Advancing Waste Management Protocols Among Vendors and Students in Response to

Population Growth at PSAU Through GIS Application

Chapter I

I. Introduction

In recent years, the necessity for efficient waste management protocols has become increasingly
apparent, particularly in educational institutions like Pampanga State Agricultural University
(PSAU). As the world grapples with the growing challenges of waste production and disposal,
institutions are tasked with implementing sustainable practices to manage waste effectively. This
involves not only the reduction of waste generated but also the optimization of collection,
transportation, and disposal processes. Effective waste management is crucial for maintaining a
clean and sustainable campus environment and fostering environmental awareness among
students and staff (Zhang et al., 2011).

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as a transformative tool in the field of
waste management, offering the potential to optimize and streamline waste collection and
disposal processes. The application of GIS technology aids in mapping waste hotspots, designing
efficient collection routes, and analyzing data for informed decision-making. GIS application in
solid waste management and planning provides visual and flexible support, enhancing overall
development and environmental protection (Guoxue, L., 2009). This technological approach
increases efficiency and supports PSAU's goal of fostering a sustainable campus environment.
Through GIS technology, PSAU pioneers innovative waste management strategies that can serve
as models for other institutions seeking to enhance their ecological practices.
II. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to address the increasing levels of waste generated within the Pampanga State
Agricultural University (PSAU) campus due to population growth and lack of comprehensive
waste management practices. Despite various initiatives, improper disposal and limited recycling
programs continue to impact the university's environment and sustainability goals. Specifically,
the study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the main sources and types of waste produced within the PSAU campus?
2. How effective are the current waste disposal and recycling protocols implemented at
PSAU?
3. What are the attitudes and practices of students, faculty, and staff regarding waste
segregation and recycling?
4. What sustainable waste management strategies can be proposed to improve waste
reduction and recycling efforts at PSAU?

III. Significance of the Study

This study on waste management at Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU), using
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), is vital for several reasons. GIS technology will allow
for a more detailed and visual understanding of waste generation patterns, disposal locations, and
environmental impact hotspots across the campus (Saptadi et al., 2020). By mapping these data
points, the study aims to identify areas with high waste accumulation, track waste flow, and
assess the effectiveness of existing disposal and recycling practices.

GIS will benefit PSAU’s sustainability efforts by providing actionable insights that can lead to
more targeted waste management strategies. This location-based approach will help university
officials make informed decisions, allocate resources effectively, and optimize waste collection
routes to reduce time and environmental impact.
Furthermore, this study will foster a greater environmental consciousness within the university
community. The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) maps can be shared with students,
faculty, and staff, visually illustrating waste-related issues and highlighting the importance of
individual and collective responsibility. Beyond Pampanga State Agricultural University
(PSAU), this study could serve as a model for other institutions looking to implement
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in waste management, offering a replicable approach for
addressing campus waste in a sustainable, data-driven manner.

IV. Scope and Delimitation

This study focuses on analyzing waste management practices at Pampanga State Agricultural
University (PSAU) using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to assess waste generation
patterns, disposal efficiency, and recycling opportunities on campus. The scope includes data
collection from key waste disposal sites within PSAU, such as student dormitories, academic
buildings, cafeterias, and common areas. Through GIS mapping, the study will identify
high-waste zones, track waste movement, and evaluate existing disposal and recycling protocols.

The study is limited to waste management practices within the main campus and does not extend
to off-campus or residential waste sources outside PSAU’s jurisdiction. Additionally, this study
will focus only on physical waste, such as plastics, paper, and food waste, excluding hazardous
or electronic waste due to regulatory requirements and safety constraints.

The findings will provide insights into campus-specific waste issues and may not directly apply
to other universities with differing campus layouts or waste management policies. While GIS
will enhance spatial analysis, the study’s accuracy relies on data provided by PSAU’s facilities
management team and the active participation of campus stakeholders in waste reporting.
Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

According to Loumos et al., (2008), a Geographic Information System (GIS) is one of the
most sophisticated modern technologies to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display
spatial data. These data are usually organized into thematic layers in the form of digital maps.
The combined use of Geographic Information System (GIS) with advanced related technologies
(e.g., Global Positioning System – GPS and Remote Sensing - RS) assists in the recording of
spatial data and the direct use of these data for analysis and cartographic representation.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been successfully used in a wide variety of
applications, such as urban utility planning, transportation, natural resources protection and
management, health sciences, forestry, geology, natural disaster prevention and relief, and
various aspects of environmental modeling and engineering among these applications, the study
of complex waste management systems, in particular, siting waste management and disposal
facilities and optimizing waste collection and transport (WCandT), have been a preferential field
of Geographic Information System (GIS) applications, from the early onset of the technology.
Nowadays, integrated Geographic Information System (GIS) technology has been recognized as
one of the most promising approaches to automate the process of waste planning and
management.

