Uma Charan Patnaik Engineering School, Berhampur – 760010

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Subject: Networking Lab

Department: Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Prepared By: Deepika Panda & Shivanee Prusty

Networking Lab Rules

 Students must present a valid ID card before entering the computer lab.
 Playing of games on computer in the lab is strictly prohibited.
 Users are strictly prohibited from downloading, viewing or distributing any offensive
 Before leaving the lab, users must close all programs positively and keep the desktop
blank.
 Users are strictly prohibited from modifying or deleting any important files and install
any software or settings in the computer
 Based on the prime priority, users may be requested by the lab in-charge, to leave the
workstation any time and the compliance is a must.
 Eating and/or drinking inside the computer labs is strictly prohibited.
 Internet facility is only for educational/ study purpose.
 Silence must be maintained in the lab at all times.
 The lab must be kept clean and tidy at all times.
 If any problem arises, please bring the same to the notice of lab in-charge.
 No bags/ hand bags/ rain coats/ casual wears will be allowed inside the computer lab,
however note book may be allowed.
 Lab timing will be as per the academic time table of different classes
 Every user must make an entry while entering in the DCCN Lab and also at the time of
exit from the lab.
 Each student or visitor must take mobile phones in “Switched Off” mode while entering
and or working in Computer Lab.
 Conversation, discussion, loud talking & sleeping are strictly prohibited.
 Students are not allowed to use personal Pen Drives, CDs, DVDs etc., in a Computer Lab.
Only prescribed official Pen Drives, CDs, DVDs etc. will be used in the Computer Lab to
avoid VIRUS in Computers.
 Users must turn-off the computer before leaving the computer lab.
 In case of theft / destruction of the computers or peripherals, double the cost of the lost
will be charged from the student/user.
 Keep your passwords to yourself. Change your password right away if you think
someone else may know it.
 The DCCN lab is for academic purposes. Therefore, a quiet atmosphere is required.
Noisy students will be asked to leave.
 Food and drink are not permitted in the computer lab.
 The use of cell phones is prohibited in the computer lab. Cell phone usage in the
computer lab is distracting to other students and instructors trying to work.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

  Please take your calls outside.
 Unauthorized copying and/or installing of unauthorized software is not permitted. This
may be a violation of copyright laws.
 Tampering with the hardware or software settings will not be tolerated.
 Students found Internet surfing or chatting for personal reasons may be asked to leave.
Preference is given to students doing course work over those engaged in personal
computer use.
 Personal files are not to be stored on the local drive C. Students are responsible for
providing their own means of digital storage. All lab computers are set up to remove any
data stored or any programs installed by users.
 Children and friends of students are not allowed in the computer lab. The computer lab
is an adult learning environment, and is not suitable or safe for children.
 DO NOT leave your personal belongings at the computer. The College is not responsible
for items left behind.
 Disruptive students will be asked to leave and Public Safety may be called in such
situations.
 Sleeping in the lab is not permitted

General Instructions:
An observation note and a fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted
in the laboratory. Observation notes are needed to be certified immediately on completion of
the experiment. Fair records are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records
must be submitted as neat, legible, and complete.

Instructions To Students For Writing The Fair Record: In the fair record, the index page
should be filled properly by writing the corresponding experiment number, experiment name ,
date on which it was done and the page number.

On the right side page of the record following has to be written:

 Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters
 In the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.
 Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.
 Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus/Tools
/Equipments /Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.
 Theory: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm should be written.
 Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly
described(flow chart/programs in the case of computer/processor related
experiments)
 Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be
fulfilling the aim.
 Inference: Inference from the results is to be mentioned.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:
 Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams/experimental set up.
 Design: The design of the circuit/experimental set up for selecting the components
should be clearly shown if necessary.
 Observations: Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.
o Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned
o Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed,
only show a sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.

 Graphs: Graphs can used to present data in a form that show the results obtained, as
one or more of the parameters are varied. A graph has the advantage of presenting
large amounts of data in a concise visual form. Graph should be in a square format.

INDEX

S.No Experiment
1. Recognize the physical topology and cabling (coaxial, OFC, UTP,
STP) of a network.
2. Recognition and use of various types of connectors RJ-45, RJ-
11,BNC and SCST
3. Making of cross cable and straight cable.
4. Install and configure a network interface card in a workstation.
5. Identify the IP address of a workstation and the class of the
address.
6. Managing user accounts in windows.
7. Sharing of Hardware resources (Eg:Printer) in the network
8. Managing use of NETSTAT and its options
9. Connectivity troubleshooting using PING, IPCONFIG
10. Introduction To Cisco Packet Tracer7.2.2
11. Introduction to Cisco IOS
12. Basic Device Configuration in Cisco Packet Tracer
13. Configure IP Addressing of a basic network device in Cisco IOS
14. Basic Router Configuration

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment - 1
Experiment: Recognize the physical topology and cabling (coaxial, OFC, UTP, STP) of a network.
Aim: To recognize the i) Physical topology, ii) cabling (coaxial, OFC, UTP, STP) of a network.
Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components:
RJ-45 connector, IO Connector, Twisted pair Cable (UTP, STP), Coaxial Cable, Optical Fiber
Cable, Computers.

Theory:

i) Physical Topology: The topology of a network is the geometric representation of the

relationship of all the links and linking devices (usually called nodes) to one another. It is the
schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting various nodes(sender and
receiver) through lines of connection.
Types of Network Topology:
1. BUS Topology: Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device
is connected to single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is called Linear Bus
topology.

Fig. Bus Topology

Features of Bus Topology:
1. It transmits data only in one direction.
2. Every device is connected to a single cable

2. RING Topology:
It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Fig. Ring Topology
Features of Ring Topology:
1. A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with large number of nodes, because
if someone wants to send some data to the last node in the ring topology with 100
nodes, then the data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the 100th node. Hence
to prevent data loss repeaters are used in the network.
2. The transmission is unidirectional, but it can be made bidirectional by having 2
connections between each Network Node, it is called Dual Ring Topology.
3. In Dual Ring Topology, two ring networks are formed, and data flow is in opposite
direction in them. Also, if one ring fails, the second ring can act as a backup, to keep the
network up.
4. Data is transferred in a sequential manner that is bit by bit. Data transmitted, has to
pass through each node of the network, till the destination node.

