PRE-TEST 8.

If the number of moles of a gas is doubled while

keeping the temperature, pressure, and volume
constant, according to Avogadro's Law, what
1. What is the name of the principle stating that the happens to its volume?
pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its
a) Doubles
volume, provided that the temperature and the
b) Halves
amount of gas remain constant?
c) Quadruples
a) Boyle's Law d) Remains constant
b) Charles's Law
9. Which gas law states that the total pressure
c) Avogadro's Law
exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum
d) Dalton's Law
of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the
2. If the volume of a gas is decreased while mixture?
keeping the temperature and the amount of gas
a) Boyle's Law
constant, what happens to its pressure according
b) Charles's Law
to Boyle's Law?
c) Avogadro's Law
a) Increases d) Dalton's Law
b) Decreases
10. What is the SI unit of pressure?
c) Remains constant
d) Doubles a) Pascal (Pa)
b) Kelvin (K)
3. Which gas law states that the volume of a gas is
c) Cubic meter (m^3)
directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvin,
d) Gram (g)
provided that the pressure and the amount of gas
remain constant? 11. Avogadro's law states that, at constant
temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gases
a) Boyle's Law
contain an equal number of molecules. What does
b) Charles's Law
this imply about the molar volume of gases?
c) Avogadro's Law
d) Gay-Lussac's Law a) it varies with temperature
b) it varies with pressure
4. If the temperature of a gas is doubled while
c) it is constant
keeping the pressure and the amount of gas
d) it is unrelated to the number of molecules
constant, according to Charles's Law, what
happens to its volume? 12. Boyle's Law describes the relationship between
which two properties of a gas?
a) Doubles
b) Halves a) Pressure and volume
c) Quadruples b) Volume and temperature
d) Remains constant c) Pressure and temperature
d) Temperature and moles
5. Which gas law describes the relationship
between the pressure and temperature of a gas, 13. According to Boyle's Law, if the volume of a
when the volume and the amount of gas are kept gas is decreased while keeping the temperature
constant? constant, what happens to its pressure?
a) Boyle's Law a) It decreases
b) Charles's Law b) It increases
c) Avogadro's Law c) It remains the same
d) Dalton's Law d) It fluctuates
6. If the pressure of a gas is increased while 14. Charles's Law describes the relationship
keeping the temperature and the volume constant, between which two properties of a gas?
according to Gay-Lussac's Law, what happens to
a) Pressure and volume
its temperature?
b) Volume and temperature
a) Increases c) Pressure and temperature
b) Decreases d) Temperature and moles
c) Remains constant
15. At constant pressure, what happens to the
d) Doubles
volume of a gas if its temperature is raised
7. What is the mathematical representation of according to Charles's Law?
Boyle's Law?
a) It increases
a) P1V1 = P2V2 b) It decreases
b) V1/T1 = V2/T2 c) It remains the same
c) P1/T1 = P2/T2 d) It fluctuates
d) PV = nRT
 Properties of Gases

1. Expansion (no definite shape and volume)

2. Compressibility (Pressure ↑ volume↓ gas molecules move closer)
3. Diffusion and Effusion (spread out and mix other gases easily)
4. Low density (lighter and easier to move, ↑ atmosphere)
5. Kinetic Molecular Theory (atom/molecules) (↑ temperature)
6. Pressure (no. molecules, speed and volume- Boyle’s law
7. Temperature (↑ temperature ,↑KME)

GAS LAWS

 Volume
 Pressure
 Temperature

OBJECTIVES

• By the end of the lesson, students will be able to explain the relationships between volume, pressure, and
temperature of gases as described by Boyle's Law, Charles's Law, and the combined gas law.
• Gas laws form the foundation of our understanding of the behavior of gases under various conditions.
• From the everyday applications of gas pressure to the intricate workings of gas molecules in scientific
experiments, the principles of gas laws are omnipresent.

Graham’s Law of EFFUSION

• The kinetic energy of a gas molecule is related to its velocity, as expressed by the equation:

1
KE= mv
2
Where m= mass; and v= velocity of the molecule

• Based on the equation, the velocity of a gas is inversely proportional to its mass. Hence, the lighter gas
molecule have a greater velocity than heavier ones.

• At the same temperature, all gases have the same kinetic energy. Therefore, for any two gases at a given
temperature,

KE 1=KE 2
m 1 v 1=m2 v 2
1. ROBERT BOYLE in the 17th century, describes the inverse
relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant
temperature. In simple terms, it states that when the volume of a
gas decreases, its pressure increases, and vice versa, provided the
temperature remains constant.

P1V1 = P2V2

Where:

P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, respectively.

P2 and V2 are the final pressure and volume, respectively.

