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United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the
United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily United States of America
located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 states
and Washington, D.C. as its federal capital district. The 48
contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to
the south, with the semi-exclavic state of Alaska in the
northwest and the archipelagic state of Hawaii in the Pacific Flag
Coat of arms
Ocean. Some 574 federally recognized tribal governments
and 326 Indian reservations are legally classified as domestic Motto: "In God We Trust"[1]
dependent nations with tribal sovereignty rights. The U.S. Other traditional mottos:[2]
asserts sovereignty over five major island territories and "E pluribus unum" (Latin)
"Out of many, one"
various uninhabited islands.[k] It is a megadiverse country,
"Annuit cœptis" (Latin)
with the world's third-largest land area[d] and third-largest "Providence favors our undertakings"
population, exceeding 340 million.[l] "Novus ordo seclorum" (Latin)
"New order of the ages"
Paleo-Indians migrated to North America across the Bering
land bridge more than 12,000 years ago, and formed various Anthem: "The Star-Spangled Banner"[3]
civilizations and societies. Spanish exploration and 1:19
colonization led to the establishment in 1513 of Spanish
Florida, the first European colony in what is now the
continental United States. France also began to colonize at
this time, but major settlements came much later.
Subsequent British colonization led to the first settlement of
the Thirteen Colonies in Virginia in 1607. Intensive
agriculture in the rapidly expanding Southern Colonies
encouraged the forced migration of enslaved Africans.
Clashes with the British Crown over taxation and political
representation sparked the American Revolution, with the
Second Continental Congress formally declaring
independence on July 4, 1776. Following its victory in the
Show globe (states and D.C. only)
1775–1783 Revolutionary War, the country continued to Show the U.S. and its territories
expand westward across North America, dispossessing Show territories with their exclusive
Native Americans as it fought the Indian Wars. The 1803 economic zone
Show all
purchase of Louisiana from Napoleonic France and the end
of the Mexican–American War in 1848 provided vast Capital Washington, D.C.
territories for expansion. As more states were admitted, a 38°53′N 77°1′W
North–South division over slavery led to the secession of the Largest city New York City
Confederate States of America, which fought the Union in the 40°43′N 74°0′W
1861–1865 American Civil War. With the victory and Official languages None at the federal
preservation of the United States, slavery was abolished level[a]
nationally. By the late 19th century, the United States National language English[b]
established itself as a great power with victory in the
Ethnic groups By race:
Spanish–American War, a status solidified with its
(2020)[4][5][6] 61.6% White
participation in World War I. Following Japan's attack on
12.4% Black
Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the U.S. entered World War
6% Asian

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II; its aftermath left the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the 1.1% Native American
world's superpowers. During the Cold War, both countries 0.2% Pacific Islander
struggled for ideological dominance and international 10.2% two or more
influence. The end of the Cold War and the Soviet Union's races
collapse in 1991 left the U.S. as the world's sole superpower. 8.4% other
By origin:
The U.S. national government is a presidential constitutional 81.3% non-Hispanic or
Latino
federal republic and liberal democracy with three separate
18.7% Hispanic or
branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. It has a Latino
bicameral national legislature composed of the House of
Representatives, a lower house based on population, and the Religion (2023)[7] 67% Christianity
33% Protestantism
Senate, an upper house based on equal representation for
22% Catholicism
each state. The country's Democratic and Republican parties 1% Mormonism
have dominated American politics since the 1850s. 11% other Christian
Federalism provides substantial autonomy to the 50 states, 22% unaffiliated
while American values are based on a political tradition that 2% Judaism
draws its inspiration from the European Enlightenment 6% other religion
movement. A melting pot of many ethnicities and customs, 3% unanswered
the culture of the United States has been shaped by centuries Demonym(s) American[c][8]
of immigration, and its soft power influence has a global
reach. Government Federal presidential
republic
One of the world's most developed countries, the U.S. ranks • President Donald Trump
among the highest in economic competitiveness, • Vice President JD Vance
productivity, innovation, human rights, and higher • House Speaker Mike Johnson
education. The United States accounted for over a quarter of • Chief Justice John Roberts
nominal global economic output in 2024, and its economy Legislature Congress
has been the world's largest by nominal GDP since about • Upper house Senate
1890. It possesses by far the largest amount of wealth of any • Lower house House of
country and has the highest disposable household income per Representatives
capita among OECD countries, though U.S. wealth inequality Independence from Great Britain
is higher than in most other developed countries. The U.S. is • Declaration July 4, 1776
a member of multiple international organizations and plays a • Confederation March 1, 1781
leading role in global political, cultural, economic, and • Recognition September 3, 1783
military affairs. • Constitution June 21, 1788
Area
• Total area 3,796,742 sq mi
Etymology (9,833,520 km2)[10][d]
(3rd)
The first documented use of the phrase "United States of • Water (%) 7.0[9] (2010)
America" is a letter from January 2, 1776. Stephen Moylan, a • Land area 3,531,905 sq mi
Continental Army aide to General George Washington, wrote (9,147,590 km2) (3rd)

to Joseph Reed, Washington's aide-de-camp, seeking to go Population

"with full and ample powers from the United States of • 2024 estimate 340,110,988[11]
America to Spain" to seek assistance in the Revolutionary • 2020 census 331,449,281[e][12]
War effort.[20][21] The first known public usage is an (3rd)
anonymous essay published in the Williamsburg newspaper, • Density 87/sq mi (33.6/km2)
(185th)
The Virginia Gazette, on April 6, 1776.[20][22][23] By June
1776, the "United States of America" appeared in the Articles GDP (PPP) 2024 estimate
of Confederation,[24][25] and in July, the Declaration of • Total $29.168 trillion[f][13]
Independence.[24] The Second Continental Congress adopted (2nd)
the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776.[26] • Per capita $86,601[13] (8th)

GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate

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The term "United States" and its initialism "U.S.", used as • Total $29.168 trillion[13]
nouns or as adjectives in English, are common short names (1st)
for the country. The initialism "USA", a noun, is also • Per capita $86,601[13] (6th)
common.[27] "United States" and "U.S." are the established Gini (2023) 41.6[g][14]
terms throughout the U.S. federal government, with medium inequality
prescribed rules.[m] "The States" is an established colloquial HDI (2022) 0.927[15]
shortening of the name, used particularly from abroad;[29] very high (20th)
"stateside" is the corresponding adjective or adverb.[30]
Currency U.S. dollar ($) (USD)
"America" is the feminine form of the first word of Americus Time zone UTC−4 to −12, +10, +11
Vesputius, the Latinized name of Italian explorer Amerigo • Summer (DST) UTC−4 to −10[h]
Vespucci (1454–1512); it was first used as a place name by
Date format mm/dd/yyyy[i]
the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and
Matthias Ringmann in 1507.[31][n] Vespucci first proposed Calling code +1
that the West Indies discovered by Christopher Columbus in ISO 3166 code US
1492 were part of a previously unknown landmass and not
among the Indies at the eastern limit of Asia.[32][33][34] In
Internet TLD .us[16]
English, the term "America" rarely refers to topics unrelated
to the United States, despite the usage of "the Americas" to describe the totality of North and South
America.[35]

History

Indigenous peoples
The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia over
12,000 years ago, either across the Bering land bridge or along the now-
submerged Ice Age coastline.[37][38] The Clovis culture, which appeared
around 11,000 BC, is believed to be the first widespread culture in the
Americas.[39][40] Over time, indigenous North American cultures grew
increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the Mississippian culture,
developed agriculture, architecture, and complex societies.[41] In the
post-archaic period, the Mississippian cultures were located in the Cliff Palace, a settlement of
midwestern, eastern, and southern regions, and the Algonquian in the ancestors of the Native American
Great Lakes region and along the Eastern Seaboard, while the Pueblo peoples in present-day
Hohokam culture and Ancestral Puebloans inhabited the southwest.[42] Montezuma County, Colorado, built
Native population estimates of what is now the United States before the between c. 1200 and 1275[36]

arrival of European immigrants range from around 500,000[43][44] to

nearly 10 million.[44][45]