3. STAR Topology:
In this type of topology all the computers are connected to a single hub through a cable. This
hub is the central node and all others nodes are connected to the central node.

Fig. Star Topology

Features of Star Topology
1. Every node has its own dedicated connection to the hub.
2. Hub acts as a repeater for data flow.
3. Can be used with twisted pair, Optical Fiber or coaxial cable.

4. MESH Topology:

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices. All the network nodes are connected
to each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical channels to link n devices.

Fig Mesh Topology

Types of Mesh Topology

1. Partial Mesh Topology : In this topology some of the systems are connected in the same
fashion as mesh topology but some devices are only connected to two or three devices.
2. Full Mesh Topology : Each and every nodes or devices are connected to each other.
Features of Mesh Topology
1. Fully connected.
2. Robust.
3. Not flexible.

5. TREE Topology:
It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also called
hierarchical topology. It should at least have three levels to the hierarchy.

Fig. Tree Topology

Features of Tree Topology
1. Ideal if workstations are located in groups.
2. Used in Wide Area Network.

6. HYBRID Topology:
It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of two or more topologies. For example
if in an office in one department ring topology is used and in another star topology is used,
connecting these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star topology).

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Fig. Hybrid Topology
Features of Hybrid Topology
1. It is a combination of two or topologies
2. Inherits the advantages and disadvantages of the topologies included.

ii) Cabling of Network:

Twisted Pair: A twisted pair cable is a type of cable made by putting two separate insulated
wires together in a twisted pattern and running them parallel to each other. This type of cable
is widely used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructures.
It is further classified into two types. a) UTP, b) STP

a) Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP):

 UTP is the most common networking media.
 Terminated with RJ-45 connectors
 Interconnects hosts with intermediary network devices.
Key Characteristics of UTP:
1. The outer jacket protects the copper wires from physical damage.
2. Twisted pairs protect the signal from interference.
3. Color-coded plastic insulation electrically isolates the wires from each other and
identifies each pair.

UTP has four pairs of color-coded copper wires twisted together and encased in a flexible
plastic sheath. No shielding is used. UTP relies on the following properties to limit crosstalk:

 Cancellation - Each wire in a pair of wires uses opposite polarity. One wire is negative,
the other wire is positive. They are twisted together and the magnetic fields effectively
cancel each other and outside EMI/RFI.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

  Variation in twists per foot in each wire - Each wire is twisted a different amount, which
helps prevent crosstalk amongst the wires in the cable.

b) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP):

• Better noise protection than UTP

• More expensive than UTP
• Harder to install than UTP
• Terminated with RJ-45 connectors
• Interconnects hosts with intermediary network devices
Key Characteristics of STP
1. The outer jacket protects the copper wires from physical damage
2. Braided or foil shield provides EMI/RFI protection
3. Foil shield for each pair of wires provides EMI/RFI protection
4. Color-coded plastic insulation electrically isolates the wires from each other and
identifies each pair.

Coaxial Cable:

Consists of the following:

1. Outer cable jacket to prevent minor physical damage
2. A woven copper braid, or metallic foil, acts as the second wire in the circuit and as a
shield for the inner conductor.
3. A layer of flexible plastic insulation
4. A copper conductor is used to transmit the electronic signals.
There are different types of connectors used with coax cable.
Commonly used in the following situations:
• Wireless installations - attach antennas to wireless devices
• Cable internet installations - customer premises wiring

Fiber-Optic Cabling:

Properties of Fiber-Optic Cabling:

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 • Not as common as UTP because of the expense involved
• Ideal for some networking scenarios
• Transmits data over longer distances at higher bandwidth than any other networking
media
• Less susceptible to attenuation, and completely immune to EMI/RFI
• Made of flexible, extremely thin strands of very pure glass
• Uses a laser or LED to encode bits as pulses of light
• The fiber-optic cable acts as a wave guide to transmit light between the two ends with
minimal signal loss

Single-Mode Fiber:

• Very small core

• Uses expensive lasers
• Long-distance applications

Multimode Fiber:

• Larger core
• Uses less expensive LEDs
• LEDs transmit at different angles
• Up to 10 Gbps over 550 meters

Conclusion: In the above experiment we have recognized, observed and studied about different
types of topologies and cables in detail.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-2
Experiment: Recognition and use of various types of connectors RJ-45, RJ-11,BNC and SCST
Aim: To recognize and use of various types of connectors i) RJ-45, ii)RJ-11, iii)BNC and iii) SCST
Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components: RJ-45 connector, IO Connector, RJ-11, BNC, SCST .
Theory:
i)RJ-45: RJ45 is a type of connector commonly used for Ethernet networking. It looks similar to
a telephone jack, but is slightly wider. Since Ethernet cables have an RJ45 connector on each
end, Ethernet cables are sometimes also called RJ45 cables.

The "RJ" in RJ45 stands for "registered jack," since it is a standardized networking interface. The
"45" simply refers to the number of the interface standard. Each RJ45 connector has eight pins,
which means an RJ45 cable contains eight separate wires. If you look closely at the end of an
Ethernet cable, you can actually see the eight wires, which are each a different color. Four of
them are solid colors, while the other four are striped.

RJ45 cables can be wired in two different ways. One version is called T-568A and the other is T-
568B. These wiring standards are listed below:

T-568A T-568B
1. White/Green (Receive +) 1. White/Orange (Transmit +)
2. Green (Receive -) 2. Orange (Transmit -)
3. White/Orange (Transmit +) 3. White/Green (Receive +)
4. Blue 4. Blue
5. White/Blue 5. White/Blue
6. Orange (Transmit -) 6. Green (Receive -)
7. White/Brown 7. White/Brown
8. Brown 8. Brown

The T-568B wiring scheme is by far the most common, though many devices support the T-
568A wiring scheme as well. Some networking applications require a crossover Ethernet cable,
which has a T-568A connector on one end and a T-568B connector on the other. This type of
cable is typically used for direct computer-to-computer connections when there is
no router, hub, or switch available.
Types of cables based on the termination:

1. Straight-over cable
2. Crossover cable

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

ii)RJ-11: RJ11 is used to terminate the conventional PSTN telephone networks. RJ11 is a four
pins connector which is used for terminating the telephone wires. The RJ11 technically uses the
center 2 contacts of 6 available and is used for wiring a single phone line. It is the common
connector for plugging a telephone into the wall and the handset into the telephone.

iii)BNC(Bayonet Neill Concelman connector): It’s a type of connector used with coaxial
cables such as the RG-58 A/U cable used with the 10Base-2 Ethernet system. The basic BNC
connector is a male type mounted at each end of a cable. This connector has a center pin
connected to the center cable conductor and a metal tube connected to the outer cable shield.
A rotating ring outside the tube locks the cable to any female connector.
BNC T-connectors (used with the 10Base-2 system) are female devices for connecting two
cables to a network interface card (NIC). A BNC barrel connector allows connecting two cables
together.
BNC connectors can also be used to connect some monitors, which increases the accuracy of
the signals sent from the video adapter.

iv) SC-ST: These connectors are used to connect the optical fibers.

Straight-Tip (ST) Connectors Subscriber Connector (SC) Connectors

Conclusion: In the above experiment we recognized various types of connector such as

RJ45,RJ11,BNC and SCST and also learnt how to use them in networking.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-3
Experiment: Making of cross cable and straight cable.
Aim: To make the following a) Cross Cable b) Straight Cable.
Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components: RJ-45 connector, IO Connector, Crimping Tool,
Twisted pair Cable, Cable Tester

Theory: Ethernet cables can be wired as straight through or crossover. The straight through is
the most common type and is used to connect computers to hubs or switches. They are most
likely what you will find when you go to your local computer store and buy a patch cable.
Crossover Ethernet cable is more commonly used to connect a computer to a computer and
may be a little harder to find since they aren’t used nearly as much as straight through Ethernet
cable. Then, what’s the difference between straight through vs crossover cable? Read through
this post to find the answer.

T568A And T568B Wiring Standard Basis:

A RJ45 connector is a modular 8 position, 8 pin connector used for terminating Cat5e patch
cable or Cat6 cable. A pinout is a specific arrangement of wires that dictate how the connector
is terminated. There are two standards recognized by ANSI, TIA and EIA for wiring Ethernet
cables. The first is the T568A wiring standard and the second is T568B. T568B has surpassed
568A and is seen as the default wiring scheme for twisted pair structured cabling. If you are
unsure of which to use, choose 568B.

Straight Through vs Crossover Cable:

A straight through cable is a type of twisted pair cable that is used in local area networks to
connect a computer to a network hub such as a router. This type of cable is also sometimes

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

called a patch cable and is an alternative to wireless connections where one or more computers
access a router through a wireless signal. On a straight through cable, the wired pins match.
Straight through cable use one wiring standard: both ends use T568A wiring standard or both
ends use T568B wiring standard. The following figure shows a straight through cable of which
both ends are wired as the T568B standard.

Crossover Cable:
A crossover Ethernet cable is a type of Ethernet cable used to connect computing devices
together directly. Unlike straight through cable, the RJ45 crossover cable uses two different
wiring standards: one end uses the T568A wiring standard, and the other end uses the T568B
wiring standard. The internal wiring of Ethernet crossover cables reverses the transmit and
receive signals. It is most often used to connect two devices of the same type: e.g. two
computers (via network interface controller) or two switches to each other.

Uses of Straight Through and Crossover Cables: Usually, straight through cables are primarily
used for connecting unlike devices. And crossover cables are use for connecting alike devices.
Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)
Use straight through Ethernet cable for the following cabling:

 Switch to router
 Switch to PC or server
 Hub to PC or server

Use crossover cables for the following cabling:

 Switch to switch
 Switch to hub
 Hub to hub
 Router to router
 Router Ethernet port to PC NIC
 PC to PC

Procedure:

Step 1: Strip the cable jacket about 1.5 inch down from the end. Ed Rhee

Step 2: Spread the four pairs of twisted wire apart. For Cat 5e, you can use the pull string to
strip the jacket farther down if you need to, then cut the pull string. Cat 6 cables have a spine
that will also need to be cut. Ed Rhee

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Step 3: Untwist the wire pairs and neatly align them in the T568B orientation. Be sure not to
untwist them any farther down the cable than where the jacket begins; we want to leave as
much of the cable twisted as possible.

Step 4: Cut the wires as straight as possible, about 0.5 inch above the end of the jacket.

Step 5: Carefully insert the wires all the way into the modular connector, making sure that each
wire passes through the appropriate guides inside the connector.

Step 6: Push the connector inside the crimping tool and squeeze the crimper all the way down.
Ed Rhee

Step 7: Repeat steps 1-6 for the other end of the cable.

Step 8: To make sure you've successfully terminated each end of the cable, use a cable tester to
test each pin.

For crossover cables, simply make one end of the cable a T568A and the other end a T568B.
Now you can make Ethernet cables of any length, fix broken connectors, or make yourself a
crossover cable.

Conclusion: In the above experiment we have studied about and Straight Through and
Crossover cable. Also, we learnt how to make them.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-4

Experiment: Install and configure a network interface card in a workstation.

Aim: To install and configure a network interface card in a workstation.
Hardware Required: Computer, NIC
Theory:
NICs (Network Interface Card): Network Interface Card, or NIC is a hardware card installed in a
computer so it can communicate on a network. The network adapter provides one or more
ports for the network cable to connect to, and it transmits and receives data onto the network
cable.
Procedure to Install the network card:
 Disconnect all cables connected to the computer and open the case.
 Locate an available PCI slot (white slots) and insert the network card and secure the card
with the screw that came with it.
 Once the adapter has been installed and secured close the computer case, connect all
the cables and turn it on.
 After installing the adapter driver it should be working find, now let’s configure the card
for use on a network.
 Click on the Start button and select Settings then Control Panel. Double click on the
System icon Click on the Hardware tab.
 Click on Device Manager. You will see a list of devices installed in your computer.
 If necessary, click on the + sign next to Network Adapters to expand the list.
 Ensure that there is no yellow exclamation mark (!) next to the Network Adapter. This
indicates a possible problem with the card or configuration.
 Double click on your network driver (e.g. NE2000 Compatible).
 In the Device Status box you should see the message: This Device is working correctly.
 If you do not see this message or if there is no Network Adapter displayed, then your
Ethernet card will probably need configuring.
Conclusion: Installation and configuration of Wired and Wireless (remotely) NIC and transfer
files between systems in LAN and Wireless LAN between two systems in a LAN have been done
successfully.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-5
Experiment: Identify the IP address of a workstation and the class of the address.
Aim:
I.Identify the IP address of a workstation
II.Identify class of the IP address
Equipment Required: Computer
Theory:
Network Classes

The first step in planning for IP addressing on your network is to determine which network class
is appropriate for your network. After you have done this, you can take the crucial second step:
obtain the network number from the Inter NIC addressing authority.