1. A gas occupies a volume of 4.0 L at a pressure of 2.0 atm. If the

volume is decreased to 2.0 L, what will be the new pressure assuming constant temperature?

2. A gas at 3.0 atm pressure occupies a volume of 10.0 L. If the pressure is decreased to 2.0 atm, what will be the new
volume assuming constant temperature?
2. CHARLES'S LAW, proposed by Jacques Charles in the late 18th century, elucidates the direct relationship between the
volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure. It states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its
absolute temperature, provided the pressure remains constant.
1. A gas occupies a volume of 2.0 L at a temperature of 273 K. If the temperature is increased to 373 K, what will
be the new volume assuming constant pressure?

2. A gas occupies a volume of 5.0 L at a temperature of 300 K. If the temperature is decreased to 200 K, what will be
the new volume assuming constant pressure?

2. AVOGADRO'S LAW, formulated by Amedeo Avogadro in the 19th century, establishes that equal volumes of
gases at the same temperature and pressure contain an equal number of molecules. In essence, it states that
the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas present, provided the temperature
and pressure remain constant.
 1. A sample of gas occupies a volume of 10.0 L at a pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 273 K. How many
moles of gas are present?

2. If 0.5 moles of gas occupy a volume of 22.4 L at a pressure of 1.0 atm and a temperature of 273 K, what will be
the new volume if the number of moles of gas is doubled?

BIOMOLECULES Prepared by: Mr. Christian D. Catacutan, LPT

Objectives:

1. Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids;
2. Differentiate the biomolecules from each other in terms of their structure and function.

What are BIOMOLECULES?  CARBOHYDRATES

 LIPIDS
 Organic compounds made by living things
 PROTEINS
 Compounds essential to life
 NUCLEIC ACIDS
 Also called biochemicals
 Some are very large - polymers CARBOHYDRATES
 There are thousands of different
• The simplest biomolecules
biomolecules, but are separated into 4
• The word carbohydrate literally means
categories
“HYDRATES OF CARBON” (CH2O)n
• Contain 3 elements:
 Carbon (C)
 Hydrogen (H)
FOUR CATEGORIES OF BIOMOLECULES  Oxygen (O)

FUNCTIONS

• Carbohydrates provide energy and regulation of blood glucose.

• It prevents the breakdown of proteins for energy.
• Part of the structural material of plants
• Carbohydrates also help with fat metabolism. If the body has enough energy for its immediate needs, it
stores extra energy as fat.

Representation of Carbohydrates

Subtypes of Carbohydrates

MONOSACCHARIDES

(mono-“one” sacchar- “sugar”)

• simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrates

• have a formula of (CH2O)n, and they typically contain
three to seven carbon atoms.

EXAMPLES OF MONOSACCHARIDES

 GLUCOSE
  GALACTOSE
 FRUCTOSE

Subtypes of Carbohydrates

DISACCHARIDES

• form when two monosaccharides undergo a condensation

reaction

EXAMPLES OF DISACCHARIDES

• MALTOSE
• LACTOSE
• SUCROSE

Subtypes of Carbohydrates

POLYSACCHARIDES

• A long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds.

• The typical polysaccharide is between 200 and 2500 monosaccharides long.

EXAMPLES OF POLYSACCHARIDES

• STARCH
• GLYCOGEN
• CELLULOSE

LIPIDS

• A class of biological molecules defined by low solubility in water

• The word lipid is derived from a greek word “lipos” which means FAT
• Contain 3 elements:

Carbon (C)

Hydrogen (H)

Oxygen (O)

LIPIDS

• But unlike carbohydrates, fats are more complex & take much longer to break down.
• Lipids include:
 Fats
 Oils
• are high-energy molecules that plants and animals use to store energy in reserves for longer periods.

FUNCTIONS CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS

• Energy source and storage • Fats and Oils

• structural components of cell • Waxes
• Shock absorption and insulation(maintains • Phospholipids
homeostasis) • Steroids
• Hormones • Prostaglandins

Building blocks of LIPIDS

Fats and Oils

• These are the most abundant of the lipid compounds.

• Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
 made up of a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• FATS – solid at room temperature
• OILS – liquid at room temperature

WAXES

• Lipids that are harder and less greasy compared to fats.