As stated by Maalouf and Mavropoulos (2022), The problem of waste generation and
management is due to the increase in population, urbanization, and industrialization. 2.01 billion
tons of solid waste are produced every year in the world, which shows the importance of waste
management, especially for maintaining public health and safety. Additionally, Salamandane et
al., (2023) cited that it has been proven that inefficient waste disposal leads to marine pollution,
obstruction of drainage systems, easy spread of diseases, aggravation of respiratory diseases
through dust, and even serious social problems. This being said waste management itself has
become more complicated and diversified, particularly in highly industrialized parts of the globe,
brought about by the massive urbanization of the world and other socio-economic factors. The
speedy expansion of urban pollution is. In all probability, it is going to have a wide-ranging
impact on most of the developing countries, especially middle-income countries. Urban
population growth rate is expected at +66 % in 2050 as per the United Nations World
Urbanization Prospects 2014.

In the words of Dantzig et al., (1954) Geographic Information System (GIS) modeling for
the optimization of waste collection and transport the optimization of the routing system for the
collection and transport of municipal solid waste is an important factor of an environmentally
friendly and cost-effective solid waste management system. The development of optimal routing
scenarios is a very complex task, based on various selection criteria, most of which are spatial.
The problem of vehicle routing is a common one: each vehicle must travel in the study area and
visit all the waste bins, in a way that minimizes the total travel cost: most often defined based on
distance or time but also fuel consumption, CO2 emissions etc.

As the success of the decision-making process depends largely on the quantity and
quality of information that is made available to the decision-makers, the use of Geographic
Information System (GIS) modeling as a support tool has grown in recent years, due to both
technology maturation and increase of the quantity and complexity of spatial information
handled. The route optimization was investigated in this study, regarding both waste collection in
urban and rural environments and transport minimization, through improved siting of transfer
stations, landfills, and treatment installations for integrated regional waste management
Zsigraiova et al., (2009).

As stated by Tavares et al., (2008). Optimization of waste collection and transport

(WCandT) making use of the novel tools offered by spatial modeling techniques and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) may provide significant economic and environmental savings
through the reduction of travel time, distance, fuel consumption, and pollutant emissions These
systems are particularly rare in Greek local authorities, where waste collection and transport
(WCandT) is typically organized empirically and in some cases irrationally, under public
pressures. Additionally, Tavares also stated that “effective decision-making in the field of
management systems requires the implementation of vehicle routing techniques capable of
taking advantage of new technologies such as the geographic information systems”. Using
Geographic Information System (GIS) 3D modeling on the island of Santo Antao, Republic of
Cape Verde, an area with complex topography, they achieved up to 52% fuel savings compared
to the shortest distance, even traveling a 34% longer distance. Nevertheless, most of the previous
work relating to optimal routing for solid waste collection is based on the minimization of the
traveled distance and/or time, which is considered a sufficient calculator parameter for fuel
consumption and emissions minimization in flat relief.

Sahoo et al., (2005) presented a comprehensive route-management system, the Waste

Route for the optimal management of nearly 26,000 collection and transfer vehicles that collect
over 80 million tons of garbage every year for more than 48 states in the United States of
America USA. The Implementation of Waste routes across the United States of America from
March 2003 to the end of 2003 yielded 984 fewer routes, saving $18 million.

As reported by Alvarez et al. (2008) proposed a route design method for the "bin-to-bin"
collection of paper and cardboard waste in five shopping areas in the city of Leganés
(Community of Madrid, Spain). Their proposed system is based on geographic information
system (GIS) technology and the optimization of urban routes based on various constraints. By
comparing their system with the previous situation, they concluded that the proposed bin-to-bin
system would improve the quality of paper and cardboard in the bins, prevent overflow and
reduce the percentage of rejected materials. In addition, Teixeira et al. (2004) used heuristic
methods to solve a collection model to identify geographic locations used by vehicles and
collection routes for the collection of recyclable waste in the central coastal region of Portugal.

