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The experiment aimed to measure received power, gain, and path loss of a horn antenna using a two identical antenna method. Results indicated that as the distance between antennas increased, received power decreased and path loss increased, consistent with the inverse square law. The findings validated the theoretical principles of the Friis transmission formula and are crucial for optimizing wireless communication systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
10 views4 pages

exp4

The experiment aimed to measure received power, gain, and path loss of a horn antenna using a two identical antenna method. Results indicated that as the distance between antennas increased, received power decreased and path loss increased, consistent with the inverse square law. The findings validated the theoretical principles of the Friis transmission formula and are crucial for optimizing wireless communication systems.

Uploaded by

Gaurav
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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U23EC121 - EMW LAB

EXPERIMENT NO:- 4

DATE:- 04/02/2025
AIM:- To measure Received power, Gain and Path loss at various distances, of a horn antenna
using two identical antenna method.

APPARATUS:-
Klystron power supply, Microwave source, Isolator, Frequency meter, Variable attenuator,
Slotted line, Tunable probe, Detector mount, SWR meter, Parabolic dish Antennas, Antenna
stands (stationary and turntable).

SETUP DIAGRAM:-

THEORY:-
The Friis transmission formula is used in telecommunications engineering, equating the
power at the terminals of a receive antenna as the product of power density of the incident wave
and the effective aperture of the receiving antenna under idealized conditions given another
antenna some distance away transmitting a known amount of power. In the above formula Gt and
Gr are the antenna gains (with respect to an isotropic radiator) of the transmitting and receiving
antennas respectively, λ is the wavelength representing the effective aperture area of the
receiving antenna, and d = R is the distance separating the antennas.
To calculate using decibels, the equation becomes:

DoECE, SVNIT, Surat Page 1


U23EC121 - EMW LAB

In telecommunications, the free-space path loss (FSPL) (also known as free-space loss,
FSL) is the attenuation of radio energy between the feed points of two antennas that results from
the combination of the receiving antenna's capture area plus the obstacle-free, line-of-sight (LoS)
path through free space (usually air). The "Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas", IEEE
Std 145-1993, defines free-space loss as "The loss between two isotropic radiators in free space,
expressed as a power ratio. It does not include any power loss in the antennas themselves due to
imperfections such as resistance. Free-space loss increases with the square of distance between
the antennas because the radio waves spread out by the inverse square law and decreases with the
square of the wavelength of the radio waves. The FSPL is rarely used standalone, but rather as a
part of the Friis transmission formula, which includes the gain of antennas. It is a factor that must
be included in the power link budget of a radio communication system, to ensure that sufficient
radio power reaches the receiver such that the transmitted signal is received intelligibly.

PROCEDURE:-

1. Tune the Microwave test bench for maximum output power.

2. Tune the frequency meter for the measurement of frequency.

3. Connect the setup as shown in the diagram.

Check the following:


a. Axis of both the antennas must be at same height from the ground.
b. Both the antennas must be along the same common axis.

4. Vary the distance between two antennas (R=d) from 10 cm to 100 cm in a step of 10 cm and
note down the received power (PR) readings from VSWR meter at each distance.

5. Calculate the path loss for each distance R using above path loss formula.

6. Calculate the power ratio (Pr / Pt) = antilog 10 | [(Pr(dB) – Pt(dB))/10 ] |

7. Find the gain of the antenna using the following equation


G = (Pr / Pt)1/2 (4πR/λ)

8. Plot the following two graphs:

(a) Received power (PR) Vs distance (R) between two antennas.


(b) Path loss (FSPL) Vs distance (R) between two antennas.

DoECE, SVNIT, Surat Page 2


U23EC121 - EMW LAB

OBSERVATIONS:-

Distance (R=d) Received power (PR) Path loss (FSPL) Gain of Antenna
cm dB dB (dB)
ref -27.4 -
10 -29.5 31.98 13.64
20 -31.5 38 15.615
30 -34.1 41.52 16.11
40 -36.6 44.02 16.1
50 -38.5 45.96 16.13
60 -39.3 47.54 16.51
70 -40 48.88 16.84
80 -40.3 50.04 17.27
90 -42.2 51.07 16.785
100 -44.4 51.98 16.19

Received power (PR) Vs distance (R)


0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

-5

-10

-15
Power Received (db)

-20

-25
-29.5
-30 -31.5
-34.1
-35 -36.6
-38.5
-39.3 -40 -40.3
-40 -42.2
-44.4
-45

-50
Distance (cm)

DoECE, SVNIT, Surat Page 3


U23EC121 - EMW LAB

Path Loss (FSPL) Vs distance (R)


60

51.07 51.98
50.04
48.88
50 47.54
45.96
44.02
41.52

40 38
Path loss (FSPL)

31.98

30

20

10

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
distance (R) in cm

CONCLUSION:
The experiment effectively demonstrated the relationship between received power, gain,
and path loss at varying distances using two identical horn antennas. As the distance between the
antennas increased, the received power decreased due to the inverse square law, while the path
loss increased correspondingly. The calculated gain values of the horn antennas aligned with
their expected performance, validating the experimental setup and procedure. The graphical
representation of received power versus distance and path loss versus distance provided clear
visual evidence of these relationships, reinforcing the theoretical principles of the Friis
transmission formula and free-space path loss. These findings are essential for optimizing
antenna systems in wireless communication.

DoECE, SVNIT, Surat Page 4

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