NUTRITION

NUTRITION
The mode through which any cell or body can get Energy through nutrients
which we intake. eg:- Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein
Nutrients :- Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals ,
Roughage(Fibres), Water
Carbohydrates, Fats & Proteins can only provide us energy , helps in growth &
development of body & also provide us Immunity.

Type of Nutrients Macronutrient

Micronutrients Macronutrients
Such nutrients which requires Such nutrients which requires
less than 10gms. more than 10gms.
Eg:- Eg:-
Vitamins :- (0.1- 8gm) Carbohydrate :- 600gm
Minerals :- (0.1- 4gm) Proteins :- 40-80gm
Roughage:- (0.1- 2gm) (1% of the average body mass)
Fats :- 30-60gm
Water :- (5-6 ltrs)

Carbohydrates
Carbon + Hydrates
➢ Known as Hydrated Carbon Compounds.
➢ Known as Polyhydroxy aldehydes or Polyhydroxy Ketones.
➢ Composition :- C , H , O
➢ General Formula :- CnH2nOn
➢ Ratio of C : H : O :- 1 : 2 : 1
➢ Common Name :- Sugar
➢ Smallest unit of Carbohydrate :- Glucose (C6H12O6)
➢ Produced during photosynthesis.
➢ 80% of the dry weight of plants contains only carbohydrates.
➢ 1% of the human body weight contains only carbohydrates.
➢ Most abundant bio molecules on earth.
➢ Natural Polymers made up of Saccharide units
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TYPE OF CARBOHYDRATES :-

Carbohydrates

Mono Poly
Di Saccharides
Saccharides Saccharides
ORr

Oligo Saccharides

Mono Saccharides Di Saccharides Poly saccharides

(CnH2nOn) (CnH2n-2On-1) (CnH2nOn)n
Oligo Saccharides (n > 10)
(CnH2nOn)n ( 2 < n > 10)
Having only one Di Saccharides :- Having more than 10
saccharide unit. Having two monosaccharide units.
monosaccharide unit.

Oligo Saccharides :-
Having (2-9)
monosaccharide units.
Eg :- Eg:- Eg :-
Glucose Lactose Cellulose
Fructose (Glucose + Galactose) Starch
Galactose Sucrose Glycogen
Ribose (Glucose + Fructose) Chitin
Maltose Pectin
(Glucose+ Glucose)
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Monosaccharides (CnH2nOn) :-
Such carbohydrates which have only one saccharide units.
(1). C3 :- (C3H6O3)Triose / Propose :- Glyceraldehyde
(2). C4 :- (C4H8O4) Tetrose / Butose :- Erythrose
(3). C5:- (C5H10O5)Pentose :- Ribose
(4). C6 :- (C6H12O6)Hexose :- Glucose/Fructose/Galactose
(5). C7 :- (C7H14O7)Heptose :- Sedoheptulose
➢ Most abundant monosaccharides in nature is D-Glucose.
➢ Known as instant source of Energy.
➢ D-Glucose is known as Grape Sugar.

1.Glucose (C6H12O6)
➢ It is a Hexose Carbohydrate.
➢ Functional Group :- Aldehyde (R - CH = O)
➢ Also known as Aldehexose or Aldose.
➢ Instant source of Energy
➢ Smallest Unit :- ATP
ATP :- Adenosine Tri- Phosphate (C10H16N5O13P3)

2. Fructose (C6H12O6)
➢ It is a Hexose Carbohydrate.
➢ Functional Group :- Ketone
➢ Also known as Ketohexose or Ketose.
➢ It is a natural Sweetest Sugar.
➢ Also known as Fruit Sugar.
➢ It is found in Fruits & Honey.

3. Galactose (C6H12O6)
➢ It is a Hexose Carbohydrate.
➢ Functional Group :- Aldehyde (R - CH = O)
➢ Known as mirror Glucose.
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4. Ribose (C5H10O5)
➢ It is a Pentose Carbohydrate.
➢ Found in :-
✓ Chromosomes , Gene ,
✓ DNA:- Di-Ribose,
✓ RNA :- Single Ribose,
✓ Male Gamete cell :- Sperm

Di Saccharides (CnH2n-2On-1) :-
1.Lactose (C12H22O11) :- [Glucose + Galactose]
➢ Known as Milk Sugar.
➢ Found in all the milk products.
➢ It is formed by the condensation of Glucose & Galactose.

