DRAWING CONCLUSION ABOUT POPULATION

MEAN BASED ON TEST STATISTIC VALUE AND

CRITICAL REGION
• In general, if the absolute value of the
computed value is greater than the absolute
value of the critical value, we reject the null
hypothesis and support the alternative
hypothesis. But if the absolute value of the
computed value is less than the absolute
value of the critical value, we do not reject or
we fail to reject the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis is not supported.
• Rejecting the null hypothesis doesn’t mean
that it is incorrect or the alternative
hypothesis is correct. The collected data
suggest a sufficient evidence to disprove the
null hypothesis, hence we reject it. Similarly,
a failure to reject the null hypothesis does
In testing hypothesis on the population means,
not mean that it is true -only that the test did
follow the steps below:
not prove it to be false. There is an
1. State the null hypothesis 𝐻𝑜 and the alternative
insufficient evidence to disprove the null
hypothesis 𝐻𝑎.
hypothesis; hence we do not reject it.
2. Determine the test statistic that will be used to
conduct the hypothesis test. Then, calculate its
value.
3. Find the critical value for the test and draw the
critical region.
4. Decide and draw a conclusion based on the
comparison of the calculated value of the test
statistic and the critical value of the test.

Example 1:
According to a study conducted by the Grade 12
students, ₱155 is the average monthly expense for
cell phone loads of high school students in their
province. A Statistics student claims that this amount
has increased since January of this year. Do you think
his claim is acceptable if a random sample of 50
students has an average monthly expense of ₱165
for cell phone loads? Using 5% level of significance,
assume that a population standard deviation is ₱52.
 THREE DIFFERENT WAYS IN WRITING HYPOTHESIS

𝑯𝒐: µ = 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≤ 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≥ 𝒌

𝑯𝒂: µ ≠ 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ < k

EXAMPLES:
1. The average height of all Grade 11 students in
Senior High School is 169cm. Is this claim true?
𝑯𝒐: The average height of all Grade 11 students is
169 cm. / 𝑯𝑶:𝝁 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: The average height of all Grade 11 students is
not 169 cm./ 𝑯𝒂: 𝝁 ≠ 𝟏𝟔9

2.The treasurer of a municipality claims that the

average net worth of families in the municipality is at
least ₱730,000. A random sample of 50 families from
this area produced a mean net worth of ₱860,000
with standard deviation of ₱65,000. What are the
null and alternative hypotheses?
𝑯𝑶: µ ≥ ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 or 𝑯𝑶: µ = ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (claim)
𝑯𝒂: µ < ₱𝟕𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎

EXAMPLES:
1. Teacher A wants to know if mathematical games
affect the performance of the students in learning
Mathematics. A class of 45 students was used in the
study. The mean score was 90 and the standard
deviation was 3. A previous study revealed that 𝝁 =
𝟖𝟓 and the standard deviation 𝝈 = 𝟓.
𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟖𝟓 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 ≠ 𝟖𝟓 (two-tailed test)
2. A piggery owner believes that using organic feeds
on his pigs will yield greater income. His average
income from the previous year was ₱120, 000. State
the hypothesis and identify the directional test.
FORMULATING APPROPRIATE NULL
AND ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES ON A 𝑯𝑶 ∶ 𝝁 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 and 𝑯𝒂 ∶ 𝝁 > 𝟏𝟐𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (right-
tailed test)
POPULATION MEAN

To state the null and alternative hypotheses IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTICS
INVOLVING POPULATION MEAN
correctly:
1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.
A population includes all of the elements
2. Identify the claim to be tested that may show
from a set of data.
up in null or alternative hypothesis.
A sample consists of one or more
3. Translate the claim into mathematical
observations drawn from the population.
symbols/notations.
4. Formulate first the null hypothesis (𝐻𝑜) then
alternative hypothesis (𝐻𝑎). based on the
three different ways in writing hypothesis
• Sample mean (𝒙̅) is the mean of sample values deviation of 5 words per minute. At 0.05 significance
collected. level, is the reading speed different from 550 words
• Population mean (µ) is the mean of all the values per minute? T-test
in the population.
• Population mean (µ) is the mean of all the values 3. A study was conducted to look at the average time
in the population. If the sample is randomly students exercise. A researcher claimed that in
selected and sample size is large, then the sample average, students exercise less than 15 hours per
mean would be a good estimate of the population month. In a random sample size n=115, it was found
mean. that the mean time students exercise is 𝑥̅= 11.3
• Population standard deviation (𝝈) is a parameter hours per month with s = 6.43 hours per month. Z-
which is a measure of variability with fixed value test
calculated from every individual in the
population. UNIVARIATE AND BIVARIATE DATA
• Sample standard deviation (𝒔) is a statistic which
means that this measure of variability is
calculated from only some of the individuals in a
population.
• Population variance (𝝈2), in the same sense,
indicates how the population data points are
spread out. It is the average of the distances from
each data point in the population to the mean,
squared. We take a group of 5 students. We measure their
heights and record their heights in feet.
TEST STATISTIC

