exp4
exp4
EXPERIMENT NO:- 4
DATE:- 04/02/2025
AIM:- To measure Received power, Gain and Path loss at various distances, of a horn antenna
using two identical antenna method.
APPARATUS:-
Klystron power supply, Microwave source, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable attenuator,
Slotted line, Tunable probe, Detector mount, SWR meter, Parabolic dish Antennas, Antenna
stands (stationary and turntable).
SETUP DIAGRAM:-
THEORY:-
The Friis transmission formula is used in telecommunications engineering, equating the
power at the terminals of a receive antenna as the product of power density of the incident wave
and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna under idealized conditions given another
antenna some distance away transmitting a known amount of power. In the above formula Gt and
Gr are the antenna gains (with respect to an isotropic radiator) of the transmitting and receiving
antennas respectively, λ is the wavelength representing the effective aperture area of the
receiving antenna, and d = R is the distance separating the antennas.
To calculate using decibels, the equation becomes:
In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss,
FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feed points of two antennas that results from
the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS)
path through free space (usually air). The "Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas", IEEE
Std 145-1993, defines free-space loss as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space,
expressed as a power ratio. It does not include any power loss in the antennas themselves due to
imperfections such as resistance. Free-space loss increases with the square of distance between
the antennas because the radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the
square of the wavelength of the radio waves. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a
part of the Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of antennas. It is a factor that must
be included in the power link budget of a radio communication system, to ensure that sufficient
radio power reaches the receiver such that the transmitted signal is received intelligibly.
PROCEDURE:-
4. Vary the distance between two antennas (R=d) from 10 cm to 100 cm in a step of 10 cm and
note down the received power (PR) readings from VSWR meter at each distance.
5. Calculate the path loss for each distance R using above path loss formula.
OBSERVATIONS:-
Distance (R=d) Received power (PR) Path loss (FSPL) Gain of Antenna
cm dB dB (dB)
ref -27.4 -
10 -29.5 31.98 13.64
20 -31.5 38 15.615
30 -34.1 41.52 16.11
40 -36.6 44.02 16.1
50 -38.5 45.96 16.13
60 -39.3 47.54 16.51
70 -40 48.88 16.84
80 -40.3 50.04 17.27
90 -42.2 51.07 16.785
100 -44.4 51.98 16.19
-5
-10
-15
Power Received (db)
-20
-25
-29.5
-30 -31.5
-34.1
-35 -36.6
-38.5
-39.3 -40 -40.3
-40 -42.2
-44.4
-45
-50
Distance (cm)
51.07 51.98
50.04
48.88
50 47.54
45.96
44.02
41.52
40 38
Path loss (FSPL)
31.98
30
20
10
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
distance (R) in cm
CONCLUSION:
The experiment effectively demonstrated the relationship between received power, gain,
and path loss at varying distances using two identical horn antennas. As the distance between the
antennas increased, the received power decreased due to the inverse square law, while the path
loss increased correspondingly. The calculated gain values of the horn antennas aligned with
their expected performance, validating the experimental setup and procedure. The graphical
representation of received power versus distance and path loss versus distance provided clear
visual evidence of these relationships, reinforcing the theoretical principles of the Friis
transmission formula and free-space path loss. These findings are essential for optimizing
antenna systems in wireless communication.