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Digital Electronics nd computer architecture unit-4 Assign

The document discusses the design and development of binary arithmetic modules, including adders, subtractors, multipliers, and dividers, outlining their logic and integration into a CPU. It highlights the efficiency and simplicity of binary computation while addressing challenges such as human interpretation and length of binary numbers. The significance of designing a binary calculator is emphasized for enhancing understanding of number systems and computer operations.

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18 views5 pages

Digital Electronics nd computer architecture unit-4 Assign

The document discusses the design and development of binary arithmetic modules, including adders, subtractors, multipliers, and dividers, outlining their logic and integration into a CPU. It highlights the efficiency and simplicity of binary computation while addressing challenges such as human interpretation and length of binary numbers. The significance of designing a binary calculator is emphasized for enhancing understanding of number systems and computer operations.

Uploaded by

robert
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Designing and Developing Binary Arithmetic Modules

Binary Adder

A binary adder performs the addition of two binary numbers. The simplest
form is a half-adder. Which adds two single-bit numbers, producing a sum
and a carry. To add multi-bit binary numbers

A full-adder is used. The full-adder takes three inputs (two binary digits and
a carry from the Previous bit) and produces a sum and carry

Design Process

Inputs: Two binary numbers (A and B), and a carry-in (Cin) from the previous
addition

Outputs: Sum (S) and carry-out (Cout).

Full-Adder Logic:

Sum (S)=A0 Be Cin

Carry-out (Cout) = (A ^ B) v (Cin A (A @ B))

The full-adders are chained together to form an n-bit adder where the carry-
out of one full-adder becomes the carry-in of the next.

Binary Subtractor

Binary Subtractor can be built similarly to the adder but using two’s
complement representation for Subtraction (i.e., A B=A+(-B), where -B is the
two’s complement of B).
Design Process

Inputs: Two binary numbers (A and B).

Two’s Complement: Invert all bits of B and add 1

Full-Subtractor Logic

Difference (D)=A B Bin (Adopt-in)

Adopt- out (Bout) = (- A ^ B) v (Bin ^(- A 6 B))

Binary Multiplier

Binary multiplier can be designed using a series of adders for each bit of the
multiplier. The product of two binary numbers is achieved by performing
successive shifts and adds.

Design Process

Partial Products: For each bit of the multiplier, multiply the multiplicand by 0
or 1, then shift the result accordingly.

Summing: Use binary adders to sum the shifted partial products.

Binary Divider

Binary division can De implemented using a restoring division algorithm or


non-restoring

Division algorithm. The division process involves repeated subtraction of the


divisor from the dividend and shifting
Design Process

Inputs: Dividend and Divisor.

Algorithm:

-For each bit position in the dividend, subtract the divisor, check if the result
is negative, and either in restore or retain the result.

-Shift the result left and repeat.

Integrating and Organizing the Modules

The modules (adder, Subtractor, multiplier, and divider) will be integrated


into a central processing Unit (CPU) for seamless operation. The CPU control
unit will manage the arithmetic operations and

Route the appropriate inputs and outputs between the modules.

Integration Approach

Control Unit: Directs which module to activate based on the user’s input
(e.g. addition, Subtraction).

Data Paths: Ensure data flows directly between the arithmetic units and the
CPU registers

Registers: Store operands and results temporarily

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): The core part of the CPU where binary
arithmetic operations are

Performed. The control unit directs the ALU to activate the necessary module
(adder, Subtractor, Multiplier, or divider).

3. Examples of Binary Calculations

Addition

10112+110121011_2+1101_210112+11012
Step 1: Add the least significant bits (1+1=10, sum =0, Cary=1)

Step 2: Continue adding with carry propagation.

Result: 11000211000_2110002

Subtraction

11012-101121101_2 – 1011 211012-10112

Step 1: Take two’s complement of 1011, resulting in 0101

Step 2: Add 1101 + 0101

Result: 001020010 200102

Multiplication

1012x112101_2 \times 11_21012x112

Step 1: Multiply each bit of 11 by 101 and shift.

Step 2: Add the partial products.

Result: 111121111 211112

Division

11012-1121101 2 \div 11 211012-112

Step 1: Perform binary long division.

Result: Quotient = 1012101_21012, Remainder = 00200_2002

Advantages and Challenges of Binary Arithmetic

Efficiency; Binary computation is more efficient for computers since they


are based on transistors(which have two states: on/off).

Simplicity: Binary systems reduce complexity in hardware design.


Error Detection: Binary arithmetic makes it easier to implement error-
detection mechanisms like parity bits.

Challenges

Human Interpretation: Binary numbers can be less intuitive for humans to


interpret compared to decimal numbers.

Length: Binary numbers tend to be longer, requiring more bits to represent


large decimal numbers.

significance of the Calculator Design

Designing a binary calculator enhances understanding of fundamental


number systems and Mathematical operations. It allows users to appreciate
the power of binary computation, which underlies computer operations.
Furthermore, binary arithmetic promotes deeper insights into how

Digital systems handle mathematical tasks, fostering an appreciation for


computer architecture, data representation, and logic design.

References

Stallings, W. (2016). Computer Organization and Architecture. Pearson


Education.

Mano, M. M., & Ciletti, M. D. (2013). Digital Design: With an an Introduction to


the Verilog HDL &Pearson Education.

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