Currently there are three classes of TCP/IP networks. Each class uses the 32-bit IP address space
differently, providing more or fewer bits for the network part of the address. These classes are
class A, class B, and class C.

Class A Network Numbers

A class A network number uses the first eight bits of the IP address as its "network part." The
remaining 24 bits comprise the host part of the IP address, as illustrated in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 Byte Assignment in a Class A Address

The values assigned to the first byte of class A network numbers fall within the range 0-127.
Consider the IP address 75.4.10.4. The value 75 in the first byte indicates that the host is on a
class A network. The remaining bytes, 4.10.4, establish the host address. The InterNIC assigns
only the first byte of a class A number. Use of the remaining three bytes is left to the discretion
of the owner of the network number. Only 127 class A networks can exist. Each one of these
numbers can accommodate up to 16,777,214 hosts.

Class B Network Numbers

A class B network number uses 16 bits for the network number and 16 bits for host numbers.
The first byte of a class B network number is in the range 128-191. In the number
129.144.50.56, the first two bytes, 129.144, are assigned by the Inter NIC, and comprise the
network address. The last two bytes, 50.56, make up the host address, and are assigned at the

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

discretion of the owner of the network number. Figure 2 graphically illustrates a class B
address.

Figure 2 Byte Assignment in a Class B Address

Class B is typically assigned to organizations with many hosts on their networks.

Class C Network Numbers

Class C network numbers use 24 bits for the network number and 8 bits for host numbers. Class
C network numbers are appropriate for networks with few hosts--the maximum being 254. A
class C network number occupies the first three bytes of an IP address. Only the fourth byte is
assigned at the discretion of the network owners. Figure 3 graphically represents the bytes in a
class C address.

Figure 3 Byte Assignment in a Class C Address

The first byte of a class C network number covers the range 192-223. The second and third each
cover the range 1- 255. A typical class C address might be 192.5.2.5. The first three bytes,
192.5.2, form the network number. The final byte in this example, 5, is the host number.

Administering Network Numbers

If your organization has been assigned more than one network number, or uses subnets,
appoint a centralized authority within your organization to assign network numbers. That
authority should maintain control of a pool of assigned network numbers, assigning network,
subnet, and host numbers as required. To prevent problems, make sure that duplicate or
random network numbers do not exist in your organization.

Designing Your IP Addressing Scheme

After you have received your network number, you can then plan how you will assign the host
parts of the IP address.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Table 1 shows the division of the IP address space into network and host address spaces. For
each class, "range" specifies the range of decimal values for the first byte of the network
number. "Network address" indicates the number of bytes of the IP address that are dedicated
to the network part of the address, with each byte represented by xxx. "Host address" indicates
the number of bytes dedicated to the host part of the address. For example, in a class A
network address, the first byte is dedicated to the network, and the last three are dedicated to
the host. The opposite is true for a class C network.

Table 1 Division of IP Address Space:

Class Range Network Address Host Address

A 0-127 xxx xxx.xxx.xxx

B 128-191 xxx.xxx xxx.xxx

C 192-223 xxx.xxx.xxx xxx

The numbers in the first byte of the IP address define whether the network is class A, B, or C
and are always assigned by the Inter NIC. The remaining three bytes have a range from 0-255.
The numbers 0 and 255 are reserved; you can assign the numbers 1-254 to each
byte depending on the network number assigned to you.

Table 2 shows which bytes of the IP address are assigned to you and the range of numbers
within each byte that are available for you to assign to your hosts.

Table 2 Range of Available Numbers:

Network Byte 1 Byte 4

Class Range Byte 2 Range Byte 3 Range Range

A 0-127 1-254 1-254 1-254

B 128-191 Preassigned by 1-254 1-254

Internet

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Network Byte 1 Byte 4
Class Range Byte 2 Range Byte 3 Range Range

C 192-223 Preassigned by Preassigned by 1-254

Internet Internet

Procedure:
I. Steps to find workstation's IP address:

1. Click the Start button, then Run

2. In the text box type cmd and press the Enter key
3. Type ipconfig
4. Under Local Area Connection, to the right of the row labeled “IP Address” you will
find the computer's IP Address.
II. Steps to find the class of IP address:
As Mentioned in the theory, once the IP address and subnet mask is known,
class can be identified by using the subnet mask.

Observations:
IP address: 192.168.43.140
Subnet Mask:255.255.255.0 – Class C IP address

Conclusion: From the above experiment we have observed the IP address to be

192.168.43.140 which belongs Class C Ipv4 address. We have also learnt to configure
IP address to a work station.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment - 6

Experiment- Managing user accounts in windows.

Aim:To study about managing user accounts in windows.

Apparatus Required-

1. A computer with a new installation of Windows 8

2. An account with administrator privileges

Theory- We can manage user accounts in any OS( Windows and Linux). This implies adding a
new user account, editing the user details, removing the user account etc.

Procedure –

Part 1: Windows 8.1

Step 1: Open the User Account Tool

a. Log on to the computer with an Administrator account.
b. Click Control Panel > User Accounts.

Step 2: Create an Account

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 a. The User Accounts window opens. Click Manage another account.

b. The Manage Accounts window opens. Click Add a new user in PC settings.

c. The Manage other accounts window opens. Click Add an account.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 d. The How will this person sign in? window opens. Click Sign in without a Microsoft
account (not recommended).

e. The Add a user window opens. Click Local account.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 6.1.2.3 Lab – Create User Accounts in Windows 8 Answers Answers 06

f. The second Add a user window opens. Type the name provided by your Answers in
the User name field.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 g. Type in the password provided by the Answers in the Password field.
h. Reenter the password in the Reenter password field.
i. Type a hint to help you remember the password in the Password hint field.
j. Click Next.
k. The final Add a user window opens. Click Finish.

Step 3: Change the Account Type

The Manage other accounts window opens. Click on the user you just created, and then
click Edit.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 a. The Edit Account window opens. Select Administrator as the account type. Click OK.

Step 4: Delete the Account

a. The Manage other accounts window opens. Click Remove.

b. The Delete account and data? window opens. Click Delete account and data.

c. Notice the account is no longer listed. Close all open windows.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Part 2: Windows 8.0

Step 1: Open the User Account Tool

a. Log on to the computer with an Administrator account.

b. Click Control Panel > User Accounts.

Step 2: Create an Account

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 a. The User Accounts window opens. Click Manage another account.

b. The Manage Accounts window opens. Click Add a new user in PC settings.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 c. The Manage other accounts window opens. Click Add a user.

d. The Add a user window opens. Click Sign in without a Microsoft account.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 e. The next Add a user window opens. Click Local account.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 f. The third Add a user window opens. Type the name provided by your Answers in
the User name field.

g. Type in the password provided by the Answers in the Password field.

h. Reenter the password in the Reenter password field.
i. Type a hint to help you remember the password in the Password hint field.
j. Click Next.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 k. The final Add a user window opens. Click Finish.

l. The Your account window opens. Close all open windows.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Step 3: Change the Account Type

a. Click Control Panel > User accounts > Manage another account.
b. The Manage Accounts window opens. Click the new account.

c. The Change an Account window opens. Click Change the account type.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 d. Select Administrator as the account type. Click Change Account Type.

.
Step 4: Delete the Account

a. The Change an Account window opens. Click Delete the Account.

b. The Delete Account window opens. Click Delete Files.

c. The Confirm Deletion window opens. Click Delete Account.

d. Notice the account is no longer listed. Close all opened windows.

Conclusion- In this experiment we learnt about managing user accounts in windows.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-7

Experiment: Sharing of Hardware resources (Eg:Printer) in the network.

Aim: Install Print server in a LAN and share the between two system in a LAN.

Equipment Required: Computers and Printer

Procedure:
To Install and configure printer:
1. Connect the printer to parallel port of the motherboard and
power cable to AC. Switch on the system and printer.
2. Insert the driver disk in the CD drive.
3. Click start >control panel>printers and fax respectively.
4. Then >double click> add a printer>add printer wizard
respectively.
Printer sharing:
a) Open Printers and Faxes. Click Start, click Control Panel, click Printers and Other
Hardware, and then click Printers and Faxes.
b) Right-click the printer you want to share, and then click Sharing.On the Sharing
tab, click Share this printer and then type a share name for the shared printer.
c) If you share the printer with others using different hardware or different
operating systems, click Additional Drivers. Click the Environment and
operating system for the other computers, and then click OK to install the
additional drivers.
d) Click OK, or, if you have installed additional drivers, click Close.

To stop sharing your printer:

a) Open Printers and Faxes. Click Start, click Control Panel, click Printers and
Other Hardware, and then click Printers and Faxes.
b) Right-click the printer you want to stop sharing, and then click Sharing.
c) On the Sharing tab, click Do Not share this printer.

To connect to a printer on a network:

1. Open Printers and Faxes. Click Start, click Control Panel, click Printers and Other
Hardware, and then click Printers and Faxes.
2. Under Printer Tasks, click Add a printer to open the Add Printer Wizard, and then click
Next.
3. Click A network printer, or a printer attached to another computer,
and then click Next. Three Ways to Connect to a Printer on a
Network:

To search for a printer in Active Directory:

1. Click Find a printer in the directory, and then click Next.
2. Click the Browse button to the right of Location, click the printer location, and then click

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 OK.
3. Click Find Now.
4. Click the printer you want to connect to, and then click okay

To locate a printer by typing the printer name:

1. Click Connect to this printer.
2. Do one of the following:
Type the printer name using the following format: \\printserver_name\share_name
Browse for it on the network. Click Next, click the printer in Shared printers.
1. Click Next.
Conclusion: We have learned how to share printer(hardware resource) in a LAN.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-8

Experiment: Managing use of NETSTAT and its options

Aim: To study about managing use of NETSTAT and its options

Apparatus Required:

1. A computer with a new installation of Windows 8

2. An account with administrator privileges

Theory:

Netstat is a common command line TCP/IP networking utility available in most versions of
Windows, Linux, UNIX and other operating systems. Netstat provides information and statistics
about protocols in use and current TCP/IP network connections. (The name derives from the
words network and statistics.)

Netstat is a useful tool for checking network and Internet connections. Some useful applications
for the average PC user are considered, including checking for malware connections.

When dealing with excessive traffic and malicious software it’s advantageous to be informed
about the inbound and outbound connections to your computer. These are created via their
respective network addresses that indicate which ports were preemptively opened for
exchanging data. Once a port is opened, it receives the status “LISTEN” and waits for
connection attempts. One problem of having these ports remain open is that your system is
then left vulnerable to malware. What’s more, there’s also a chance that Trojan viruses already
found in your system may install a backdoor, opening up a corresponding port in the process.
For this reason, you should always regularly check the ports opened by your system, a task for
which netstat is particularly well suited. Possible infections can be caught based on unknown
opened ports or unknown IP addresses. In order to obtain an informative result, all other
programs, such as your internet browser, should be turned off. This is due to the fact that these
are often connected with computers that possess unknown IP addresses. Thanks to the detailed
statistics, users also receive information on the packets that have been transferred since the
last system start as well as notices of any errors that have occurred. The routing table, which
delivers information on the paths data packets takes through the net, can be displayed with the
help of the system-specific netstat command.

The command syntax is

netstat [-a] [-b] [-e] [-f] [-n] [-o] [-p proto] [-r] [-s] [-t] [-x] [-y] [Interval]
The combination of the individual options works by stringing the individual parameters
together, each separated by a space:

netstat [-OPTION1] [-OPTION2] [-OPTION3] …

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

The parameters are typically preceded by a hyphen (-), but if you want to combine several
options, you only have to place this hyphen in front of the first element. Instead of the variant
shown above, you can also link different parameters as follows:

netstat [-OPTION1][OPTION2][OPTION3] …
In this case, it is important that you do not leave any spaces between the individual netstat
options.

Netstat options and commands for Windows

[OPTION] Command Description

Netstat Standard listing of all active connections

-a netstat –a Displays all active/ listening ports

-b netstat –b Displays the executable file of a connection or listening port (requires

administrator rights)

-e netstat –e Shows statistics about your network connection (received and sent data
packets, etc.) Displays Ethernet statistics

-f netstat –f Displays the fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of remote/foreign

addresses

-i netstat –i Brings up the netstat overview menu

-n netstat –n Numerical display of addresses and port numbers

-o netstat –o Displays the owning process identifier (PID) associated with each
displayed connection

-p proto netstat -p TCP Displays the connections for the protocol specified by proto, proto may
be any of TCP, UDP, TCPv6, or UDPv6

-q netstat –q Lists all connections, all listening TCP ports, and all open TCP ports that
are not listening

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

-r netstat –r Displays the IP routing table

-s netstat –s Retrieves statistics about the important network protocols such as TCP,
IP, or UDP

-t netstat –t Shows the download status (TCP download to relieve the main
processor) of active connections

-x netstat –x Informs about all connections, listeners, and shared endpoints for
NetworkDirect

-y netstat –y Displays which connection templates were used for the active TCP
connections

Interval netstat -p 10 Displays the respective statistics again after a selected number of
seconds (here 10); can be combined as required (here with –p), [CTRL] +
[C] ends the interval display. Default setting is to display once.

/? netstat /? Use the help switch to show details about the netstat command's several
options.

Procedure :

In Windows operating systems, you can use the netstat services via the command line
(cmd.exe). You can find them in the start menu under "All Programs" -> "Accessories" ->
"Command Prompt". Alternatively, you can search directly for "Command Prompt" in
the start menu’s search field or start the command line via "Run" (Windows key + press
"R" and enter "cmd").

1. Displaying connections

(a) If you run netstat without specifying any parameters, you get a list of active connections,
all the Established and Waiting for TCP connections. something like this:

C:\>netstat
Active Connections
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP Doug:1463 192.168.168.10:1053 ESTABLISHED
TCP Doug:1582 192.168.168.9:netbios-ssn ESTABLISHED
TCP Doug:3630 192.168.168.30:9100 SYN_SENT
TCP Doug:3716 192.168.168.10:4678 ESTABLISHED
TCP Doug:3940 192.168.168.10:netbios-ssn ESTABLISHED

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

C:\>

This list shows all the active connections on the computer and indicates the local port used by
the connection, as well as the IP address and port number for the remote computer.

(b) Running netstat with a number after the command continues to run the command until
stopped. In this case, netstat would be refreshed every five seconds. To cancel, press Ctrl+C.

C:\>netstat 5

An explanation of the different connection states is given in Table –

(c) You can use below syntax to view all established connection from/to your Windows server.

C:\> netstat | findstr ESTABLISHED

Similarly, to view LISTEN, CLOSE_WAIT, TIME_WAIT you can just use as follows.

netstat | findstr LISTEN

netstat | findstr CLOSE_WAIT
netstat | findstr TIME_WAIT

2. Display connections in both local and foreign addresses in numeric IP form

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

(a)

C:\>netstat -n
Active Connections
Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
TCP 192.168.168.21:1463 192.168.168.10:1053 ESTABLISHED
TCP 192.168.168.21:1582 192.168.168.9:139 ESTABLISHED
TCP 192.168.168.21:3658 192.168.168.30:9100 SYN_SENT
TCP 192.168.168.21:3716 192.168.168.10:4678 ESTABLISHED
TCP 192.168.168.21:3904 207.46.106.78:1863 ESTABLISHED
TCP 192.168.168.21:3940 192.168.168.10:139 ESTABLISHED

(b)

C:\>netstat -an

Displays all connections on the computers in numerical format, only displaying the local and
foreign IP and port addresses. The information that is displayed includes the protocol, the local
address, the remote (foreign) address, and the connection state.

3. Display of all open ports and active connections (numeric and process ID included)

One of the most popular netstat commands is undoubtedly to query all open ports and active
connections (including process ID) in numeric form:

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

netstat -ano

The command netstat -ano lists all open ports and active connections numerically, including
process ID.

3. Show PID used by port number

A very handy when you have to find out which PID is using the particular port number..

C:\>netstat –o | findstr $portnumber

Let’s suppose you want to monitor if a port is listening at a constant interval. Windows netstat
command can accept sleep interval.

C:\>netstat –abo 5| findstr 8080

here the interval is 5 seconds,The netstat -abo command would run every 5 seconds until
interrupted or stopped with CTRL+C

4. Displaying interface statistics

C:\>netstat -e
Interface Statistics

Received Sent

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Bytes 672932849 417963911
Unicast packets 1981755 1972374
Non-unicast packets 251869 34585
Discards 0 0
Errors 0 0
Unknown protocols 1829
C:\>

The items to pay attention to in this output are the Discards and Errors. These numbers should
be zero, or at least close to it. If they're not, the network may be carrying too much traffic or
the connection may have a physical problem. If no physical problem exists with the connection,
try segmenting the network to see whether the error and discard rates drop.

5. Display Detailed Ethernet and Connection Usage Statistics

C:\>netstat -es

Repetitive query of interface statistics (every 20 seconds)

Use the following netstat command for a repeated query of the interface statistics, which
returns new values every 20 seconds on received and sent data packets:

C:\>netstat -e 20

6. Show statistics of all protocols

Useful when you have to find out for any received header error, received address error,
discarded packet, etc. It will list out statistics from IPv4, IPv6, ICMPv4, ICMPv6, TCP, UDP, etc.

C:\>netstat -s

Note: to find out any errors quickly you can use syntax.

C:\>netstat -s | findstr Errors

Received Header Errors = 0
Received Address Errors = 0
Received Header Errors = 0
Received Address Errors = 0
Errors 0 0
Errors 0 0
Receive Errors = 0
Receive Errors = 0
C:\Windows\system32

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

The command findstr Errors is used to find the string or the term “Errors” being displayed in the
display list of a command and so it helps out in finding the list of errors if any.

7. List of all connections for the IPv4 protocol

If you don't want to retrieve all active connections, but only all active IPv4 connections, you can
do this using the netstat command:

C:\>netstat -p IP

8. Accessing statistics using the ICMPv6 protocol

If you only want to obtain statistics on the ICMPv6 protocol, enter the following command in
the command line:

C:\>netstat -s -p icmpv6

The output will then look something like this:

To access the statistics for the previous ICMPv6 version 4, replace "icmpv6" with "icmp" in the
command shown here.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

9. Show routing information

To display Route Table, you can use below syntax. The following syntax will also list all
interfaces.

C:\>netstat -r

Conclusion: In this experiment we have learnt about NETSTAT and its options.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-9
Experiment: Connectivity troubleshooting using PING, IPCONFIG
Aim: To check connectivity and troubleshooting using PING and IPCONFIG.
Equipment Required: Computer
Procedure:
1. Open Command Prompt, and then type ipconfig. From the display of the ipconfig
command, ensure that the network adapter for the TCP/IP configuration you are testing
is not in a Media disconnected state.

2. At the command prompt, ping the loopback address by typing ping 127.0.0.1.

3. Ping the IP address of the computer.

4. Ping the IP address of the default gateway. If the ping command fails, verify that the
default gateway IP address is correct and that the gateway (router) is operational.

5. Ping the IP address of a remote host (a host that is on a different subnet).

6. If the ping command fails, verify that the remote host IP address is correct, that the
remote host is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this
computer and the remote host are operational.

7. Ping the IP address of the DNS server.

8. If the ping command fails, verify that the DNS server IP address is correct that the DNS
server is operational, and that all of the gateways (routers) between this computer and
the DNS server are operational.

Conclusion: In the above experiment we have learnt the usage of ipconfig and ping.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-10

Experiment - Introduction to Cisco Packet Tracer7.2.2

Aim: To get familiarized with Cisco Packet Tracer 7.2.2

Software used: Cisco Packet Tracer 7.2.2 (for 64-bit machine)

Theory:

Introduction: Packet Tracer is a cross-platform visual simulation tool designed by Cisco Systems
that allows users to create network typologies and imitate modern computer networks. The
software allows users to simulate the configuration of Cisco routers and switches using a
simulated command line interface.

Fig1. Packet tracer Home Screen

Navigating in Cisco Packet Tracer 7.2.2 : Open Packet Tracer. On the lower left corner, there are
all the components required for creating our network as shown in fig2. There are routers,
switches, End devices, Hubs, Wireless Devices, and Connections etc.

Fig2. List showing Network Devices

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

Intermediate Devices: Click on “Network Devices” and then a group of Network devices will be
displayed as shown in the figure. Click on “Router” to select and place the available routers such
as 4312,1941,2901,2911 etc. Likewise to select the switch and hub click on corresponding
symbols and select the required intermediate device from the list of available devices and drag
to place in the home screen.

End Devices: Click on “End Devices” symbol to select an end device among the available devices
such as PC, Laptop, Server etc. Drag it to place the selected end device in the home screen.

Fig 3. List showing End Devices

Connections: The connection icon is used to select different connection media which are used
to connect the network devices. The types of connection media available are: Console, Copper
straight-through, copper cross-over, fiber, phone, coaxial, Serial DCE, serial DTE, USB etc.
When two devices are connected, If the connection end points are red, then there is some
problem with your wiring. If end points show green, then your wiring is alright.

Fig4. List showing types of connections

Packet Tracer Modes: Cisco Packet Tracer provides two operating modes to visualize the
behavior of a network—real-time mode and simulation mode. In real-time mode the network
behaves as real devices do, with immediate real-time response for all network activities. In
simulation mode the user can see and control time intervals, the inner workings of data
transfer, and the propagation of data across a network.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Fig5. Modes in Packet Tracer

A Basic network:

Fig6:Basic Network
Steps to connect the above network:

 Select and place the network devices in the home screen.(Select Switch from “Network
Devices” and PCs from “End Devices”).
 Choose appropriate connection media to connect the network devices.(Copper Straigh-
through cable is used)

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

  Connect the cable to the “FastEthernet” port of PC with the ‘FastEthernet’ port of the
Switch for successful connection.
Conclusion: From the above experiment we have got familiarized with the Cisco Packet Tracer
Software 7.2.2 and learnt how to make a basic network connection.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment – 11
Experiment: Introduction to Cisco IOS

Aim: To get familiarized with Cisco IOS

Software Used: Cisco Packet Tracer

Theory:
Cisco Operating System:
• Shell - The user interface that allows users to request specific tasks from the computer.
These requests can be made either through the CLI or GUI interfaces.
• Kernel - Communicates between the hardware and software of a computer and
manages how hardware resources are used to meet software requirements.
• Hardware - The physical part of a computer including underlying electronics.

CLI-based network OS:

CLI-based network operating system enables a network technician to do the following:
• Use a keyboard to run CLI-based network programs
• Use a keyboard to enter text and text-based commands
• View output on a monitor

Access Methods:
• Console – A physical management port used to access a device in order to provide
maintenance, such as performing the initial configurations.
• Secure Shell (SSH) – Establishes a secure remote CLI connection to a device, through a
virtual interface, over a network. (Note: This is the recommended method for remotely
connecting to a device.)
• Telnet – Establishes an insecure remote CLI connection to a device over the network.
(Note: User authentication, passwords and commands are sent over the network in
plaintext.)
IOS Navigation:
Primary Command Modes:
User EXEC Mode:
 Allows access to only a limited number of basic monitoring commands
 Identified by the CLI prompt that ends with the > symbol

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Privileged EXEC Mode:
 Allows access to all commands and features
 Identified by the CLI prompt that ends with the # symbol

Global Configuration Mode:

• Used to access configuration options on the device

Line Configuration Mode:

• Used to configure console, SSH, Telnet or AUX access

Interface Configuration Mode:

• Used to configure a switch port or router interface

Navigation Between IOS Modes:

 Privileged EXEC Mode:
• To move from user EXEC mode to privilege EXEC mode, use the enabled
command.

 Global Configuration Mode:

• To move in and out of global configuration mode, use the configure terminal
command. To return to privilege EXEC mode, use the exit command.

•
 Line Configuration Mode:
• To move in and out of line configuration mode, use the line command followed
by the management line type. To return to global configuration mode, use the
exit command.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

  Subconfiguration Modes:
• To move out of any subconfiguration mode to get back to global configuration
mode, use the exit command. To return to privilege EXEC mode, use the end
command or key combination Ctrl +Z.

• To move directly from one subconfiguration mode to another, type in the

desired subconfiguration mode command. In the example, the command prompt
changes from (config-line)# to (config-if)#.

The Command Structure:

• Keyword – This is a specific parameter defined in the operating system (in the figure, ip
protocols).
• Argument - This is not predefined; it is a value or variable defined by the user (in the
figure, 192.168.10.5).
Hot Keys and Shortcuts:

Keystroke Description

Tab Completes a partial command name entry.

Backspace Erases the character to the left of the cursor.

Left Arrow or Ctrl+B Moves the cursor one character to the left.

Right Arrow or Ctrl+F Moves the cursor one character to the right.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Recalls the commands in the history buffer, beginning
Up Arrow or Ctrl+P
with the most recent commands.

Keystroke Description

Enter Key Displays the next line.

Space Bar Displays the next screen.

Ends the display string, returning to privileged EXEC

Any other key
mode.
Keystroke Description
When in any configuration mode, ends the
Ctrl-C configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC
mode.
When in any configuration mode, ends the
Ctrl-Z configuration mode and returns to privileged EXEC
mode.
All-purpose break sequence used to abort DNS
Ctrl-Shift-6
lookups, traceroutes, pings, etc.

Conclusion: From the above experiment we have got familiarized with the Cisco IOS and learnt
how to make a basic network connection.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-12

Experiment: Basic Device Configuration in Cisco Packet Tracer

Aim: To configure a basic device (Switch) in Cisco IOS using Cisco Packet Tracer

Software Used: Cisco Packet Tracer

Procedure:

Configure Device Names:

• The first configuration command on any device should be to give it a unique hostname.
• By default, all devices are assigned a factory default name. For example, a Cisco IOS
switch is "Switch.”

(Note: To return the switch to the default prompt, use the no hostname global config
command.)
Configure Passwords:
Securing user EXEC mode access:
• First enter line console configuration mode using the line console 0 command in
global configuration mode.
• Next, specify the user EXEC mode password using the password password command.
• Finally, enable user EXEC access using the login command.

Securing privileged EXEC mode access:

• First enter global configuration mode.
• Next, use the enable secret password command.

Save Configurations:
There are two system files that store the device configuration:
 startup-config - This is the saved configuration file that is stored in NVRAM. It contains
all the commands that will be used by the device upon startup or reboot. Flash does not
lose its contents when the device is powered off.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

  running-config - This is stored in Random Access Memory (RAM). It reflects the current
configuration. Modifying a running configuration affects the operation of a Cisco device
immediately. RAM is volatile memory. It loses all of its content when the device is
powered off or restarted.
 To save changes made to the running configuration to the startup configuration file, use
the copy running-config startup-config privileged EXEC mode command.

Conclusion: From the above experiment we have learnt how to configure name, password of a
basic network device and also how to save the configurations.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment - 13

Experiment:Configure IP Addressing of a basic network device in Cisco IOS

Aim: To configure IP Address of a basic network device in Cisco IOS

Software Used: Cisco Packet Tracer

Procedure:

Manual IP Address Configuration for End Devices:

• End devices on the network need an IP address in order to communicate with other
devices on the network.
• IPv4 address information can be entered into end devices manually, or automatically
using Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
• To manually configure an IPv4 address on a Windows PC, open the Control Panel
> Network Sharing Center > Change adapter settings and choose the adapter.
Next right-click and select Properties to display the Local Area Connection
Properties.
• Next, click Properties to open the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
Properties window. Then configure the IPv4 address and subnet mask
information, and default gateway.

Automatic IP Address Configuration for End Devices:

• DHCP enables automatic IPv4 address configuration for every end device that is DHCP-
enabled.
• End devices are typically by default using DHCP for automatic IPv4 address
configuration.
• To configure DHCP on a Windows PC, open the Control Panel > Network Sharing
Center > Change adapter settings and choose the adapter. Next right-click and
select Properties to display the Local Area Connection Properties.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 • Next, click Properties to open the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4)
Properties window, then select Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain
DNS server address automatically.

Switch Virtual Interface Configuration:

To access the switch remotely, an IP address and a subnet mask must be configured on the SVI.
To configure an SVI on a switch:
• Enter the interface vlan 1 command in global configuration mode.
• Next assign an IPv4 address using the ip address ip-address subnet-mask
command.
• Finally, enable the virtual interface using the no shutdown command.

Conclusion: In this experiment we have learnt how to configure IP address Manually and
Dynamically of a End Device using LAN properties and a of switch using SVI.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 Experiment-14

Experiment: Basic Router Configuration

Aim: To perform the following router configurations:

1. Configure Initial Router Settings

2. Configure Interfaces
3. Configure the Default Gateway

Software Required: Cisco Packet Tracer

Procedure:
1. Configure Initial Router Settings:

2. Configure Interfaces:
Configuring a router interface includes issuing the following commands:

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

 1.Router(config)# interface type-and-number
2.Router(config-if)# description description-text
3.Router(config-if)# ip address ipv4-address subnet-mask
4.Router(config-if)# ipv6 address ipv6-address/prefix-length
5.Router(config-if)# no shutdown

• It is a good practice to use the description command to add information about the
network connected to the interface.
• The no shutdown command activates the interface.

The commands to configure interface G0/0/0 on R1 are shown here:

The commands to configure interface G0/0/1 on R1 are shown here:

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)

3. Configure the Default Gateway:

The default gateway address is typically configured on all devices that will communicate beyond
their local network.

To configure an IPv4 default gateway on a switch, use the ip default-gateway ip-address global
configuration command. The ip-address that is configured is the IPv4 address of the local router
interface connected to the switch.

Conclusion: In the above experiment we have performed the basic configurations of the router.

Prepared by Deepika Panda(Lecturer in Electronics) & Shivanee Prusty (Lecturer in Electronics)