Nuortio et al. (2006) developed a GIS-based method to optimize waste collection routes
in Eastern Finland. They concluded that the road would be more efficient by 12% compared to
current methods. In addition, they considered a combination of route optimization and routing.
This combination resulted in significant savings (~40%) in some cases. They decided that by
allowing the change, the recovery speed could be increased.

In a study by Karadimas and Lomos (2008), they proposed a method for estimating
municipal solid waste generation, optimal waste collection, and calculating the optimal number
of good waste cans and distribution. This method uses a geographic database integrated into a
Geographic Information System (GIS) and tests a part of the city of Athens, Greece. After
reshipping the containers, the total amount is reduced by more than 30%. This reduction had a
direct impact on collection time and distance.

Chalkias and Lasaridi (2009) developed a model in ArcGIS Network Analyzer to

improve the efficiency of waste collection and transportation in the city of Nikia, Athens,
Greece, through redistribution budgets and optimization of vehicle routing based on distance and
travel time. First results It was found that all the aspects investigated were compared to the
preparation of the current test set, in terms of collection time (a saving of 0.3% - 17.0%) and the
distance of the journey (5.5% - 12.5%) and saving money. Apaidin and Gonulu (2007) developed
an integrated system with a combination of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Global
Positioning System (GPS) to optimize the routing of municipal solid waste (MSW) collection in
the city of Trabzon, Northeast Turkey. A comparison of the optimized route with the existing
route shows a 59-4% saving in distance, 65-14% in time, and 24% in total cost.

Lastly, Kanchanaban et al., (2011) attempted to design and develop an efficient storage,
collection, and routing system for Tambaram Municipality in South Chennai, India using a
Geographic Information System (GIS). The most efficient route based on population size, waste
generation capacity, road network, storage containers, and collection vehicles were investigated.
Cost savings were close to 30% this way. Hence, problems concerning waste management need
to be fully strategized. There are various factors that affect risk management such as inadequate
strategic planning, inadequate management frameworks, as well as putting absolute reliance on
checks and balances.
Relevant Theory
The management of waste continues to be a serious concern all over the world owing to
the population and consumption patterns that generate a lot of garbage. Progression of
technology came up with materials that are complicated and include poisonous elements that are
not easy to throw away without necessarily polluting the environment. The fact, which has come
with the development of environmental science is, that resources on planet Earth are limited and
the current overuse of those resources is not sustainable. Also, the natural self-cleansing capacity
of the surrounding environment, which is also a resource, is overstrained. Climate change is one
of the clear manifestations of this. A New Paradigm on Waste Management looks at the entire
cycle – from prevention to safe disposal – and focuses on resource efficiency and minimizing
impact. However, it is illustrative of policies and legislation on waste management in the
European Union, which is a beacon for the whole world. More than simple disposal, the Water
Framework Directive (WFD) encourages the prevention, reuse, recycling, and energizing of the
waste. It seeks to implement the ‘waste hierarchy’. In the European Union (EU), there is an
emphasis on the separate collection of relevant recyclable materials as well as biowastes.
However, legislative provisions for the collection of biowastes are not very comprehensive (Nash
2009).
Khalil Ghose et al., (2006) state that there are paradigm shifts in waste management
policies throughout the globe where policy directive encourages higher demand recovery rates,
advanced levels of waste treatment, and care of landfills for shorter periods and at lower
expenses. It is because economic realities are very harsh within which the local authorities and
service providers are expected to function in order to achieve considerable waste management
systems. Such expectations however should not be restricted to only advanced economies; there
are similar imperatives in developing countries to provide basic waste collection services and
promote public health, particularly in cities like these with high populations and poor
infrastructure.
Optimization of waste collection and transport constitutes one of the key elements for
developing environmentally friendly, cost-effective waste management systems. The
determination of an optimum route for waste collection is indeed a complex challenge as it
involves various factors-most of which include the minimization of travel distance or time,
reduction of fuel consumption, and carbon emissions. It is a problem similar to the Travelling
Salesman Problem (TSP) but with increased complexities in the form of road network
restrictions, thereby making it an asymmetric Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) problem. The
problem is modified to meet the requirements of the traditional algorithms.
The quality and access to information are critical factors for the successful operation of a
waste management system, and therefore, General Information System (GIS) technology forms
an important tool for the optimization of waste management systems. General Information
System (GIS) has been utilized in enhancing waste collection and transportation by enhancing
the siting of waste transfer stations, landfills, and treatment facilities, thus taking more efficiency
and reducing environmental impacts (Esmaili, 1972; Esmaili et al., 2006). General Information
System (GIS) technology also helps in making informed decisions by handling complex spatial
data.
Many studies have revealed that the General Information System (GIS) is effective in
optimizing waste collection and transport (WC&T). For instance, in Cabo Verde, GIS-based 3D
modeling led to 52% fuel reduction despite an increase in routes (Tavares et al., 2008). Another
related example is WasteRoute, an optimized system in the United States that upgraded the
routes of 26,000 waste collection vehicles, amounting to $18 million in saved resources (Sahoo
et al., 2005). General Information System (GIS) technology has also been used to improve waste
management in urban settings, such as the optimization of "bin-to-bin" collection for paper and
cardboard in Madrid, which improved waste quality and reduced overflow (Alvarez et al., 2008).
In addition, studies in Greece, Portugal, and Turkey showed how General Information System
(GIS) tools have optimized waste collection in both urban and rural areas, helping optimize
efficiency as well as cost-effectiveness.
For example, in Athens, the reallocation of waste bins reduced the number of bins by
more than 30%, making it take both less time and distance to collect them (Karadimas &
Loumos, 2008). Similarly, in Trabzon, Turkey, the integration of a General Information System
(GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) generated savings of around 59% in terms of
distance and 65% in terms of time with a 24% cost reduction in total costs (Apaydin & Gonullu,
2007).
Related Studies