❖ Note :- Sour Milk , Coagulated Milk , Curd contain Lactic Acid.

▪ (Conversion of Lactose into Lactic Acid)
2. Sucrose (C12H22O11) :- [Glucose + Fructose]
• Most abundant Di-saccharides.
• Obtained from Beet root (Beta vulgaris) & Sugar cane
Known as :-
• Commercial Sugar
• Common Sugar
• Table Sugar
• Cane Sugar
• Beet Sugar

3. Maltose (C12H22O11) :- [Glucose +Glucose]

Known as :- Malt Sugar
• Obtained from malted grains of Barley.
• Formation through the process of Fermentation.
• Found in germinating seeds.
• Found in all the Energy Drinks (eg. Red wine).
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Poly Saccharides :-
Such carbohydrates which have more than 10 monosaccharide units
or even up to 100 or more than 100 monosaccharide units.
1. Cellulose [Plant Carbohydrate]:-
➢ Most abundant carbohydrate on earth.
➢ Most abundant organic compound of the biosphere.
➢ Known as Plant Carbohydrate.
➢ Cell wall of plants is made up of cellulose.
➢ Cell membrane of bacteria’s is made up of cellulose.
➢ Cotton fibre contains 90% of the cellulose.
➢ Wood contains 25-50% of the cellulose.
➢ Not found in animals.

2. Starch :- [Stored Plant Carbohydrate]

➢ Storage of Carbohydrate inside the plant is in the form of starch.
➢ Storage of food inside the plant is in the form of starch inside fruits,
vegetables, cereals & Legumes.
➢ Outer covering of Capsule is made up of starch.

[Exception :- Storage of carbohydrate inside Onion is in the form of

Cellulose.]

3. Glycogen [Animal Starch

➢ Known as Animal Starch.
➢ Also Known as Animal Carbohydrates.
➢ Animal stored Carbohydrates.

4. Chitin [Insect Carbohydrate]

➢ 2nd most abundant carbohydrate on Earth.
➢ Storage of Carbohydrate or food inside the animals is in the form of
Glycogen.
➢ Storage of Glycogen inside :- Liver , Muscles & Small intestine (Illeum)
➢ Storage of Carbohydrate inside the insects is in the form of Chitin.
➢ Cell wall of fungus is made up of Chitin.
➢ Cell membrane of Insects is made up of Chitin.
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PROTEINS

➢ Chain of Amino Acid.

➢ Discovered by :- J.Berzelius (1838)
➢ Composition of Protein:- C H O N
➢ Proteins contains 16% of Nitrogen.
➢ Smallest Unit :- Amino Acid
➢ Known as Building Blocks.
➢ 10-15% part of human body is composed of Protein.
➢ Most abundant Animal protein :- Collagen
➢ Most abundant Plant Protein :- Rubisco
➢ Most abundant Protein in Biosphere :- Rubisco
➢ Protein fibre:- Silk (obtained from larva of silk worm)
➢ Fibrous Protein :- Actin & Myosin (They form contratile
system of muscles)
➢ Sources :- Cereals, pulses, fishes, eggs, milk, cheese,
curd, panner , soyabean , fruits , algae etc.

1.KERATIN :- Fibrous protein which is present in dead and

protective tissues or structure.
➢ Found in :- Hairs , nails , hoofs , horns , feathers, horny
layer of skin etc.
2.Cerotein :- Milk Protein
➢ Found in cow milk
➢ Yellow colour of cow milk is due :-
• Cerotein ,
• β-Cerotein ,
• β-Cerotein + Riboflavin
•
3.Casein :- Milk protein or storage protein
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Found in milk , egg.
“Note :- There is a digestive enzyme Renin found
inside stomach of animals to digest milk into
casein protein.”
Our eye are having two type of cells ;- Rod cells
& Cone cells

EYE

Rod cells Cone cells

✓ Dark sensitive ✓ Light sensitive

✓ Responsible for Black & ✓ Responsible for different
white colour. colours :- red, blue, green ,
yellow , etc.
✓ Protein :- Rohdopsin ✓ Protein :- Iodopsin

NOTE :- Rod cells are most active in nightmiers

(owl, bat,dog cat, etc.)
Deficiency of protein causes Kwashiorker & Marasmus
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FATS
Composition :- C , H , O , N , P
Smallest unit :- Fatty Acid
Type of Fats :-

Fats

Saturated Unsaturated
Fats Fats

Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats

Such carbon compound in which Such carbon compound in which

all the valances of carbon is all the valances of carbon is
occupied by Single Bond. occupied either by double or
triple Bond.
Can not be converted into Fatty Can be converted into Fatty
Acid. (through easy means) Acid. (through easy means)

Solid at Room Temperature. Liquid at Room Temperature.