European exploration, colonization and conflict (1513–1765)

Christopher Columbus began exploring the Caribbean for Spain in 1492, leading to Spanish-speaking
settlements and missions from Puerto Rico and Florida to New Mexico and California. The first Spanish
colony in what is now the continental United States was Spanish Florida, chartered in 1513.[46][47][48][49]
After several settlements failed there due to hunger and disease, Spain's first permanent town, Saint
Augustine, was founded in 1565.[50] France established its own settlements in French Florida in 1562, but
they were either abandoned (Charlesfort, 1578) or destroyed by Spanish raids (Fort Caroline, 1565);
permanent French settlements would be founded much later along the Great Lakes (Fort Detroit, 1701), the
Mississippi River (Saint Louis, 1764) and especially the Gulf of Mexico (New Orleans, 1718).[51] Early
European colonies also included the thriving Dutch colony of New Nederland (settled 1626, present-day

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New York) and the small Swedish colony of New Sweden (settled 1638
in what is now Delaware). British colonization of the East Coast began
with the Virginia Colony (1607) and the Plymouth Colony
(Massachusetts, 1620).[52][53] The Mayflower Compact in
Massachusetts and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut established
precedents for representative self-governance and constitutionalism
that would develop throughout the American colonies.[54][55] While
European settlers in what is now the United States experienced
conflicts with Native Americans, they also engaged in trade, exchanging The 1750 colonial possessions of
European tools for food and animal pelts.[56][o] Relations ranged from Britain (in pink and purple), France
(in blue), and Spain (in orange) in
close cooperation to warfare and massacres. The colonial authorities
present-day Canada and the United
often pursued policies that forced Native Americans to adopt European
States
lifestyles, including conversion to Christianity.[60][61] Along the eastern
seaboard, settlers trafficked African slaves through the Atlantic slave
trade.[62]

The original Thirteen Colonies[p] that would later found the United States were administered as
possessions of Great Britain,[63] and had local governments with elections open to most white male
property owners.[64][65] The colonial population grew rapidly from Maine to Georgia, eclipsing Native
American populations;[66] by the 1770s, the natural increase of the population was such that only a small
minority of Americans had been born overseas.[67] The colonies' distance from Britain allowed for the
development of self-governance,[68] and the First Great Awakening, a series of Christian revivals, fueled
colonial interest in religious liberty.[69]

American Revolution and the early republic (1765–1800)

Following their victory in the French and Indian War, Britain began to
assert greater control over local colonial affairs, resulting in colonial
political resistance; one of the primary colonial grievances was a denial
of their rights as Englishmen, particularly the right to representation in
the British government that taxed them. To demonstrate their
dissatisfaction and resolve, the First Continental Congress met in 1774
and passed the Continental Association, a colonial boycott of British
goods that proved effective. The British attempt to then disarm the Declaration of Independence, a
colonists resulted in the 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord, igniting portrait by John Trumbull depicting
the American Revolutionary War. At the Second Continental Congress, the Committee of Five presenting
the colonies appointed George Washington commander-in-chief of the the draft of the Declaration to the
Continental Congress on June 28,
Continental Army, and created a committee that named Thomas
1776, in Philadelphia
Jefferson to draft the Declaration of Independence. Two days after
passing the Lee Resolution to create an independent nation the
Declaration was adopted on July 4, 1776.[70] The political values of the American Revolution included
liberty, inalienable individual rights; and the sovereignty of the people;[71] supporting republicanism and
rejecting monarchy, aristocracy, and all hereditary political power; civic virtue; and vilification of political
corruption.[72] The Founding Fathers of the United States, who included Washington, Jefferson, John
Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, Thomas Paine, and many
others, were inspired by Greco-Roman, Renaissance, and Enlightenment philosophies and ideas.[73][74]

The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were ratified in 1781 and established a decentralized
government that operated until 1789.[70] After the British surrender at the siege of Yorktown in 1781
American sovereignty was internationally recognized by the Treaty of Paris (1783), through which the U.S.
gained territory stretching west to the Mississippi River, north to present-day Canada, and south to
Spanish Florida.[75] The Northwest Ordinance (1787) established the precedent by which the country's
territory would expand with the admission of new states, rather than the expansion of existing states.[76]

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The U.S. Constitution was drafted at the 1787 Constitutional Convention to overcome the limitations of the
Articles. It went into effect in 1789, creating a federal republic governed by three separate branches that
together ensured a system of checks and balances.[77] George Washington was elected the country's first
president under the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights was adopted in 1791 to allay skeptics' concerns
about the power of the more centralized government.[78][79] His resignation as commander-in-chief after
the Revolutionary War and his later refusal to run for a third term as the country's first president
established a precedent for the supremacy of civil authority in the United States and the peaceful transfer of
power.[80][81]

Westward expansion and Civil War (1800–1865)

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 from France nearly doubled the
territory of the United States.[82][83] Lingering issues with Britain
remained, leading to the War of 1812, which was fought to a
draw.[84][85] Spain ceded Florida and its Gulf Coast territory in
1819.[86] In the late 18th century, American settlers began to expand
westward, many with a sense of manifest destiny.[87][88] The Missouri
Compromise of 1820, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and
Maine as a free state, attempted to balance the desire of northern states Historical territorial expansion of the
to prevent the expansion of slavery into new territories with that of United States
southern states to extend it there. The compromise further prohibited
slavery in all other lands of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36°30′
parallel.[89] As Americans expanded further into land inhabited by
Native Americans, the federal government often applied policies of
Indian removal or assimilation.[90][91] The most significant removal
legislation in U.S. history was the Indian Removal Act of 1830. It
culminated in the Trail of Tears (1830–1850), in which an estimated
60,000 Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River were
forcibly removed and displaced to lands far to the west, resulting in
Division of the states during the
anywhere from 13,200 to 16,700 deaths.[92] These and earlier organized American Civil War:
displacements prompted a long series of American Indian Wars west of Union states
the Mississippi.[93][94] The Republic of Texas was annexed in 1845,[95] Border states
and the 1846 Oregon Treaty led to U.S. control of the present-day Confederate states
American Northwest.[96] Victory in the Mexican–American War Territories
resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California, Nevada, Utah, and
much of present-day Colorado and the American Southwest.[87][97] The
California gold rush of 1848–1849 spurred a huge migration of white settlers to the Pacific coast, leading to
even more confrontations with Native populations. One of the most violent, the California genocide of
thousands of Native inhabitants, lasted into the early 1870s,[98] just as additional western territories and
states were created.[99]

During the colonial period, slavery had been legal in the American colonies, especially in the agriculture-
intensive Southern Colonies from Maryland to Georgia. The practice began to be significantly questioned
during the American Revolution.[100] Spurred by an active abolitionist movement that had reemerged in
the 1830s, states in the North enacted anti-slavery laws.[101] At the same time, support for slavery had
strengthened in Southern states with inventions such as the cotton gin (1793), which had long made the
institution profitable for Southern elites.[102][103][104] Throughout the 1850s, this sectional conflict
regarding slavery was further inflamed by legislation in Congress and decisions of the Supreme Court: The
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 mandated the return of slaves taking refuge in non-slave states to their owners in
the South. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 effectively gutted the anti-slavery requirements of the
Missouri Compromise.[105] Finally, in its Dred Scott decision of 1857, the Supreme Court ruled against a
slave brought into non-slave territory and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. These
events exacerbated tensions between North and South that would culminate in the American Civil War
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(1861–1865).[106][107] Eleven slave states seceded and formed the Confederate States of America, while the
other states remained in the Union.[108][109] War broke out in April 1861 after the Confederates bombarded
Fort Sumter.[110][111] After the January 1863 Emancipation Proclamation, many freed slaves joined the
Union army.[112] The war began to turn in the Union's favor following the 1863 Siege of Vicksburg and
Battle of Gettysburg, and the Confederacy surrendered in 1865 after the Union's victory in the Battle of
Appomattox Court House.[113] The Reconstruction era followed the war. After the assassination of
President Abraham Lincoln, Reconstruction Amendments were passed to protect the rights of African
Americans. National infrastructure, including transcontinental telegraph and railroads, spurred growth in
the American frontier.[114]