Khan & Samadder (2014) highlighted how important Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) are to improving MSWM (municipal solid waste management). For instance, it has been
demonstrated that using GIS combined with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) enhances
the selection of dump sites by taking economic, social, and environmental considerations into
consideration. GIS has also been successful in cutting down on fuel usage, operating expenses,
and collection time by optimizing waste collection routes. According to studies, community
involvement increases acceptance of dump site proposals and compliance with waste
management policies, underscoring the significance of public perception and participation in
MSWM. Better study of land usage, waste generation patterns, and real-time performance
monitoring have also been made possible by the integration of GIS with remote sensing and
other techniques. These results highlight the importance of GIS in advancing economical,
environmentally friendly, and socially acceptable solid waste management techniques.

By utilizing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and confirming the suitability of the
Three-Level Site Criteria System put forth in an earlier study, Perez-Ramos aims to improve the
selection of hazardous waste disposal sites. The project attempts to create a GIS-based
decision-making framework that incorporates environmental, socioeconomic, and regulatory
elements to address issues such as the absence of defined criteria and institutionalized processes.
To guarantee public acceptability and support, it also places a strong emphasis on stakeholder
participation through surveys and focus groups. The study aims to offer a refined framework for
site selection, policy recommendations for institutionalizing best practices, and a thorough
approach to strategic planning for centralized hazardous waste facilities by evaluating the
system's applicability in Southeast Asian nations experiencing rapid industrialization and
urbanization.

To find the best landfill locations in a fast-urbanizing area, Sumathi et al. (2007) use a
GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making strategy that prioritizes socioeconomic and
environmental sustainability. 15 sites were evaluated using site-specific criteria, including
ecological sensitivity, local land-use plans, and proximity to municipal boundaries, using the
Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Delphi techniques. Based on suitability, three locations
were shortlisted; others were eliminated because of hazards including contaminated groundwater,
dense populations, or legal restrictions. The results demonstrate the adaptability and accuracy of
incorporating local inputs into landfill planning, highlighting environmental concerns and
reducing negative effects on urban development and public health.

Vijay et al. (2008) investigate strategies to further improve the effectiveness of solid
waste management systems by combining machine learning techniques with advanced
GIS-based optimization models. Using real-time data on traffic, demographics, and garbage
generation trends, the study might create dynamic models for route optimization and storage bin
placement. This strategy would handle changing urban situations, guaranteeing flexibility and
effectiveness in transportation and garbage collection. The analysis might also examine the
financial and environmental advantages of these systems, emphasizing the decreases in fuel
usage, greenhouse gas emissions, and operating expenses, which would support the importance
of technology-driven waste management techniques.

