosa, and governor of Tarragona, 259;
and Blake, 260;
receives news of Joseph’s appointment as commander-in-chief, 299;
refuses obedience, 304, 309, 341;
alarmed by reports of the Sicilian expedition, 345, 346, 500, 566;
weakness of his position, 559;
raises a war-contribution, 560;
 Schepeler’s account of his methods, 561.
Synge, Charles, his narrative of Pack’s attack on the Greater Arapile, 455.

Tarifa, garrisoned by General Colin Campbell, 112;

siege of, 114-29.
Tarragona, blockaded by the Catalans, 94, 95, 563;
Wellington’s designs against, 344.
Taupin, general, anecdote concerning, 392.
Thiébault, Paul, general, governor of Salamanca, revictuals Ciudad Rodrigo, 159;
warns Marmont and Dorsenne of Wellington’s movement on Ciudad Rodrigo,
187, 192, 194.
Thomières, general, his division at Salamanca, 432;
his rout and death, 445, 469.
Todd, Alex., major, restores bridge of Alcantara, 333, 334.
Tordesillas, captured by Santocildes, 502.
Toreno, conde de, his account of Joseph’s negotiations with the Cortes at Cadiz,
139.
Trant, Nicholas, general, protects Almeida, 281;
moves to Guarda, 283;
his rash scheme for attacking Marmont, 284, 285;
surprised and routed at Guarda, 285.
Treillard, general, routs D’Urban’s force at Majalahonda, 508-13.

Uslar, Frederich von, captain, leads the last charge at Garcia Hernandez, 486.

Valencia, kingdom of, invasion of by Suchet, 2;

Napoleon’s opinion of the importance of its subjection, 53;
Suchet’s campaign of conquest in, 8-67;
Suchet’s levy of a war-contribution on, 560, 561.
Valencia, city of, 10;
fortified by Blake, 48, 49;
attacked by Suchet, 61-9;
siege of, 70-3;
surrendered by Blake, 73;
oppression of by Suchet, 560.
Valladolid, abandoned by French, entered by Wellington, 491.
Vallée, general, at the siege of Saguntum, 27.
Vandeleur, J. Ormsby, general, commands brigade at the storm of Ciudad Rodrigo,
179, 181;
wounded, 182.
Vere, Charles, A.Q.M.G., his account of the battle of Salamanca, 455-6.
Victor, Claude Perrin, marshal, Duke of Belluno, his unsuccessful siege of Tarifa,
115-29.
Villacampa, Pedro, general, rout of his infantry at Saguntum, 37;
at Valencia, 60;
moves to Aragon, 89;
his activity in southern Aragon, 100, 101.
Villagarcia, combat of, 277, 278.
Villa Velha, bridge of, its importance, 284, 333.
Villavicencio, admiral, member for the Cadiz Regency, 144.
Vives, general, governor of Ciudad Rodrigo, refuses Marmont’s summons to
surrender, 280, 281;
commended by Wellington, 296.

Wachholz, Ludwig von, Captain Brunswick-Oels Jägers, his account of Salamanca,

455, 456.
Wellesley, Richard, marquis, resignation of, 153-6, 349.
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Marquis of, takes Ciudad Rodrigo, 2;
his relations with the Portuguese Regency, 145;
financial difficulties, 146-50;
his support by the Home Government, 151-6;
prepares for siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, 161-7, 186;
prepares to be attacked by Marmont, 199;
plans attack on Badajoz, 201-17;
moves to Elvas, 219;
his memorandum on Marmont’s probable action, 221-3;
comments on fall of Badajoz, 255;
his views on giving quarter to a resisting garrison, 260;
soundness of his plan for taking Badajoz, 272;
determines to march on Marmont, 290;
his plan for Hill’s raid on Almaraz, 320, 321;
advances into Leon, 335;
approves Bentinck’s plan for attacking French on Catalonian coast, 343-8;
his financial difficulties, 348-52;
advances on Salamanca, 353-8;
his adventure with French cavalry skirmishers, 402;
long strategical movements, 402-17;
battle of Salamanca, 421-70;
summary of, 470-4;
urges on pursuit of enemy, 475;
gives up pursuit, 483;
enters Valladolid, 491;
marches on Madrid, 497;
his letter to Bentinck, 499;
triumphal entry into Madrid, 514;
his comments on Slade’s defeat at Maguilla, 524;
 leaves Madrid for the valley of the Douro, 578;
division of his forces on advancing toward Burgos, 582.
Whigs, their factious opposition to the Peninsular War, 151.
Whittingham, Samuel Ford, general, leads Balearic division to descent on coast of
Catalonia, 565;
at Alicante, 572.
Wilson, John, general, brings Portuguese militia to Guarda, 283;
surprised by Marmont at Guarda, 285.

Zamora, besieged by Silveira, 386-7, 502.

Zayas, José, general, commanding a division in Valencia, 3;
at battle of Saguntum, 32, 39;
at siege of Valencia, 60-6.

END OF VOL. V
 FOOTNOTES
[1] vol. iv. pp. 587-91.

[2] ‘The Reserve Division’ consisted of a 3rd battalion from some of the old
regiments of the Valencian army, viz. 1st of Savoya, Avila, Don Carlos, Volunteers
of Castile, Cazadores de Valencia, Orihuela. They were each about 1,000 strong,
but averaged only 22 officers per battalion.

[3] See vol. iv. pp. 475-83.

[4] See vol. iv. pp. 540-1.

[5] Composed at this time of the 14th and 42nd and 115th Line, and the 1st
Léger, the first two and last each three battalions strong, the other (115th) with
four.

[6] The 24th Dragoons left about 140 men behind, the 13th Cuirassiers 50 only,
the Italian ‘Dragoons of Napoleon’ 124, but the 4th Hussars about 500, much
more than half their force.

[7] See vol. iii. pp. 284-6.

[8] Suchet’s Mémoires, ii. p. 156.

[9] See Arteche, xi. p. 123.

[10] See vol. iv. p. 56.

[11] The battalions were the 2nd and 3rd of Savoya (the last a new levy) the 1st
and 2nd of Don Carlos, and the 3rd of Orihuela, this last raw and newly raised like
the 3rd of Savoya.

[12] Vacani says that the Teruel column was intended by Suchet as a mere
demonstration, and was never intended to follow the high-road Teruel-Segorbe,
but to take a cross-route over the hills, such as was actually used by it. But
Suchet, in his Mémoires, makes no such statement (ii. p. 152), and speaks as if
Harispe had taken the Ruvielos route on his own responsibility.

[13] The complete orders for the attack may be read in the first Pièce
justificative in Belmas’s history of the siege, pp. 115-17 of vol. iv of his elaborate
work.
[14] Vacani (v. p. 381) contradicts Suchet, saying that there was no Spanish
patrol, and that the French pickets fired from nervousness at an imaginary foe.

[15] Vacani makes the losses 360 instead of 247, and it is possible that Suchet
has given only the casualties at the main assault, and not those in the distant
demonstrations. Vacani says that the Italians lost 52 men in their false attack.

[16] See Mahy’s letter to Blake on pp. 109-12 of vol. xi of Arteche. The General
is writing very carefully so as not to speak too ill of his army: but his views are
clear.

[17] Blake kept under his own hand in the lines the divisions of Zayas,
Lardizabal, Miranda, and the Reserve.

[18] Vacani gives a long and interesting account of the siege (v. pp. 404-13) and
attributes the weak defence to quarrels between the commander of the Italians
and the French governor, Müller.

[19] Belonging to the 7th Line of Severoli’s division.

[20] Belmas, iv. p. 97.

[21] See narrative of Vacani, an eye-witness (vol. v. p. 399).

[22] To be found in print in Belmas, iv. pp. 124-8.

[23] This indictment of Suchet must be supported by details. In his elaborate

table of casualties by corps at the end of his dispatch of Oct. 20, he only allows
for 3 officers killed and 8 wounded, 40 men killed and 122 wounded—total 173.
But the lists of officers’ casualties in Martinien show, on the other hand, five
officers killed (Coutanceau, Saint Hilaire, Turno, Giardini, Cuny), and at least ten
wounded (Mathis, Durand, Gauchet, D’Autane, Adhémar, Gattinara, Lamezan,
D’Esclaibes, Maillard, Laplane), and probably three more.
Oddly enough, in his Mémoires (ii. p. 173) Suchet gives by name four officers
killed at the breach (out of the five), while in his official report he had stated that
there were only three killed altogether. We must trust rather Vacani, an eye-
witness and a man much interested in statistics and casualties, when he gives the
total of 300 for the losses, than Suchet’s table.

[24] Belmas, iv. p. 96.

[25] Which may be read in full in Arteche, xi. pp. 157-9.

[26] We are luckily in possession of the exact ‘morning state’ of Blake’s army,
which is printed in the rare Spanish government publication of 1822, Estados de
la Organizacion y Fuerza de los Ejércitos Españoles, pp. 184-7. Obispo had 3,400
men, Miranda 4,000, Villacampa 3,350, Mahy 4,600 infantry, under Montijo and
Creagh, and 830 horse. This wing had 2 horse- and 2 field-batteries, 18 guns.

[27] There are terrible difficulties as to the timing of the battle of Saguntum.
Suchet says that the first engagement was between Obispo’s flanking division,
coming over the hills on the west, and Robert. Schepeler says that Obispo arrived
too late altogether, and was practically not in the fight (p. 472). I think that the
explanation is that Suchet took O’Ronan’s two battalions for Obispo, because they
came from the direction where he was expected. I follow, in my timing of the
battle, the very clear narrative of Vacani (v. pp. 440-1), who seems to make it
clear that the main fighting on the French right was well over before that in the
centre, and long before that on the left. Schepeler (who rode with Blake that day)
also makes it certain that Lardizabal and Zayas were fighting long after Miranda,
Villacampa, and Mahy had been disposed of. But difficulties remain, which could
only be cleared up if we had a report by Obispo. General Arteche thinks that the
action began fairly simultaneously all along the line, and follows Schepeler in
saying that Obispo was late (xi. p. 174), the very reverse of Suchet’s statement
that he came, and was beaten, too early.

[28] Burgos and Tiradores de Cadiz.

[29] Cuenca and Molina.

[30] O’Ronan’s two battalions went off in a separate direction, unpursued, and
joined Obispo, not being in the rout.

[31] See above, page 36.

[32] Quoted in Arteche, xi. p. 178.

[33] Mémoires, ii. p. 182.

[34] Mémoires, ii. p. 185.

[35] This account of the charge of the cuirassiers comes from the Mémoires of
Colonel de Gonneville, who commanded their leading squadron. There is a
curious point to be settled here. Marshal Suchet says (Mémoires, ii. p. 185) that
he rode in person to the head of the regiment, and harangued it shortly on
Margalef and other ancient glories, before bidding it charge. While speaking he
was struck by a spent ball on the shoulder. But de Gonneville (who had read
Suchet’s book, as he quotes it in other places) says distinctly (p. 208 of his
Souvenirs militaires) that he received no orders, and charged on his own
responsibility. ‘N’ayant là d’ordre à recevoir de personne, mais comprenant la
nécessité d’arrêter cette masse de cavalerie qui arrivait à nous, &c. ... je donnai le
signal.’ Was Suchet romancing about his little speech? Or was de Gonneville, who
wrote his Mémoires forty years later, oblivious? Either hypothesis is difficult.

[36] Schepeler, p. 473.

[37] 2nd of Badajoz (two battalions) was almost exterminated, losing 17

officers, 21 sergeants, and 500 men, ‘mostly prisoners,’ out of 800 present. See
its history in the Conde de Clonard’s great work on the Spanish army.

[38] The 16th Line (three battalions) alone, in fighting Zayas, lost just double as
many officers as the seven battalions of Chlopiski and Robert in their engagement
with Mahy, Miranda, and Villacampa!

[39] For details see Belmas, iv. pp. 140-3.

[40] A battalion or two left in Valencia, when the rest of the army went out to
deliver Saguntum, must be added to the 20,000 men who came back from the
battle. These corps were 2nd of Leon of Lardizabal’s division, and one battalion of
Savoya belonging to Miranda.

[41] One battalion each of Badajoz, Burgos, and Tiradores de Cuenca—under

2,000 men in all.

[42] Four thousand strong at Saguntum, it surrendered on January 8th, 5,513

strong. Of its quality, the less said the better.

[43] Mahy to Blake quoted at length in Arteche, xi. p. 196, footnote.

[44] For details see Vacani, v. pp. 470-1.

[45] Correspondance de Napoléon, 18,267, and cf. pp. 590-2 of vol. iv of this
work.

[46] See these dispatches printed in full in Marmont’s Mémoires, iv. pp. 256-8.
This wording is most important and should be studied with care. Note that
Wellington’s sick have gone up from 18,000 to 20,000 in twenty-four hours, to
oblige the Emperor.

[47] Berthier to Marmont, January 23, 1812. Printed in the latter’s Mémoires, iv.
pp. 297-9.

[48] Though King Joseph had said that if Marmont took over the whole of La
Mancha, he could then reinforce d’Armagnac up to 8,000 men. This he never
really accomplished (Joseph to Berthier, Nov. 26).
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