Post–Civil War era (1865–1917)

From 1865 through 1917, an unprecedented stream of immigrants
arrived in the United States, including 24.4 million from Europe.[117]
Most came through the port of New York City, and New York City and
other large cities on the East Coast became home to large Jewish, Irish,
and Italian populations, while many Germans and Central Europeans
moved to the Midwest. At the same time, about one million French
Canadians migrated from Quebec to New England.[118] During the 2:27
Great Migration, millions of African Americans left the rural South for
urban areas in the North.[119] Alaska was purchased from Russia in An Edison Studios film showing
1867.[120] immigrants arriving at Ellis Island in
New York Harbor, a major point of
The Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction and white entry for European immigrants in
the late 19th and early 20th
supremacists took local control of Southern politics.[121][122] African
centuries[115][116]
Americans endured a period of heightened, overt racism following
Reconstruction, a time often called the nadir of American race
relations.[123][124] A series of Supreme Court decisions, including Plessy v. Ferguson, emptied the
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of their force, allowing Jim Crow laws in the South to remain
unchecked, sundown towns in the Midwest, and segregation in communities across the country, which
would be reinforced by the policy of redlining later adopted by the federal Home Owners' Loan
Corporation.[125]

An explosion of technological advancement accompanied by the exploitation of cheap immigrant labor[126]

led to rapid economic expansion during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, allowing the United States to
outpace the economies of England, France, and Germany combined.[127][128] This fostered the amassing of
power by a few prominent industrialists, largely by their formation of trusts and monopolies to prevent
competition.[129] Tycoons led the nation's expansion in the railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. The
United States emerged as a pioneer of the automotive industry.[130] These changes were accompanied by
significant increases in economic inequality, slum conditions, and social unrest, creating the environment
for labor unions and socialist movements to begin to flourish.[131][132][133] This period eventually ended
with the advent of the Progressive Era, which was characterized by significant reforms.[134][135]

Pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the Hawaiian monarchy; the islands were annexed in 1898.
That same year, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam were ceded to the U.S. by Spain after the latter's
defeat in the Spanish–American War. (The Philippines was granted full independence from the U.S. on
July 4, 1946, following World War II. Puerto Rico and Guam have remained U.S. territories.)[136] American
Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the Second Samoan Civil War.[137] The U.S. Virgin
Islands were purchased from Denmark in 1917.[138]

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Rise as a superpower (1917–1945)

The United States entered World War I alongside the Allies in 1917
helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers.[139] In 1920, a
constitutional amendment granted nationwide women's suffrage.[140]
During the 1920s and 1930s, radio for mass communication and early
television transformed communications nationwide.[141] The Wall
Street Crash of 1929 triggered the Great Depression, which President
Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to with the New Deal, a series of
sweeping programs and public works projects combined with financial
reforms and regulations. All were intended to protect against future The 1945 Trinity test, during which
economic depressions.[142][143] the U.S. conducted the first-ever
detonation of a nuclear weapon
Initially neutral during World War II, the U.S. began supplying war
materiel to the Allies of World War II in March 1941 and entered the
war in December after the Empire of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[144][145] The U.S. developed the first
nuclear weapons and used them against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945,
ending the war.[146][147] The United States was one of the "Four Policemen" who met to plan the post-war
world, alongside the United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and China.[148][149] The U.S. emerged relatively
unscathed from the war, with even greater economic power and international political influence.[150]

Cold War (1945–1991)

After World War II, the United States entered the Cold War, where
geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union led the two
countries to dominate world affairs.[151][152][153] The U.S. utilized the
policy of containment to limit the USSR's sphere of influence, engaged
in regime change against governments perceived to be aligned with
Moscow, and prevailed in the Space Race, which culminated with the
first crewed Moon landing in 1969.[154][155] Domestically, the U.S.
experienced economic growth, urbanization, and population growth Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald
[156] Reagan sign the Intermediate-
following World War II. The civil rights movement emerged, with
Range Nuclear Forces Treaty at the
Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader in the early
White House in 1987.
1960s.[157] The Great Society plan of President Lyndon B. Johnson's
administration resulted in groundbreaking and broad-reaching laws,
policies and a constitutional amendment to counteract some of the worst effects of lingering institutional
racism.[158] The counterculture movement in the U.S. brought significant social changes, including the
liberalization of attitudes toward recreational drug use and sexuality.[159][160] It also encouraged open
defiance of the military draft (leading to the end of conscription in 1973) and wide opposition to U.S.
intervention in Vietnam (with the U.S. totally withdrawing in 1975).[161] A societal shift in the roles of
women was significantly responsible for the large increase in female paid labor participation during the
1970s, and by 1985 the majority of American women aged 16 and older were employed.[162] The late 1980s
and early 1990s saw the fall of communism and the collapse of the Soviet Union, which marked the end of
the Cold War and left the United States as the world's sole superpower.[163][164][165][166]

Contemporary (1991–present)
The 1990s saw the longest recorded economic expansion in American history, a dramatic decline in U.S.
crime rates, and advances in technology. Throughout this decade, technological innovations such as the
World Wide Web, the evolution of the Pentium microprocessor in accordance with Moore's law,
rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, the first gene therapy trial, and cloning either emerged in the U.S. or
were improved upon there. The Human Genome Project was formally launched in 1990, while Nasdaq
became the first stock market in the United States to trade online in 1998.[167]

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In the Gulf War of 1991, an American-led international coalition of

states expelled an Iraqi invasion force that had occupied neighboring
Kuwait.[168] The September 11 attacks on the United States in 2001 by
the pan-Islamist militant organization al-Qaeda led to the war on
terror, and subsequent military interventions in Afghanistan and
Iraq.[169][170]

The U.S. housing bubble culminated in 2007 with the Great Recession,
the largest economic contraction since the Great Depression.[171] The Twin Towers in New York City
Coming to a head in the 2010s, political polarization in the country during the September 11 attacks in
2001
increased between liberal and conservative factions.[172][173][174] This
polarization was capitalized upon in the January 2021 Capitol
attack,[175] when a mob of insurrectionists[176] entered the U.S. Capitol and sought to prevent the peaceful
transfer of power[177] in an attempted self-coup d'état.[178] In May–August 2021, the 2021 Taliban offensive
ended the War in Afghanistan one year after the United States–Taliban deal.[179]

Geography
The United States is the world's third-largest country by total area
behind Russia and Canada.[d][180][181] The 48 contiguous states and the
District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles
(8,080,470 km2).[10][182][183] The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard
gives way to inland forests and rolling hills in the Piedmont plateau
region.[184]

The Appalachian Mountains and the Adirondack massif separate the

East Coast from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest.[185] A topographic map of the United
The Mississippi River System, the world's fourth-longest river system, States
runs predominantly north–south through the heart of the country. The
flat and fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west,
interrupted by a highland region in the southeast.[185]

The Rocky Mountains, west of the Great Plains, extend north to south
across the country, peaking at over 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in
Colorado.[186] Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and Chihuahua,
Sonoran, and Mojave deserts.[187] In the northwest corner of Arizona,
carved by the Colorado River over millions of years, is the Grand
Canyon, a steep-sided canyon and popular tourist destination known
for its overwhelming visual size and intricate, colorful landscape.