In order to optimize waste management, Ahmad et al. (2020) concentrate on combining

geospatial analytics with advanced time-series forecasting models, including LSTM, Prophet,
and SARIMA. The study could more accurately forecast waste generation patterns by using these
models on both historical and current waste data. This would help with the dynamic distribution
of garbage bins and the optimization of collection routes. Furthermore, implementing innovative
techniques like anomaly detection and machine learning-based clustering could spot odd waste
patterns and modify the waste management system appropriately. Policymakers may find useful
information from this study that would allow for resource- and cost-efficient waste management
plans while maintaining environmental sustainability.
Assumption of the Studies

The study presents the following assumptions:

● The increasing population at Pampanga State Agricultural University (PSAU) contributes

to higher waste generation, creating challenges for existing waste management systems.
● Vendors and students significantly influence waste generation, and their participation in
waste management protocols is crucial for success.
● Geographic Information System (GIS) applications can optimize waste management by
providing spatial analysis, mapping waste hotspots, planning collection routes, and
identifying areas requiring intervention.
● Geographic Information System (GIS) integration will lead to better resource allocation,
reduced operational costs, and enhanced waste segregation and recycling processes.
● Implementing Geographic Information System GIS-based protocols can contribute to
long-term sustainability goals by promoting environmental awareness and efficient waste
management practices within the university.
● Education and awareness facilitated through Geographic Information System (GIS)
applications will influence vendors and students to adopt better waste management
habits.

Chapter II

(Edzel)

• Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive research design utilizing secondary data and a
literature review to address the increasing levels of waste generated at Pampanga State
Agricultural University (PSAU) and explore the potential application of Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) in optimizing waste management practices. Information will be gathered
exclusively through research-based methods, such as reviewing academic journals, institutional
reports, and relevant publications. Data on waste generation patterns, disposal methods, and
recycling practices will be drawn from existing studies and publicly available documents.
Additionally, case studies and research articles on GIS applications in waste management will be
analyzed to identify best practices and frameworks that can be adapted to PSAU's context. The
study will focus on synthesizing insights from these sources to evaluate current waste
management challenges, assess the potential of GIS for improving efficiency, and propose
sustainable strategies tailored to the university's needs. By relying solely on research and
literature review, this study ensures a systematic and cost-effective approach while adhering to
the limitations of physical data collection methods.

• Data Collection Methods

The data collection method for this study will rely solely on extensive research and the
review of related literature (RRL) to ensure a comprehensive understanding of waste
management practices and the potential application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Relevant information will be gathered from academic journals, institutional reports, case studies,
and other credible sources that discuss waste management protocols and the use of GIS in
optimizing waste collection and disposal processes. No physical data collection methods, such as
surveys, interviews, or field observations, will be conducted. Instead, the study will synthesize
findings from existing literature to analyze current challenges, evaluate effective practices
implemented in similar contexts, and propose actionable recommendations for Pampanga State
Agricultural University (PSAU). This approach allows for a focused, research-based
methodology, leveraging existing knowledge and documented experiences to address the study's
objectives effectively.

(Marj)

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations in the waste management research project at Pampanga State

Agricultural University involving the Geographic Information System (GIS) application entail
obtaining informed consent from all involved parties, including students, vendors, and staff. This
involves transparently outlining the study's objectives, approaches, and likely consequences. It is
important to ensure the confidentiality and anonymity of participants to safeguard their personal
information. Special attention should be paid when dealing with Geographic Information System
(GIS) data to avoid revealing sensitive locations. Being environmentally responsible is also
crucial, meaning that data collection methods should aim to reduce disruptions and prevent
adding to waste. It is important to prioritize inclusivity by involving a variety of campus
stakeholders to guarantee a balanced representation of perspectives, with participation being
strictly voluntary and free from demand.

Geographic Information System (GIS) technology requires thorough attention to detail and
ethical implementation, guaranteeing that the data is utilized exclusively to enhance waste
management. Moreover, suggestions should be in line with sustainability objectives, promoting
lasting environmental advantages while honoring local principles and regulations. Being
transparent in reporting findings is crucial. It involves honestly presenting results and limitations,
as well as a commitment to sharing outcomes with stakeholders. This helps facilitate informed
decision-making and ensures accountability. The strategy as a whole should embody a dedication
to promoting the welfare of both the campus community and the environment.