 • Have high melting point at solid at room temperature.
• Excellent coating material due to their repellency, impermeability, and low toxicity. – Cuticle of plants

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

• Form part of the structure of the cell membrane

• Important in the transport of lipids in the body
• Made up of a glycerol, phosphate group and two fatty acids

STEROIDS

• Also called sterols

• Lipids characterized by the presence of four linked carbon rings – 3 cyclohexane rings and 1 cyclopentane rings.
• Examples:
o Cholesterol
o Estrogen
o Testosterone

PROSTAGLANDINS

• Biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic acid

• Produce fevers and inflammatory reactions
• Functions:
o Stimulate constriction of damaged blood vessels
o Induce labor and reproductive processes
o Increase blood flow in kidneys

PROTEINS

• Also known as POLYPEPTIDES

• Important component of all living systems and perform diverse functions inside the cell
• formed by a linear combination of amino acids monomers (among 20) by peptide linkage
• Contain the following elements:
 Carbon Hydrogen
 Oxygen Nitrogen

FUNCTIONS

Function Description Example

Antibodies bind to specific foreign

Antibody Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
particles to help protect the body.

Enzymes carry out almost all of the

Enzyme thousands of chemical reactions that take Phenylalaninehydroxylase
place in cells.

Messenger proteins transmit signals to

Messenger Insulin
coordinate biological processes.

These proteins provide structure and

Structural component Actin
support for cells.

These proteins bind and carry atoms and

Transport/storage Hgb
small molecules.

AMINO ACIDS

• Think of proteins as being like a word. Amino acids are the letters in that word. Rearranging the letters makes
words with different meanings.
• There are 20 amino acids required for human life to exist.
• 12 amino acids are made in our bodies, but the other 8 must be obtained by eating foods that contain them.

NUCLEIC ACIDS
 • Also called as POLYNUCLEOTIDES
• Large molecules used by living organisms for the storage and transmission of genetic information.
• Contain information that cells use to make proteins
• Made of:
o Carbon Oxygen
o Hydrogen Nitrogen
o Phosphorus

NUCLEOTIDES

• Monomers of nuclei acids

• Made up of three components:
o A nitrogen-containing base
o A five-carbon sugar
o Phosphate group

CLASSIFICATION OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

Chemical Reactions

 The change of one or more substances into other substances having different composition and properties is
called a chemical reaction. E.g.--

 C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

 2H2(g + O2(g) 2H2O(g)

 In a chemical reaction, the substances which react together are called reactants whereas the new substances
formed are called products.

Reactants - Product

 Types Of Chemical Reactions

1. Combination Reactions
2. Decomposition Reactions
3. Displacement Reactions
4. Double - Displacement Reactions
5. Oxidation and Reduction Reactions

Combination Reaction where A,B,C and ABC represent elements or

compounds.
 A reaction in which two or more substances
(elements or compounds) combine together to  Some Examples Of Combinaton Reactions
form a new substance is called a combination
 H2(g) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(l)
reaction.
 Mg(s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s)
 Many combustion reaction are also examples of  Fe(s) + S(s) FeS(s)
combination reaction.  MgO(s) + H2O(l) Mg(OH)2(aq)

Decomposition Reaction

 A reaction in which a substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances is known as decomposition
reaction.
 A decomposition reaction is opposite of combination. A decomposition reaction takes place only when some
energy in form of heat, light or electricity is supplied to the reactant.
where A,B,C and ABC represent an element or compound .

 Some Examples Of Decomposition Reactions

 ZnCO3(g) ZnO(s) + CO2(g)

 2H2O (l) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
 CaCO3(s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)
 2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

 Types Of Decomposition Reactions

  Thermal decomposition reaction
 Decomposition caused by heating
 Electrolytic decomposition (electrolysis) reaction
 Decomposition reaction caused by electricity
 Photodecomposition reaction
 Decomposition reaction caused by light
Displacement Reaction

 A reaction in which one part (an atom or a group of atoms) of a molecule is replaced by another is called a
displacement reaction.

where X,Y,Z represent an element or compound .

 Some Examples Of Displacement Reactions

 Zn(s) + 2HCl(dil) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

 2KBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

 CuSO4(aq) + Zn(s) Cu(s) + ZnSO4(aq)

 Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Double-Displacement Reaction

 A reaction in which the two reacting ionic compounds exchange their corresponding ions is called a double-
displacement reaction.
 where W,X,Y,Z represent an element or compound.

Some Examples Of Double-Displacement Reactions

 AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

 Ni(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Ni(OH)2(s) +2NaNO3(aq)
 2KBr(aq) + BaI2 (aq) 2KI(aq)+BaBr2(aq)
 Pb(CH3COOH)2(aq)+2HCl(aq) PbCl2(s)+2CH3COOH2(aq)
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

 Oxidation Reaction: Any process involving addition of oxygen, removal of hydrogen and/or loss of electron is
known as oxidation reaction.
 Example:
 Addition of oxygen
 P4(s) + 5O2(g) 2P2O5(s) (oxidation of P4)
 Removal of hydrogen
 H2S(aq) +Br2(aq) 2HBr(aq) + S(s) (oxidation of H2S)
 Loss of electron
 Al (s) Al3+(aq) + 3e- (oxidation of Al)
Oxidising Agent : The substance which brings about oxidation of other substances is called an oxidising agent.
 Example: 1. KMnO4 (Potassium Permanganate)
2 .H2SO4 (Conc. Sulphuric acid)

Reduction Reaction: Any process involving removal of oxygen, addition of hydrogen and/or gain of electron is known as
reduction reaction.

 Example:

 Removal of oxygen
 Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) Fe(s) + 3CO2(g) (reduction of Fe2O3)
 Addition of hydrogen
 H2S(aq) + Cl2(g) 2HCl(aq) + S(s) (reduction of Cl)
 Gain of electron
 Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s) (reduction of Cu2+)
Reducing Agent: The substance which brings about reduction of other substance is called a reducing agent.
 Example: 1. H2 (Hydrogen)
2.SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide)

 “Reduction is the reverse of oxidation”

  “Oxidation and reduction are mutually dependent, i.e. oxidation and reduction are reciprocal. Thus, in a
reaction if a substance oxidises, another reduces.”

Balancing Chemical Equations

Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs)

C- Identify unbalanced chemical equations and apply techniques to balance them correctly (S10MT-IVe-g-23-COG2)

A- Apply the principles of conservation of mass to chemical reactions (S10MT-IVe-g-23)

P- Improve their speed in balancing equations while maintaining accuracy through repeated practice (S10MT-IVe-g-
23-PSY3)

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

• The law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in any ordinary chemical
reactions.

• In reaction, the total mass of the products is ALWAYS equal to the total mass of the reactants.

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION

 A trial and error method, or through the oxidation state method.

 Both methods may involve the introduction of coefficient.

INSPECTION METHOD/ STEPS

1. Most gaseous elements, such as H, O, N, and C- 1 C- 1

Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At, and Ts) exits in their free or H- 4 H- 2
uncombined state as Diatomic molecules (e.g. H2, O2, O- 2 O- 3
N2, F2, Br2, and I2) Balance the hydrogen, then oxygen.

CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O 4. Balance hydrogen: Next, balance the hydrogen

atoms. In our example, there are four hydrogen atoms
2. Count the atoms: Count the number of each type of
on the left and only two on the right.
atom on both sides of the equation. This will help you
determine which coefficients to adjust. CH4 + O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C- 1 C- 1
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
H- 4 H- 2 4
C- 1 C- 1
O- 2 O- 3 4
H- 4 H- 2
5. Balance oxygen: Finally, balance the oxygen atoms.
O- 2 O- 3
There are 2 oxygen atoms in methane and 2 in water,
3. Start balancing: Begin by adjusting coefficients to
totaling 4 on the left. There are 2 oxygen atoms in
balance one element at a time. Typically, you will want
carbon dioxide and none elsewhere on the right. To
to start with elements that appear only once on each
balance this, you need to adjust the coefficient of the
side of the equation.
oxygen molecule on the left side
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
C- 1 C- 1 C- 1 C- 1
H- 4 H- 24 H- 4 H- 24
O- 2 4 O- 3 4 O- 2 4 O- 3 4

Q &A

1. How does the conservation of mass relate to balancing chemical equations, and why is it crucial in chemical
reactions?

2. What is the role of stoichiometry in balancing chemical equations, and how it helps in determining the
relative amounts of reactants and products involved in a reaction?

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS in social settings with FAITH means believing that relationships naturally find a
balance, just like chemicals do in reactions. It is like trusting that everyone in a group is important, just like each
element in a chemical equation. Faith teaches us to see the value in everyone, which helps keep social interactions
harmonious and balanced.

 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

 Balancing chemical equations in environmental science is like ensuring that every part of a recipe is in the
right proportion; it helps us understand how substances interact in nature and how human activities can
affect the environment positively or negatively.

 MATHEMATICS

 Balancing Chemical Equations in mathematics relates to solving equations or systems of equations, ensuring
that both sides are equal by applying operations that maintain equality, similar to balancing scales by adding
or subtracting equal amounts.

1. The conservation of mass is a fundamental principle in chemistry that states that mass is neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction, only rearranged. Balancing chemical equations ensures that the same number of
atoms of each element are present on both the reactant and product sides of the equation. This conservation principle
is crucial because it allows us to accurately predict the outcome of reactions and understand the quantities of
substances involved.

2. Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the quantitative relationships between reactants and
products in chemical reactions. When balancing chemical equations, stoichiometry is essential for determining the
correct coefficients that represent the relative amounts of reactants and products. By using stoichiometric calculations,
we can ensure that the law of conservation of mass is satisfied and accurately predict the quantities of substances
consumed and produced in a reaction. This understanding is crucial for practical applications in industries such as
manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science.