The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the
The Grand Canyon in Arizona
Pacific coast. The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United
States are in the State of California,[188] about 84 miles (135 km)
apart.[189] At an elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190.5 m), Alaska's Denali is the highest peak in the country and
continent.[190] Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska's Alexander and Aleutian Islands, and
Hawaii consists of volcanic islands. The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky
Mountains, the Yellowstone Caldera, is the continent's largest volcanic feature.[191] In 2021, the United
States had 8% of global permanent meadows and pastures and 10% of cropland.[192]

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Climate
With its large size and geographic variety, the United States includes
most climate types. East of the 100th meridian, the climate ranges from
humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south.[193]
The western Great Plains are semi-arid.[194] Many mountainous areas
of the American West have an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the
Southwest, Mediterranean in coastal California, and oceanic in coastal
Oregon, Washington, and southern Alaska. Most of Alaska is subarctic
or polar. Hawaii, the southern tip of Florida and U.S. territories in the
Caribbean and Pacific are tropical.[195]

The United States receives more high-impact extreme weather

incidents than any other country.[196][197] States bordering the Gulf of
Mexico are prone to hurricanes, and most of the world's tornadoes The Köppen climate types of the
occur in the country, mainly in Tornado Alley.[198] Extreme weather United States
became more frequent in the U.S. in the 21st century, with three times
the number of reported heat waves as in the 1960s. In the American
Southwest, droughts became more persistent and more severe.[199] The regions considered as the most
attractive to the population are the most vulnerable.[200]

Biodiversity and conservation

The U.S. is one of 17 megadiverse countries containing large numbers of

endemic species: about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the
contiguous United States and Alaska, and over 1,800 species of
flowering plants are found in Hawaii, few of which occur on the
mainland.[202] The United States is home to 428 mammal species, 784
birds, 311 reptiles, 295 amphibians,[203] and around 91,000 insect
species.[204]

There are 63 national parks, and hundreds of other federally managed

parks, forests, and wilderness areas, managed by the National Park The bald eagle, the national emblem
Service and other agencies.[205] About 28% of the country's land is of the United States since 1782 and
publicly owned and federally managed,[206] primarily in the Western officially declared the national bird in
States.[207] Most of this land is protected, though some is leased for 2024[201]

commercial use, and less than one percent is used for military
purposes.[208][209]

Environmental issues in the United States include debates on non-renewable resources and nuclear energy,
air and water pollution, biodiversity, logging and deforestation,[210][211] and climate change.[212][213] The
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is the federal agency charged with addressing most
environmental-related issues.[214] The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since
1964, with the Wilderness Act.[215] The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a way to protect
threatened and endangered species and their habitats. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service
implements and enforces the Act.[216] In 2024, the U.S. ranked 35th among 180 countries in the
Environmental Performance Index.[217]

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Government and politics

The United States is a federal republic of 50 states and a separate
federal capital district, Washington, D.C. It also asserts sovereignty over
five unincorporated territories and several uninhabited island
possessions.[17][218] The U.S. is the world's oldest surviving
federation,[219] and its presidential system of national government has
been adopted, in whole or in part, by many newly independent states
worldwide following their decolonization.[220] It is a liberal The U.S. Capitol Building, the seat
representative democracy "in which majority rule is tempered by of legislative government, is home
to both chambers of the U.S.
minority rights protected by law".[221] The Constitution of the United
Congress: the Senate (in left wing of
States serves as the country's supreme legal document.[222] building) and the House of
Representatives (right wing).

National government
Composed of three branches, all headquartered in Washington, D.C.,
the federal government is the national government of the United States.
It is regulated by a strong system of checks and balances.[223]

The U.S. Congress, a bicameral legislature made up of the Senate

and the House of Representatives, makes federal law, declares The White House, the residence
and workplace of the U.S. president
war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse,[224] and has the
and the offices of the presidential
power of impeachment.[225] The Senate has 100 members (2 from
staff
each state), elected for a six-year term. The House of
Representatives has 435 members, each elected for a two-year
term; all representatives serve one congressional district of
equivalent population. Congressional districts are drawn by each
state legislature and are contiguous within the state.[226] The
Congress also organizes a collection of committees, each of which
handles a specific task or duty. One of Congress's foremost non-
legislative functions is the power to investigate and oversee the
executive branch.[227] Congressional oversight is usually delegated
to committees and is facilitated by Congress's subpoena power.[228] The Supreme Court Building, which
The U.S. president is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the houses the nation's highest court
military, chief executive of the federal government, and has the
ability to veto legislative bills from the U.S. Congress before they
become law. However, presidential vetoes can be overridden by a two-thirds supermajority vote in both
chambers of Congress. The president appoints the members of the Cabinet, subject to Senate
approval, and names other officials who administer and enforce federal laws through their respective
agencies.[229] The president also has clemency power for federal crimes and can issue pardons.
Finally, the president has the right to issue expansive "executive orders", subject to judicial review, in a
number of policy areas. Candidates for president campaign with a vice-presidential running mate. Both
candidates are elected together, or defeated together, in a presidential election. Unlike other votes in
American politics, this is technically an indirect election in which the winner will be determined by the
U.S. Electoral College. There, votes are officially cast by individual electors selected by their state
legislature.[230] In practice, however, each of the 50 states chooses a group of presidential electors who
are required to confirm the winner of their state's popular vote. Each state is allocated two electors plus
one additional elector for each congressional district, which in effect combines to equal the number of
elected officials that state sends to Congress. The District of Columbia, with no representatives or
senators, is allocated three electoral votes. Both the president and the vice president serve a four-year
term, and the president may be reelected to the office only once, for one additional four-year term.[q]
The U.S. federal judiciary, whose judges are all appointed for life by the president with Senate
approval, consists primarily of the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. courts of appeals, and the U.S. district
courts. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional.[231] The
Supreme Court has nine members led by the Chief Justice of the United States. The members are
appointed by the sitting president when a vacancy becomes available.[232] The first level in the federal
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courts is federal district court for any case under "original jurisdiction", such as federal statutes, the
Constitution, or treaties. There are twelve federal circuits that divide the country into different regions
for federal appeals courts. After a federal district court has decided a case, it can then be appealed to a
United States court of appeal. The next and highest court in the system is the Supreme Court of the
United States.[231]
The three-branch system is known as the presidential system, in contrast to the parliamentary system,
where the executive is part of the legislative body. Many countries around the world imitated this aspect of
the 1789 Constitution of the United States, especially in the Americas.[233]

Political parties
The Constitution is silent on political parties. However, they developed
independently in the 18th century with the Federalist and Anti-
Federalist parties.[234] Since then, the United States has operated as a
de facto two-party system, though the parties in that system have been
different at different times.[235] The two main national parties are
presently the Democratic and the Republican. The former is perceived
as relatively liberal in its political platform while the latter is perceived
as relatively conservative.[236] U.S. state and territorial
governments (governor and
legislature) by party control, as of
Subdivisions February 2025:
Democratic control
In the American federal system, sovereign powers are shared between Republican control
two levels of elected government: national and state. People in the NPP control
states are also represented by local elected governments, which are Split control
administrative divisions of the states.[237] States are subdivided into
counties or county equivalents, and further divided into municipalities.
The District of Columbia is a federal district containing the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C.[238] The federal
district is an administrative division of the federal government.[239] Federally recognized tribes govern 326
Indian reservations[240] which are treated as domestic dependent nations with tribal sovereignty
rights.[241]

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Foreign relations
The United States has an established structure of foreign relations, and
it has the world's second-largest diplomatic corps as of 2024. It is a
permanent member of the United Nations Security Council,[242] and
home to the United Nations headquarters.[243] The United States is a
member of the G7,[244] G20,[245] and OECD intergovernmental
organizations.[246] Almost all countries have embassies and many have
consulates (official representatives) in the country. Likewise, nearly all
countries host formal diplomatic missions with the United States, The United Nations headquarters
except Iran,[247] North Korea,[248] and Bhutan.[249] Though Taiwan has been situated along the East
does not have formal diplomatic relations with the U.S., it maintains River in Midtown Manhattan since
close unofficial relations. [250] The United States regularly supplies 1952; in 1945, the United States
was a founding member of the UN.
Taiwan with military equipment to deter potential Chinese
aggression.[251] Its geopolitical attention also turned to the Indo-Pacific
when the United States joined the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue with Australia, India, and Japan.[252]

The United States has a "Special Relationship" with the United Kingdom[253] and strong ties with
Canada,[254] Australia,[255] New Zealand,[256] the Philippines,[257] Japan,[258] South Korea,[259] Israel,[260]
and several European Union countries (France, Italy, Germany, Spain, and Poland).[261] The U.S. works
closely with its NATO allies on military and national security issues, and with countries in the Americas
through the Organization of American States and the United States–Mexico–Canada Free Trade
Agreement. In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United
States.[262] The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for Micronesia, the
Marshall Islands, and Palau through the Compact of Free Association.[231] It has increasingly conducted
strategic cooperation with India,[263] while its ties with China have steadily deteriorated.[264][265] Since
2014, the U.S. has become a key ally of Ukraine;[266] it has also provided the country with significant
military equipment and other support in response to Russia's 2022 invasion.[267]

Military
The president is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed
Forces and appoints its leaders, the secretary of defense and the Joint
Chiefs of Staff. The Department of Defense, which is headquartered at
the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., administers five of the six service
branches, which are made up of the U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air
Force, and Space Force.[268] The Coast Guard is administered by the
Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and can be transferred
to the Department of the Navy in wartime.[269] The Pentagon, the headquarters of
the U.S. Department of Defense in
The United States spent $916 billion on its military in 2023, which is by Arlington County, Virginia, is one of
far the largest amount of any country, making up 37% of global military the world's largest office buildings
spending and accounting for 3.4% of the country's GDP.[270][271] The with over 6.5 million square feet
U.S. possesses 42% of the world's nuclear weapons—the second-largest (600,000 m2) of floor space.
share after Russia.[272]

The United States has the third-largest combined armed forces in the world, behind the Chinese People's
Liberation Army and Indian Armed Forces.[273] The military operates about 800 bases and facilities
abroad,[274] and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries.[275]

State defense forces (SDFs) are military units that operate under the sole authority of a state government.
SDFs are authorized by state and federal law but are under the command of the state's
governor.[276][277][278] They are distinct from the state's National Guard units in that they cannot become

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federalized entities. A state's National Guard personnel, however, may be federalized under the National
Defense Act Amendments of 1933, which created the Guard and provides for the integration of Army
National Guard units and personnel into the U.S. Army and (since 1947) the U.S. Air Force.[279]

Law enforcement and criminal justice

There are about 18,000 U.S. police agencies from local to national level
in the United States.[280] Law in the United States is mainly enforced by
local police departments and sheriff departments in their municipal or
county jurisdictions. The state police departments have authority in
their respective state, and federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Marshals Service have national
J. Edgar Hoover Building, the
jurisdiction and specialized duties, such as protecting civil rights,
headquarters of the Federal Bureau
national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts' rulings and federal of Investigation (FBI), in
laws.[281] State courts conduct most civil and criminal trials,[282] and Washington, D.C.
federal courts handle designated crimes and appeals of state court
decisions.[283]

There is no unified "criminal justice system" in the United States. The American prison system is largely
heterogenous, with thousands of relatively independent systems operating across federal, state, local, and
tribal levels. In 2024, "these systems hold over 1.9 million people in 1,566 state prisons, 98 federal prisons,
3,116 local jails, 1,323 juvenile correctional facilities, 142 immigration detention facilities, and 80 Indian
country jails, as well as in military prisons, civil commitment centers, state psychiatric hospitals, and
prisons in the U.S. territories."[284] Despite disparate systems of confinement, four main institutions
dominate: federal prisons, state prisons, local jails, and juvenile correctional facilities.[285] Federal prisons
are run by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and hold people who have been convicted of federal crimes,
including pretrial detainees.[285] State prisons, run by the official department of correction of each state,
hold sentenced people serving prison time (usually longer than one year) for felony offenses.[285] Local jails
are county or municipal facilities that incarcerate defendants prior to trial; they also hold those serving
short sentences (typically under a year).[285] Juvenile correctional facilities are operated by local or state
governments and serve as longer-term placements for any minor adjudicated as delinquent and ordered by
a judge to be confined.[286]

In January 2023, the United States had the sixth-highest per capita incarceration rate in the world—531
people per 100,000 inhabitants—and the largest prison and jail population in the world, with more than 1.9
million people incarcerated.[284][287][288] An analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database
from 2010 showed U.S. homicide rates "were 7 times higher than in other high-income countries, driven by
a gun homicide rate that was 25 times higher".[289]

Economy
The U.S. has been the world's largest economy nominally since about
1890.[291] The 2024 U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) of more than
$29 trillion[292][f] was the highest in the world, constituting over 25% of
the nominal global economic output or 15% at purchasing power parity
(PPP). From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth
was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the The U.S. dollar is the most-used
G7.[293] The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP,[294] currency in international
second when adjusted for purchasing power parities (PPP),[13] and transactions and the world's
foremost reserve currency.[290]
ninth by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita.[13] It has the highest disposable
household income per capita among OECD countries.[295] In February
2024, the total U.S. federal government debt was $34.4 trillion.[296]

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Of the world's 500 largest companies by revenue, 136 were

headquartered in the U.S. in 2023,[298] which is the highest number of
any country.[299] The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in
international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency,
backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar
system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S. treasuries market.[290]
Several countries use it as their official currency, and in others it is the
de facto currency.[300][301] The U.S. has free trade agreements with
Apple Inc., one of the world's
several countries, including the USMCA.[302] It ranked second in the biggest companies by market
Global Competitiveness Report in 2019, after Singapore.[303] Although capitalization,[297] has its global
the United States has reached a post-industrial level of headquarters in Cupertino,
development[304] and is often described as having a service California.
economy,[304][305] it remains a major industrial power.[306] In 2021,
the U.S. manufacturing sector was the world's second-largest after
China's.[307]

New York City is the world's principal financial center[309][310] and the
epicenter of the world's largest metropolitan economy.[311] The New
York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are
the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and
trade volume.[312][313] The United States is at or near the forefront of
technological advancement and innovation[314] in many economic
fields, especially in artificial intelligence; electronics and computers;
pharmaceuticals; and medical, aerospace and military equipment.[180] The New York Stock Exchange on
The country's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well- Wall Street, the world's largest stock
developed infrastructure, and high productivity.[315] The largest trading exchange by market
partners of the United States are the European Union, Mexico, Canada, capitalization[308]
China, Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Vietnam, India, and
Taiwan.[316] The United States is the world's largest importer and
second-largest exporter.[r] It is by far the world's largest exporter of services.[319]

Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD member states,[320]
and the fourth-highest median household income in 2023,[321] up from sixth-highest in 2013.[322] With
personal consumption expenditures of over $18.5 trillion in 2023,[323] the U.S. has a heavily consumer-
driven economy is the world's largest consumer market.[324] The U.S. ranked first in the number of dollar
billionaires and millionaires in 2023, with 735 billionaires and nearly 22 million millionaires.[325]

Wealth in the United States is highly concentrated; in 2011, the richest 10% of the adult population owned
72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom 50% owned just 2%.[326] U.S. wealth inequality
increased substantially since the late 1980s,[327] and income inequality in the U.S. reached a record high in
2019.[328] Since the 1970s there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity.[329] In
2016, the top fifth of earners took home more than half of all income,[330] giving the U.S. one of the widest
income distributions among OECD countries.[331][329] There were about 771,480 homeless persons in the
U.S. in 2024.[332] In 2022, 6.4 million children experienced food insecurity.[333] Feeding America
estimates that around one in five, or approximately 13 million, children experience hunger in the U.S. and
do not know where they will get their next meal or when.[334] Also in 2022, about 37.9 million people, or
11.5% of the U.S. population, were living in poverty.[335]

The United States has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action
than most other high-income countries.[336][337] It is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee
its workers paid vacation nationally[338] and is one of a few countries in the world without federal paid

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family leave as a legal right.[339]

The United States has a higher percentage of low-income workers than
almost any other developed country, largely because of a weak collective bargaining system and lack of
government support for at-risk workers.[340]

Science and technology

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific
research since the mid-20th century.[341] Methods for producing interchangeable parts and the
establishment of a machine tool industry enabled the large-scale manufacturing of U.S. consumer products
in the late 19th century.[342] By the early 20th century, factory electrification, the introduction of the
assembly line, and other labor-saving techniques created the system of mass production.[343]

In the 21st century, the United States continues to be one of the world's foremost scientific powers,[344]
though China has emerged as a major competitor in many fields.[345] The U.S. has the highest total
research and development expenditure of any country[346] and ranks ninth as a percentage of GDP.[347] In
2022, the United States was (after China) the country with the second-highest number of published
scientific papers.[348] In 2021, the U.S. ranked second (also after China) by the number of patent
applications, and third by trademark and industrial design applications (after China and Germany),
according to World Intellectual Property Indicators.[349] In 2023 and 2024, the United States ranked third
(after Switzerland and Sweden) in the Global Innovation Index.[350][351] The United States is considered to
be the leading country in the development of artificial intelligence technology.[352] In 2023, the United
States was ranked the second most technologically advanced country in the world (after South Korea) by
Global Finance magazine.[353]

Spaceflight
The United States has maintained a space program since the late 1950s,
beginning with the establishment of the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.[354][355] NASA's Apollo program
(1961–1972) achieved the first crewed Moon landing with the 1969
Apollo 11 mission; it remains one of the agency's most significant
milestones.[356][357] Other major endeavors by NASA include the Space
Shuttle program (1981–2011),[358] the Voyager program (1972–
present), the Hubble and James Webb space telescopes (launched in
1990 and 2021, respectively),[359][360] and the multi-mission Mars U.S. astronaut Buzz Aldrin saluting
Exploration Program (Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity, and the American flag on the Moon
[361] NASA is one of five agencies collaborating on the during the 1969 Apollo 11 mission;
Perseverance).
the United States is the only country
International Space Station (ISS);[362] U.S. contributions to the ISS
that has landed crews on the lunar
include several modules, including Destiny (2001), Harmony (2007), surface.
and Tranquility (2010), as well as ongoing logistical and operational
support.[363] The United States private sector dominates the global
commercial spaceflight industry.[364] Prominent American spaceflight contractors include Blue Origin,
Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman, and SpaceX. NASA programs such as the Commercial Crew
Program, Commercial Resupply Services, Commercial Lunar Payload Services, and NextSTEP have
facilitated growing private-sector involvement in American spaceflight.[365]

Energy
In 2023, the United States received approximately 84% of its energy from fossil fuel, and the largest source
of the country's energy came from petroleum (38%), followed by natural gas (36%), renewable sources
(9%), coal (9%), and nuclear power (9%).[366][367] The United States constitutes less than 4% of the world's
population, but consumes around 16% of the world's energy.[368] The U.S. ranks as the second-highest
emitter of greenhouse gases behind China.[369]
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Transportation
The U.S. Department of Transportation and its divisions provide
regulation, supervision, and funding for all aspects of transportation
except for customs, immigration, and security. (The latter remain the
responsibility of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security.) Each U.S.
state has its own department of transportation, which builds and
maintains state highways. Depending upon the state, this department
might also directly operate or supervise other modes of transportation.
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta
Aviation law is almost entirely the jurisdiction of the federal International Airport, serving the
government; the Federal Aviation Administration regulates all aspects Atlanta metropolitan area, is the
of civil aviation, air traffic management, certification and compliance, world's busiest airport by passenger
traffic with over 75 million
and aviation safety. Motor vehicle traffic laws, however, are enacted and
passengers in 2021.[370]
enforced by state and local authorities, with the exception of roads
located on federal property (such as national parks and military bases)
or in the unorganized U.S. territories. The United States Coast Guard is the primary enforcer of law and
security on U.S. waterways, inland as well as coastal, but economic jurisdiction over coastal tidelands is
shared between state and federal governments. The country's inland waterways are the world's fifth-
longest, totaling 41,009 km (25,482 mi).[371]

Passenger and freight rail systems, bus systems, water ferries, and dams may be under either public or
private ownership and operation. U.S. civilian airlines are all privately owned. Most U.S. airports are
owned and operated by local government authorities, and there are also some private airports. The
Transportation Security Administration has provided security at most major airports since 2001.

Commercial railroads and trains were the dominant mode of

transportation in the U.S. until the mid-twentieth century. The
introduction of jet airplanes and airports serving the same major routes
accelerated a decline in demand for interstate and intercity rail
passenger service by the 1960s. The completion of the Interstate
Highway System also hastened the sharp curtailment of passenger
service by the railroads. These significant developments led to the
creation of the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, now called
Amtrak, by the U.S. federal government in 1971. Amtrak helps to Interchange between Interstate 10
maintain limited intercity rail passenger service in most parts of the and Interstate 45 in Houston, Texas
country. It serves most major U.S. cities, but outside the Northeast,
California, and Illinois it typically runs only a few trains per day. More
frequent Amtrak service is available in regional corridors between certain major cities, particularly the
Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., Philadelphia, New York City and Boston; between New
York City and Albany; in metropolitan Chicago; and in parts of California and the Pacific Northwest.
Amtrak does not serve several major U.S. destinations, including Las Vegas and Phoenix, Arizona.

The American civil airline industry is entirely owned by corporations and has been largely deregulated
since 1978, while most major airports are publicly owned.[372] The three largest airlines in the world by
passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US
Airways.[373] Of the world's 50 busiest passenger airports, 16 are in the United States, including the top five
and the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport.[374][375] In 2022, there were 19,969
airports in the U.S., of which 5,193 are designated as "public use", including for general aviation and other
activities.[376]

The overwhelming majority of roads in the United States are owned and maintained by state and local
governments. Roads maintained only by the U.S. federal government are generally only found on federal
lands (such as national parks) or at federal facilities (like military bases). The Interstate Highway System,

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with its large, open freeways linking the states, is partly funded by the federal government but owned and
maintained by the state government hosting its section of the interstate. Some states fund and build their
own large expressways—often called "parkways" or "turnpikes"—that generally use tolls to pay for
construction and maintenance. Likewise, some privately owned roads may use tolls for this purpose.

Public transportation in the United States includes bus, commuter rail, ferry, and sometimes airline
service. Public transit systems serve areas of higher population density where demand is greatest. Many
U.S. cities, towns, and suburbs are car-dependent, however, and suburban public transit is less common
and service far less frequent. Most U.S. urban areas have some form of public transit, notably city buses,
while the largest (e.g. New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, and Portland,
Oregon) operate extensive systems that also include subways or light rail.[377] Most public transit service in
the United States is run by local governments, but national and regional commuter lines serve major U.S.
urban corridors.

Personal transportation in the United States is dominated by automobiles,[378][379] which operate on a

network of 4 million miles (6.4 million kilometers) of public roads, making it the longest in the
world.[380][381] The country's rail transport network, also the longest in the world at 182,412.3 mi
(293,564.2 km),[382] handles mostly freight.[383][384] Of the world's 50 busiest container ports, four are
located in the United States, with the busiest in the U.S. being the Port of Los Angeles.[385]

The Oldsmobile Curved Dash and the Ford Model T, both American cars, are considered the first mass-
produced[386] and mass-affordable[387] cars, respectively. American automotive company General Motors
held the title of the world's best-selling automaker from 1931 to 2008.[388] The United States was the
second-largest manufacturer of motor vehicles in 2023[389] and is home to Tesla, the world's most valuable
car company.[390] The United States is the world's second-largest automobile market by sales, having been
overtaken by China in 2010,[391] and the U.S. has the highest vehicle ownership per capita in the world,[392]
with 910 vehicles per 1000 people.[393] By value, the U.S. was the world's largest importer and third-largest
exporter of cars in 2022.[394]

Demographics

Population
The 10 most populous U.S. states
(2024 estimates)[s]
State Population (millions)
California 39.4
Texas 31.3
Florida 23.4
New York 19.9
Pennsylvania 13.1
Illinois 12.7
Ohio 11.9
Georgia 11.2
North Carolina 11.0
Michigan 10.1

The U.S. Census Bureau reported 331,449,281 residents on April 1, 2020,[t][396] making the United States
the third-most-populous country in the world, after China and India.[180] The Census Bureau's official
2024 population estimate was 340,110,988, an increase of 2.6% since the 2020 census.[397] According to

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the Bureau's U.S. Population Clock, on July 1, 2024, the U.S. population had a net gain of one person every
16 seconds, or about 5400 people per day.[398] In 2023, 51% of Americans age 15 and over were married,
6% were widowed, 10% were divorced, and 34% had never been married.[399] In 2023, the total fertility
rate for the U.S. stood at 1.6 children per woman,[400] and, at 23%, it had the world's highest rate of
children living in single-parent households in 2019.[401]

The United States has a diverse population; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members.[402]
White Americans with ancestry from Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa form the largest racial and
ethnic group at 57.8% of the United States population.[403][404] Hispanic and Latino Americans form the
second-largest group and are 18.7% of the United States population. African Americans constitute the
country's third-largest ancestry group and are 12.1% of the total U.S. population.[402] Asian Americans are
the country's fourth-largest group, composing 5.9% of the United States population. The country's 3.7
million Native Americans account for about 1%,[402] and some 574 native tribes are recognized by the
federal government.[405] In 2022, the median age of the United States population was 38.9 years.[406]

Language
While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is by far
the most commonly spoken and written.[407] Although there is no
official language at the federal level, some laws, such as U.S.
naturalization requirements, standardize English, and most states have
declared it the official language.[408] Three states and four U.S.
territories have recognized local or indigenous languages in addition to
English, including Hawaii (Hawaiian),[409] Alaska (twenty Native
languages),[u][410] South Dakota (Sioux),[411] American Samoa
(Samoan), Puerto Rico (Spanish), Guam (Chamorro), and the Northern
Mariana Islands (Carolinian and Chamorro). In total, 169 Native
American languages are spoken in the United States.[412] In Puerto
Most spoken languages in the U.S.
Rico, Spanish is more widely spoken than English.[413]

According to the American Community Survey (2020),[414] some 245.4

million people in the U.S. age five and older spoke only English at home. About 41.2 million spoke Spanish
at home, making it the second most commonly used language. Other languages spoken at home by one
million people or more include Chinese (3.40 million), Tagalog (1.71 million), Vietnamese (1.52 million),
Arabic (1.39 million), French (1.18 million), Korean (1.07 million), and Russian (1.04 million). German,
spoken by 1 million people at home in 2010, fell to 857,000 total speakers in 2020.[415]

Immigration
America's immigrant population is by far the world's largest in absolute
terms.[416][417] In 2022, there were 87.7 million immigrants and U.S.-
born children of immigrants in the United States, accounting for nearly
27% of the overall U.S. population.[418] In 2017, out of the U.S. foreign-
born population, some 45% (20.7 million) were naturalized citizens,
27% (12.3 million) were lawful permanent residents, 6% (2.2 million)
were temporary lawful residents, and 23% (10.5 million) were
unauthorized immigrants.[419] In 2019, the top countries of origin for
The Mexico–United States border
immigrants were Mexico (24% of immigrants), India (6%), China (5%), wall between San Diego (left) and
the Philippines (4.5%), and El Salvador (3%).[420] In fiscal year 2022, Tijuana (right)
over one million immigrants (most of whom entered through family
reunification) were granted legal residence.[421] In fiscal year 2024

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alone, according to the Migration Policy Institute, the United States resettled 100,034 refugees, which "re-
cements the United States' role as the top global resettlement destination, far surpassing other major
resettlement countries in Europe and Canada".[422]

Religion
The First Amendment guarantees the free exercise of religion in the
country and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its
establishment.[423][424] Religious practice is widespread, among the
most diverse in the world,[425] and profoundly vibrant.[426] The country
has the world's largest Christian population.[427] Other notable faiths
include Judaism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, many New Age
movements, and Native American religions.[428] Religious practice
varies significantly by region.[429] "Ceremonial deism" is common in
American culture.[430]

The overwhelming majority of Americans believe in a higher power or

Religious affiliation in the U.S.,
spiritual force, engage in spiritual practices such as prayer, and consider
according to a 2023 Gallup poll:[7]
themselves religious or spiritual.[431][432] In the "Bible Belt", located
within the Southern United States, evangelical Protestantism plays a Protestantism (33%)
significant role culturally, whereas New England and the Western Catholicism (22%)
United States tend to be more secular.[429] Mormonism—a Non-specific Christian
Restorationist movement, whose members migrated westward from (11%)
Missouri and Illinois under the leadership of Brigham Young in 1847 Judaism (2%)
after the assassination of Joseph Smith[433]—remains the predominant Mormonism (1%)
religion in Utah to this day. Other religion (6%)
Unaffiliated (22%)
Unanswered (3%)
Urbanization
About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs;[180]
about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000.[434] In 2022, 333 incorporated
municipalities had populations over 100,000, nine cities had more than one million residents, and four
cities—New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston—had populations exceeding two million.[435]
Many U.S. metropolitan populations are growing rapidly, particularly in the South and West.[436]

Largest metropolitan areas in the United States

2023 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau[437]
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
1 New York Northeast 19,498,249 11 Boston Northeast 4,919,179
Riverside–
2 Los Angeles West 12,799,100 12 San West 4,688,053
Bernardino
San
3 Chicago Midwest 9,262,825 13 West 4,566,961
Francisco
Dallas–Fort
4 South 8,100,037 14 Detroit Midwest 4,342,304
Worth Chicago
New York 5 Houston South 7,510,253 15 Seattle West 4,044,837
Minneapolis–
6 Atlanta South 6,307,261 16 Midwest 3,712,020
Saint Paul
Washington, Tampa–St.
Los Angeles 7 South 6,304,975 17 South 3,342,963
D.C. Petersburg Dallas–Fort Worth
8 Philadelphia Northeast 6,246,160 18 San Diego West 3,269,973
9 Miami South 6,183,199 19 Denver West 3,005,131
10 Phoenix West 5,070,110 20 Baltimore South 2,834,316

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Health
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
average American life expectancy at birth was 78.4 years in 2023 (75.8
years for men and 81.1 years for women). This was a gain of 0.9 year
from 77.5 years in 2022, and the CDC noted that the new average was
largely driven by "decreases in mortality due to COVID-19, heart
disease, unintentional injuries, cancer and diabetes".[441] Starting in
1998, life expectancy in the U.S. fell behind that of other wealthy
industrialized countries, and Americans' "health disadvantage" gap has The Texas Medical Center in
been increasing ever since.[442] Houston is the largest medical
complex in the world.[438][439] In
The Commonwealth Fund reported in 2020 that the U.S. had the 2018, it employed 120,000 people
highest suicide rate among high-income countries.[443] Approximately and treated 10 million patients.[440]
one-third of the U.S. adult population is obese and another third is
overweight.[444] The U.S. healthcare system far outspends that of any
other country, measured both in per capita spending and as a percentage of GDP, but attains worse
healthcare outcomes when compared to peer countries for reasons that are debated.[445] The United States
is the only developed country without a system of universal healthcare, and a significant proportion of the
population that does not carry health insurance.[446] Government-funded healthcare coverage for the poor
(Medicaid) and for those age 65 and older (Medicare) is available to Americans who meet the programs'
income or age qualifications. In 2010, former President Obama passed the Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act.[v][447] Abortion in the United States is not federally protected, and is illegal or
restricted in 17 states.[448]

Education
American primary and secondary education (known in the U.S. as K-12,
"kindergarten through 12th grade") is decentralized. School systems are
operated by state, territorial, and sometimes municipal governments
and regulated by the U.S. Department of Education. In general,
children are required to attend school or an approved homeschool from
the age of five or six (kindergarten or first grade) until they are 18 years
old. This often brings students through the 12th grade, the final year of
a U.S. high school, but some states and territories allow them to leave Some 77% of American college
school earlier, at age 16 or 17.[450] The U.S. spends more on education students attend public
per student than any other country, [451] an average of $18,614 per year institutions[449] such as the
per public elementary and secondary school student in 2020–2021.[452] University of Virginia, founded by
Thomas Jefferson in 1819.
Among Americans age 25 and older, 92.2% graduated from high school,
62.7% attended some college, 37.7% earned a bachelor's degree, and
14.2% earned a graduate degree.[453] The U.S. literacy rate is near-universal.[180][454] The country has the
most Nobel Prize winners of any country, with 411 (having won 413 awards).[455][456]