These are Bad fats. These are Good Fats

Bad cholesterol. Good cholesterol.
Stored Fat/cholesterol. Running fat/cholesterol.
Carrying LDL (Low Density Lippo Carrying HDL (High Density Lippo
protein) protein)
Eg :- Vegetable Ghee Eg :- Vegetable oil
Vanaspati Ghee Vanaspati Oil
Dalda etc. Desi Ghee
Olive oil etc.
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HYDROGENATION :- It is chemical process of reaction

of molecular hydrogen (H2) which another compound
in the presence of Nickel catalyst (Ni).
Or
The process of conversion of unsaturated fats into
saturated fats through the addition of molecular
hydrogen (H2) in the presence of H.
Eg :-
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Saturated Hydrocarbons

Ethene / Ethylene :-

H2-C=C-H2 → H3-C-C -H3

• Addition of :- H2
• Catalyst :- Ni

Emulsification :- The process of conversion of

unsaturated fats into saturated fats fats through the
addition of molecular hydrogen (H2).
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VITAMINS

➢ Vital + Amine = Vitamin

➢ Vital group of amine.
➢ Discovered by :- Casimeer Funk
➢ Term given by :- Casimeer Funk
➢ Book :- “The Vitamins ” was written by Funk

Type of Vitamins :-

VITAMINS

Water Fat
soluble soluble

Water soluble vitamins :- Vitamins which are completely

soluble in water. Eg :- B & C
Fat soluble vitamins :- Vitamins which are completely
soluble in Fats. Eg :- K E D A (कीड़ा)
VITAMIN A :- (Retinol/ Anti Infection Vitamin)
➢ Sources :- Carrot , Cod liver oil , Golden Rice , Milk,
butter, eggs, vegetables etc.
➢ Helps in growth & development.
➢ It is synthesized only in animals not in plant.
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➢ β carotene forms retinol inside liver.
➢ It is essential for formation of WBC.
➢ It provide us immunity & prevent
➢ It is a heat sensitive vitamin.
➢ It is essential for the formation of tears.
➢ Tear contain lysozyme , antibodies which protects Cornea.
➢ It is essential for Rhodopsin (purple protein) protein
present in rod cells of eyes.
➢ Depletion of rhodopsin protein causes night blindness.

Deficiency Diseases :- Night Blindness , Xeropthalmia ,

Keratomalacia.

VITAMIN B1 (Thiamine) :-
Discovered by :- Casimir Funk (in rice bran)
Sources :- Yeast, wheat, gram, peanuts Beans
It is essential for our nervous system.
Deficiency Diseases :- Beri- Beri , Nerve Paralysis, Nerve pain ,
low immunity .

VITAMIN B2 (Riboflavin) :-
Also known as Growth Vitamin or Yellow Vitamin.
Sources :- Liver , fish liver oil, cod liver oil, Milk ,
cheese, leafy vegetables etc.
➢ Yellow colour of cow milk is due to riboflavin + β
carotene.
➢ Deficiency Diseases :- Cataract, Defective skin ,
mental retardness, anaemia,
➢ Ariboflavinosis (patches around mouth & tongue).
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➢ Photophobia , Cheilosis (Inflammation & cracking at
corners of mouth )

VITAMIN B3 (Niacin / Nicotonic Acid/

Anti-pellagra Vitamin ) :-
Sources :- Yeast, wheat, meat, peanuts.
➢ Essential for our skin & Central Nervous System (CNS)

Deficiency Diseases :-
D4 Diseases :- (Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia, Death)
Pellagra (which effects skin & CNS)
➢ Black tongue disease in dog.

VITAMIN B5 :- (Pentothenic Acid )

Sources :- Yeast, Milk, Meat, Peanuts.
Deficiency Diseases :- Burning foot diseases, Blisters,
Redness in tongue, cracking of heels, skin & lips.