Summary of Findings

The research in enhancing waste management procedures at Pampanga State Agricultural

University (PSAU) through Geographic Information System (GIS) technology provides valuable
insights into the campus's present waste management practices. It highlights the primary kinds
and origins of waste produced, identifying regions experiencing notable build-up as a result of
the growing population and increased activities. The study highlights shortcomings in current
waste disposal and recycling methods, underscoring the necessity for enhanced protocols. The
study evaluated the attitudes and actions of students, vendors, and staff concerning waste
segregation and recycling, revealing diverse levels of awareness and engagement. These factors
have a direct influence on the success of waste management initiatives. The utilization of
Geographic Information System (GIS) technology was crucial in pinpointing waste hotspots,
studying waste patterns, and streamlining collection routes, showcasing its capability to improve
decision-making processes and operational productivity.
 The results highlight the significance of incorporating technology, promoting behavioral
shifts, and utilizing data-driven approaches to enhance waste reduction and recycling endeavors.
This research lays the groundwork for creating environmentally friendly waste management
solutions that are in line with the environmental objectives of Pampanga State Agricultural
University and can act as a blueprint for other establishments facing similar challenges.

Recommendation for Future Researchers

Future researchers wishing to enhance waste management protocols through Geographic

Information System (GIS) technology may explore various critical factors. Broadening the
study's focus to encompass hazardous and electronic waste, along with evaluating waste
management practices in off-campus locations, would offer a more holistic understanding of the
challenges in waste management. The incorporation of cutting-edge technologies like IT-enabled
smart bins, machine learning for waste prediction, and real-time monitoring systems has the
potential to boost Geographic Information System GIS-based analyses and offer dynamic,
predictive solutions.

Conducting longitudinal studies could offer valuable insights into assessing how well the
implemented protocols work in the long run, and tracking any behavioral changes among campus
stakeholders as time passes. Delving more deeply into behavior change strategies, like tailored
awareness campaigns or incentive programs, may enhance the promotion of improved waste
segregation and recycling practices. It would be advantageous to interact with local government
units, environmental agencies, and private waste management companies to explore
collaborative opportunities and expand the implementation of Geographic Information System
(GIS) solutions.

Including a thorough cost-benefit analysis can offer valuable insights into the economic
feasibility of waste management protocols driven by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and
their conformity with environmental regulations. Enhancing Geographic Information Systems
(GIS) platforms for campus administrators by incorporating intuitive data visualization tools can
streamline decision-making processes and make them more efficient. Engaging students and
vendors in the design of waste management strategies through a participatory research approach
can promote stronger ownership and enhance the practicality of the proposed solutions. Lastly,
incorporating a thorough environmental impact assessment would enable researchers to measure
the advantages of upgraded waste management practices, like lower carbon emissions and
enhanced resource recovery rates. Considering these factors will assist upcoming researchers in
advancing the conclusions of this study and fostering cutting-edge, efficient, and durable waste
management solutions.

(Edyi)

• Conclusions

• References

• Appendices
Reference:

Ahmad, S., & Kim, D. H. (2020). Quantum GIS based descriptive and predictive data analysis
for effective planning of waste management. Ieee Access, 8, 46193-46205.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9026977

Chalkias and Lasaridi (2011) Benefits from GIS Based Modelling for Municipal Solid Waste
Management https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/17448

Khan, D., & Samadder, S. R. (2014). Municipal solid waste management using Geographical
Information System aided methods: A mini review. Waste management & research, 32(11),
1049-1062.
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=1f06357fe809949a8617978da
1e55277dbce74d6

Perez-Ramos, R. A THREE-LEVEL DISPOSAL SITE SELECTION CRITERIA SYSTEM

FOR TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTES IN THE PHILIPPINES.
https://tinyurl.com/4xtuhkyf

Sumathi, V. R., Natesan, U., & Sarkar, C. (2008). GIS-based approach for optimized siting of
municipal solid waste landfill. Waste management, 28(11), 2146-2160.
https://tinyurl.com/5hh4umkv

Vijay, R., Gautam, A., Kalamdhad, A., Gupta, A., & Devotta, S. (2008). GIS-based locational
analysis of collection bins in municipal solid waste management systems. Journal of
Environmental Engineering and Science, 7(1), 39-43. https://tinyurl.com/27dekbrd
•Edzel
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms