ILLAMBAZAR JATIYA YUVA

COMPUTER
SHAKSHARTA MISSION

Fundamental of Computer
Certificate in Information Technology (CIT)

Semester- I

Illambazar Hat tala road, Opposite of

Chowdhury Bastralaya, 1st floor.

Contact- 7047588853, 8348777719

www.jycsm.com www.pcbooks.in www.facebook.com/ijycsm [email protected]

 Illambazar Jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission

Certificate in Information Technology (CIT)

Index of Semester-I

Sl No Content / Syllabus
1 Fundamental of Computer
2 MS Paint
3 MS Notepad
4 MS Wordpad
5 Typing in English
6 Windows Operating System
7 DOS (Disk Operating System)
8 Microsoft Office Word 2007
9 Microsoft Office Excel 2007
10 Microsoft Office Power Point 2007
11 Typing in Bengali
12 Microsoft Visual Fox Pro
13 Internet and email

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 Illambazar Jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission

Semester-I Fundamental Of Computer

Father of Computer is called Charles Babbage Owner of Microsoft Company - Bill Gates

Douglas Engelbart, inventor of Mouse Mark Zuckerberg if the founder of Facebook

What is Computer?
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the User and processes
those data under the control of different programmes and gives an output result. It can store output data for
future use.
The word „Computer‟ is derived from a Latin word „Computare‟, which means to “to
calculate” or “to count”.

 Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computer, created Analytical Engine (1833), first Mechanical
Computer.
 ENIAC- Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer was the World’s first electronic, digital,
programmable Computer with electronic memory.

Generation of Computer

Generations Key Hardware technologies Feature Machine

First (1942- i) Vacuum tubes. i) Bulky in size. ENIAC, IBM 701
1955) ii) Punched cards as secondary ii) Large amount of heat.
storage. iii) Unreliable etc.
Second (1955- i) Transistors. i) More Faster and more reliable. IBM 700
1964) ii) Magnetic tapes and disks ii) Lesser heat than tube.
secondary storage. iii) Smaller in size and still costly.
Third (1964- i) Integrate Circuits (IC). i) Faster than transistor. IBM 360/370,
1975) ii) Large capacity magnetic disk. ii) Much smaller in size and less power
consumption.
iii) Highly reliable.
Fourth (1975- i) Microprocessors, VLSI (Very i) Multi tasking. IBM PC, Apple II,
1989) Large Scale Integration). ii) Graphical User Interface (GUI). LAN,
ii) High capacity hard disk, floppy WAN
etc.
Fifth (Present & i) AI (Artificial Intelligence) like- i) User friendly. IBM Notebooks,
Beyond) voice recognition, capable of self ii) Highly reliable. PARAM
learning etc. 10000(Indian first
ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Super Computer)
Integration).

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 Illambazar Jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission
History of Computer:- Abacus was the first computing device. It was invented by Chinese,
around 3000 B.C. Later it was modified by Egyptians and Indians.

Types of Computer.
There are three basic types of computer
a. Analog computer: - Analog Processes information in physical nature.
(Thermometer, Pressure measurement machine)
b. Digital Computer: - It processes information in binary form. Zero (0) or
One (1) state.
c. Hybrid Computer: - Hybrid computer is a combination of Analog and Digital Computer.

According to computing performance Computer is classified into four Basic types.

1. Super Computers: - The most powerful computers in

terms of performance and data processing are the
Supercomputers. Ex.- PARAM, Yuva-11.
a. Earthquake studies, Nuclear weapons
testing, Weather Forecasting, Space
Exploration

2. Mainframe Computer: - In the terms of speed and storage

capacity the Mainframe computer is next to the Super
computer.
a. Railway Reservation, Banks, educational
institutions & insurance companies.

3. Mini Computers: - It is used mainly for workstation,

networking , network server etc. It can handle upto-
4 to 200 users.
a. A production department can use Mini-
computers for monitoring certain
production process.

4. Micro Computers or Personal Computers: -

Microcomputer is a digital computer whose
processing unit consists of one of more
microprocessors, one or more input device.
a. Desktop computers, laptops, etc. are the
examples of microcomputers.
b. These computers are the cheapest among the
other three types of computers.
c. The Micro-computers are specially designed for
general usage like entertainment, education and
work purposes.

Characteristics of Computer
Automatic: - An automatic machine works by itself without human intervention. Once a job has been stated,
computer carries out the job until it is finished.

Speed: - Computers works at a fast speed without losing their accuracy. The speed of a computer is
depending on its speed of operation of the processor. Computer speed measured in terms of MIPS (mega
instruction per Second) and (MHz or GHz) i.e. Milliseconds (10-3), microsecond (10-6), nanoseconds (10-9), and
picoseconds (10-12). A powerful computer is capable of performing sever billion (109) simple arithmetic
operation per second.

Accuracy: - A computer performs every calculation with high accuracy. Incorrect result means garbage-in-
garbage-out (GIGO)

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 Illambazar Jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission

Reliability: - Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, and lack to
concentration. Computer systems are particularly adept in repetitive task.
Storage Capability: - A computer has vast storage capacity. It can store and recall any amount of information
from its memory.
Reduce Cost and time: - Computer’s operation speed, high accuracy, restless performance has not only
reduced the workload, but also reduce cost and time as well.
Input and Output Device & both

Here I am going to share you about list of basic Input Devices, Output devices and Both input–output
devices related to computer.

Input Devices: Output Device

1. Trackballs 1. Monitor (LED, LCD, CRT etc)

2. Barcode reader 2. Printers (all types)
3. Digital camera 3. Plotters
4. Joystick 4. Projector
5. Keyboard 5. Speaker(s)
6. Microphone 6. Visual Display Unit
7. Mouse (pointing device)
8. Scanner Both Input–OutPut Devices:
9. Webcam
1. Modems
10. Light Pen
2. Touch Screen
11. Microphone
3. Headsets (Headset consists of Speakers and
12. OMR (Optical Mark Reader)
Microphone.
13. Punch card reader
4. Facsimile (FAX) (It has scanner to scan the
14. MICR (Magnetic Ink character reader)
document and also have printer to Print the
15. Magnetic Tape Drive
document)
(CPU) Central Processing Unit:-

The CPU of a computer is a piece of hardware

that carries out the instructions of a computer
programme. It performs the basic arithmetic,
logical and input/output operations of a
computer. The CPU is called the “Brain of a
computer”.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) :-

1. CPU performs arithmetic and
logical operation under ALU.
2. ALU can perform four basic
mathematics, logical operations
etc, but it follows the binary
mathematics.
Control Unit (CU): –
Control Unit is a special type of electronic
circuit. It co-ordinates (link) between input devices, output devices and memory
unit.
It manages the various components of the computer. It reads and executes
instructions from memory and gives signals according to need to ALU or others. It
is also called the “Manager of a computer”.

Register: - A Register holds instructions or data that the processor is working on

shortly. It is capable of holding only one item at the time, very fast. (Contain data needed by ALU)

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 Illambazar Jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission

Computer Memory

Computer
Memory

Secondary or
Primary or
Auxiliary
Main Memory
Memory

Random Access Read Only Optical Type

Magnetic Type USB Type
Memory (RAM) Memory (ROM)

Primary Memory
These are the main memory of our Computer system. It stores data and instruction on which computer is
currently working.

Random Access Memory (RAM) -

 Ram stands for Random Access Memory. It is a volatile
memory.
 Ram retains the stored information as long as power
supply keys on. When power supply is off RAM lost the
stored information.

Read Only Memory (ROM) -

 ROM stands for Read Only Memory. It is a non-volatile
memory.
 It is a permanent type of memory. Contain of this
memory are written at the time of manufacturing.

Cache: -A cache memory is an area in the computer where codes

and instructions are stored. It acts as a buffer between the CPU main memory (RAM).

Secondary Memory
This type of memory is known as External memory or Auxiliary memory. It is slower than main memory. It
stores data permanently.
Magnetic Memory Optical Memory USB Memory
 Hard Disk Drive (150 GB,  Compact Disc or CD (700 MB) Pen drive (2GB,4GB,8GB,
250 GB, 500 GB, 1 TB  Digital Versatile Disc or DVD 16GB,32GB,64GB)
 Floppy Disk Drive (1.44 (4.7 GB)
MB)  Blue Ray Disc (27 GB, 56 GB)

Computer Memory
0,1= Bit 1024 GB= 1 Tera Byte (TB)
4 Bit= 1 Nibble 1024 TB= 1 Peta Byte (PB)
8 Bit= 1 Byte 1024 PB= 1 Exa Byte (EB)
1024 Byte= 1 Kilo Byte (KB) 1024 EB= 1 Zetta Byte (ZB)
1024 KB= 1 Mega Byte (MB) 1024 ZB= 1 Yotta Byte (YB)
1024 MB= 1 Giga Byte (GB) 1024 YB= 1 Bronto Byte (BB)
1024 BB= 1 Geop Byte (GB)
*(Bit comes from Binary Digit)
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 Illambazar Jatiya Yuva Computer Shaksharta Mission

Hardware:-
A physical component of computer which can be touch and seen is called Hardware. Such as Mouse,
Keyboard, System Unit, Monitor, UPS etc.
Software:-
Software is a collection of instructions which execute step by step according to user choice.
System Software - System software is this software which controls the total system operations. Such
as input processing, output processing and message from Hardware components.
Application Software - Application software are specific purpose software application. This software
is fully dependent on system software.

Firmware:-
Data: - It is a raw material that can be input into a Computer and processed.
Information: - It is the processed data which are meaningful and useful facts and are understandable.
Operating System: - An operating system is a system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides common services for computer programmes.
Booting: - Booting is a start up sequence that starts the OS of a computer when it is turned on. A boot
sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when it is switched on. It makes a
computer ready for operation.

Booting

Hot/ Warm Booting

Cold Booting
Ctrl+Alt+Del

After booting Computer completes POST (Power On Self Test). The POST is a file check programme to
open an Operating System.

Desktop: - The Graphical interface which is displayed on the screen of a monitor after switch on. The
computer screen is called Desktop.

Icon: - Different types of Graphical symbol, which can help to understand what it is.

Example of System OS:-

FAT
(File Allocation
 Windows OS (Windows Table)
XP,7,8,10) NTFS
 Linux OS (REDHAT, UBUNTU, Windows File
System (New Technology File
KALI) System)
 MAC OS (Apple) ReFS
(Resilient File
System)

 FAT 16 & FAT 32:- FAT (16) and FAT32 are widely used for flash memory cards, USB flash sticks,
supported by mobile phones, digital camera. [Size below 2 GB (FAT) & 32 GB (FAT32) ]

 NTFS:- NTFS used in modem, various since XP. It has the capability to recover from some disk related
errors automatically, which FAT32 cannot. Supports larger hard disk with better security.

 ReFS:- ReFS is latest development of Microsoft presently available for Windows 8 Server. It is high
tolerance to failures File System Architecture- B+ Tree.
For MAC OS (Apple) applies HFS+ file system (iPhone, iPad)
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