IDENTIFYING APPROPRIATE TEST STATISTIC

A curious student believes that the more time a

student spends for studying, the better the test
EXAMPLES: result become. An interview made to find how many
1. A manufacturer claimed that the average life of hours a 5 students spend in studying and their test
batteries used in their electronic games is 150 hours. results.
It is known that the standard deviation of this type of
battery is 20 hours. A consumer wished to test the
manufacturer’s claim and accordingly tested 100
electronic games using the battery. It was found out
that the mean is equal to 144 hours. Z-test

2. An English teacher wanted to test whether the

mean reading speed of students is 550 words per
minute. A sample of 12 students revealed a sample
mean of 540 words per minute with a standard
 CONSTRUCTING A SCATTER PLOT
SCATTER PLOT
• Is a graphical method that shows the
relationship between two data set.
• It is used to analyze bivariate data
• Consist of X (horizontal) axis, Y (vertical)
axis,and series of dots.
• Each dot on scatter plot represents the
relationships of independent and dependent
variable in the data. TREND (DIRECTION)
STEPS The trend or direction of the relationship between
1. Draw a graph independent and dependent variable in a scatter
2. Plot the first point on the graph plot refers to what direction the data points to take.
3. Plot the remaining points on the graph

DESCRIBING SHAPE (FORM), TREND

(DIRECTION), AND VARIATION (STRENGTH) BASED
ON A SCATTER PLOT
SCATTER PLOT
The relationship between the independent and
dependent data in a scatter plot can be interpreted
by describing the:
• SHAPE (FORM)
• TREND (DIRECTION)
• VARIATION (STRENGTH)

SHAPE (FORM)
The shape or form of independent and dependent
variable in a scatter plot refers to whether the
relationship is linear, curve-linear, or no association
at all.

VARIATION (STRENGTH)
The variation or strength of the relationship
between independent and dependent variable in a
scatter plot refers to how tightly clustered the points
are around the underlying form.
 ESTIMATING THE STRENGTH OF ASSOCIATION
BETWEEN THE VARIABLES BASED ON A SCATTER
PLOT
CORRELATION ANALYSIS
• Correlation analysis is a statistical technique
that is used to describe the degree of
relationship between two variables.
• The observed correlation within a sample of
size n is usually written as r.
DIRECTION OF ASSOCIATION
• Positive r indicates positive relationship or
slope upward
• Negative r indicated negative relationship or
slope downward.
STRENGTH OF THE ASSOCIATION
• The stronger the relationship, the larger the
magnitude of r.
• The value of r is between -1 and 1.
• The greater the absolute value of r, the
stronger the linear regression.
 SOLVING PROBLEMS INVOLVING REGRESSION
ANALYSIS
REGRESSION ANALYSIS
• Regression analysis is a statistical tool that
explores the relationship of the dependent
and independent variables.
• It is used to predict the value of the
dependent variable given the value of the
independent variable.
CALCULATING THE PEARSON’S SAMPLE
CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

CORRELATION ANALYSIS is a statistical technique

that is used to describe the degree of relationship
between two variables.
PEARSON’S CORRELATION COEFFICIENT measures
the strength of linear relationship between two
variables.
It is simply known as correlation coefficient.
There are different regression analyses such as:
• Linear Regression;
• Multiple Linear Regression; and
• Least-square Regression

EXAMPLE:
Joel is an athlete who underwent a practice
marathon. He ran seven times and recorded the
length of each run in meters.