VITAMINB6 (Pyridoxine):-
Sources :- Yeast, Milk, Meat, Peanuts, green vegetables.
It is essential for protein metabolism and blood formation.
Deficiency Diseases :- Mild anaemia, lack of WBC,
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low immunity.

VITAMINB7 (Biotin) ;- Hair Vitamin

Sources :- Yeast, Milk, Meat, Peanuts groundnuts, green
vegetables.
Deficiency Diseases :- Hair fall , Greying of Hair, Loss of Hair,
Baldness.

VITAMINB9 (Folic Acid ):-

Sources :- Fish Liver oil, Banana , Green
Vegetables.
Helps in production of RBC.
Helps in maturation of Ova (in females)
Helps in production of Sperm (In males)

Deficiency Diseases :- Megaloblastic Anaemia,

Females :- Infertility
Males :- Sterility

VITAMIN B12 (Cynocobalamin )

Sources :- Egg, Fish, Liver, Spirulina
Cobalt metal is present in Cynocobalamin which was
detected by Borax Bed Test.
It is synthesises inside transverse colon of large
intestine by E-colli Bacteria’s.
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Deficiency Diseases :- Pernicious anaemia

VITAMIN B15 (Pengamic Acid) :-

Sources :- Egg, Fish, Liver, algae (chlorela),
Beans(richest source).
Deficiency Diseases ;- Cancer

VITAMIN B17 (Amygdalin) :- Anti-carcinogenic

Sources :- Egg, Fish, Liver, algae (chlorela),
Richest source :- Watermelon, muskmelon

Deficiency Diseases ;- Cancer

VITAMIN C (Ascorbic Acid)

First discovered vitamin it was known as citrus.
Ascorbic acid was discovered by Jame Lind(1753).

Also known as ;-
➢ Antioxidant vitamin.
➢ Anticarcinogenic vitamin
➢ wound healing vitamin..
Sources ;- All Citrus fruits
Amla > capsicum > guava > Orange > lemon
➢ Heat sensitive vitamin which destroyed after heating.
➢ It helps in healing of wounds known as wound healing
vitamin..
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➢ It is essential for the formation of RBC and helps in the
product action of antibodies.
➢ it is essential for our skin bones teeth gums.
➢ Only found in in citrus plants.
➢ Not found in animal food
Deficiency Diseases :- Scurvy, Cancer, skin related
diseases, Bleeding Gums, low immunity

VITAMIN D (Calciferol ) / Antirickets Vitamins/

Sunshine Vitamin
Sources :- fish liver oil, sunlight , milk, egg yolk.
➢ It is the fastest synthesized vitamin.
➢ It is a derivative of cholesterol (steroid).
➢ It act as a hormone.
➢ It is synthesised inside the animal skin with the help
of melanin in the presence of sun rays.
➢ It regulates the absorption of calcium in intestine.
Deficiency diseases :- Rickets (Sukha Rog)
Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia
VITAMIN E (Tocopherol /Antisterility vitamin
/ Fertility vitamin / Beauty vitamin
Sources :- fruits, vegetables, germinated seeds, leafy
vegetables, vegetable oil,Cereals etc.

➢ It is the main antioxidant vitamin. (antioxidant

provides electron to free radicals and decreases
oxidative stress so they neutralized free radicals)
➢ It helps in the production of sperm and maturation of
ovum .
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Deficiency Disease :- ;- Skin related diseases,
Males ;- Sterility , Females :- Infertility

VITAMIN K (Phylloquinone/Naphthoquinone)
➢ known as anti hemorrhage vitamin.
➢ It is synthesised inside liver
➢ Blood clotting factor 8
Sources :- tomato, spinach, Cauliflower, leafy
vegetable, soybean oil etc.
Deficiency Disease :- no blood clotting,
Haemophilia(Royal diseases) Hemorrhage

MINERALS :-
1. Essential minerals :-

(I)Macronutrients :- needed by body in large amount :-

calcium Phosphorus potassium sulphur sodium
magnesium carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

(II)Micronutrients :- iodine iron zinc maganese

Molybdenum, copper Cobalt chlorine

2. Non essential minerals :- Lead, Silver, Gold,

Cadmium