U.S. tertiary or higher education has earned a global reputation. Many of the world's top universities, as
listed by various ranking organizations, are in the United States, including 19 of the top 25.[457][458]
American higher education is dominated by state university systems, although the country's many private
universities and colleges enroll about 20% of all American students. Local community colleges generally
offer coursework and degree programs covering the first two years of college study. They often have more
open admission policies, shorter academic programs, and lower tuition.[459]

As for public expenditures on higher education, the U.S. spends more per student than the OECD average,
and Americans spend more than all nations in combined public and private spending.[460] Colleges and
universities directly funded by the federal government do not charge tuition and are limited to military

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personnel and government employees, including: the U.S. service academies, the Naval Postgraduate
School, and military staff colleges. Despite some student loan forgiveness programs in place,[461] student
loan debt increased by 102% between 2010 and 2020,[462] and exceeded $1.7 trillion in 2022.[463]

Culture and society

Americans have traditionally been characterized by a unifying political belief in
an "American Creed" emphasizing consent of the governed, liberty, equality
under the law, democracy, social equality, property rights, and a preference for
limited government.[465][466] Culturally, the country has been described as
having the values of individualism and personal autonomy,[467][468] as well as
having a strong work ethic,[469] competitiveness,[470] and voluntary altruism
towards others.[471][472][473] According to a 2016 study by the Charities Aid
Foundation, Americans donated 1.44% of total GDP to charity—the highest
rate in the world by a large margin.[474] The United States is home to a wide
variety of ethnic groups, traditions, and values.[475][476] The country has
acquired significant hard and soft power through its diplomatic influence,
The Statue of Liberty
economic power, military alliances, and cultural exports such as American (Liberty Enlightening the
movies, music, video games, sports, and food.[477][478] The influence that the World) on Liberty Island in
United States exerts on other countries through soft power is referred to as New York Harbor was an
Americanization.[479] 1866 gift from France that
has become an iconic
Nearly all present Americans or their ancestors came from Europe, Africa, or symbol of the American
Asia (the "Old World") within the past five centuries.[480] Mainstream Dream.[464]
American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of
European immigrants with influences from many other sources, such as
traditions brought by slaves from Africa.[481] More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin
America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as a homogenizing melting pot, and a
heterogeneous salad bowl, with immigrants contributing to, and often assimilating into, mainstream
American culture. The American Dream, or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility, plays
a key role in attracting immigrants.[482][483] Whether this perception is accurate has been a topic of
debate.[484][485][486] While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society,[487]
scholars identify significant differences between the country's social classes, affecting socialization,
language, and values.[488][489] Americans tend to greatly value socioeconomic achievement, but being
ordinary or average is promoted by some as a noble condition as well.[490]

The National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities is an agency of the United States federal
government that was established in 1965 with the purpose to "develop and promote a broadly conceived
national policy of support for the humanities and the arts in the United States, and for institutions which
preserve the cultural heritage of the United States."[491] It is composed of four sub-agencies:

National Endowment for the Arts

National Endowment for the Humanities
Institute of Museum and Library Services
Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities
The United States is considered to have the strongest protections of free speech of any country under the
First Amendment,[492] which protects flag desecration, hate speech, blasphemy, and lese-majesty as forms
of protected expression.[493][494][495] A 2016 Pew Research Center poll found that Americans were the
most supportive of free expression of any polity measured.[496] They are the "most supportive of freedom of
the press and the right to use the Internet without government censorship".[497] The U.S. is a socially
progressive country[498] with permissive attitudes surrounding human sexuality.[499] LGBT rights in the
United States are advanced by global standards.[499][500][501]
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Literature
Colonial American authors were influenced by John Locke and various other
Enlightenment philosophers.[503][504] The American Revolutionary Period
(1765–1783) is notable for the political writings of Benjamin Franklin,
Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Paine, and Thomas Jefferson. Shortly before and
after the Revolutionary War, the newspaper rose to prominence, filling a
demand for anti-British national literature.[505][506] An early novel is William
Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy, published in 1791. Writer and critic
John Neal in the early- to mid-nineteenth century helped advance America
toward a unique literature and culture by criticizing predecessors such as
Washington Irving for imitating their British counterparts, and by influencing
writers such as Edgar Allan Poe,[507] who took American poetry and short
fiction in new directions. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller
Mark Twain, whom William
pioneered the influential Transcendentalism movement;[508][509] Henry David Faulkner called "the father
Thoreau, author of Walden, was influenced by this movement. of American literature"[502]

The conflict surrounding abolitionism inspired writers, like Harriet Beecher

Stowe, and authors of slave narratives, such as Frederick Douglass. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet
Letter (1850) explored the dark side of American history, as did Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851).
Major American poets of the nineteenth century American Renaissance include Walt Whitman, Melville,
and Emily Dickinson.[510][511] Mark Twain was the first major American writer to be born in the West.
Henry James achieved international recognition with novels like The Portrait of a Lady (1881). As literacy
rates rose, periodicals published more stories centered around industrial workers, women, and the rural
poor.[512][513] Naturalism, regionalism, and realism were the major literary movements of the
period.[514][515]

While modernism generally took on an international character, modernist authors working within the
United States more often rooted their work in specific regions, peoples, and cultures.[516] Following the
Great Migration to northern cities, African-American and black West Indian authors of the Harlem
Renaissance developed an independent tradition of literature that rebuked a history of inequality and
celebrated black culture. An important cultural export during the Jazz Age, these writings were a key
influence on Négritude, a philosophy emerging in the 1930s among francophone writers of the African
diaspora.[517][518] In the 1950s, an ideal of homogeneity led many authors to attempt to write the Great
American Novel,[519] while the Beat Generation rejected this conformity, using styles that elevated the
impact of the spoken word over mechanics to describe drug use, sexuality, and the failings of
society.[520][521] Contemporary literature is more pluralistic than in previous eras, with the closest thing to
a unifying feature being a trend toward self-conscious experiments with language.[522] Twelve American
laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Literature.[523]

Mass media
Media is broadly uncensored, with the First Amendment providing significant protections, as reiterated in
New York Times Co. v. United States.[492] The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National
Broadcasting Company (NBC), Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), American Broadcasting Company
(ABC), and Fox Broadcasting Company (FOX). The four major broadcast television networks are all
commercial entities. Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches.[524] In
2021, about 83% of Americans over age 12 listened to broadcast radio, while about 40% listened to
podcasts.[525] In the prior year, there were 15,460 licensed full-power radio stations in the U.S. according
to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[526] Much of the public radio broadcasting is supplied
by NPR, incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967.[527]

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U.S. newspapers with a global reach and reputation include The Wall Street
Journal, The New York Times, The Washington Post, and USA Today.[528]
About 800 publications are produced in Spanish.[529][530] With few
exceptions, newspapers are privately owned, either by large chains such as
Gannett or McClatchy, which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers; by
small chains that own a handful of papers; or, in an increasingly rare situation,
by individuals or families. Major cities often have alternative newspapers to
complement the mainstream daily papers, such as The Village Voice in New
York City and LA Weekly in Los Angeles. The five most popular websites used
in the U.S. are Google, YouTube, Amazon, Yahoo, and Facebook—all of them
American-owned.[531]
Comcast Center in
In 2022, the video game market of the United States was the world's largest by Philadelphia, headquarters
revenue.[532] There are 444 publishers, developers, and hardware companies of Comcast, one of the
in California alone.[533] world's largest
telecommunications
companies and media
Theater conglomerates
The United States is well known for its theater. Mainstream theater in the
United States derives from the old European theatrical tradition and has been
heavily influenced by the British theater.[534] By the middle of the 19th century
America had created new distinct dramatic forms in the Tom Shows, the
showboat theater and the minstrel show.[535] The central hub of the American
theater scene is the Theater District in Manhattan, with its divisions of
Broadway, off-Broadway, and off-off-Broadway.[536]

Many movie and television celebrities have gotten their big break working in
New York productions. Outside New York City, many cities have professional
regional or resident theater companies that produce their own seasons. The
Broadway theaters in
biggest-budget theatrical productions are musicals. U.S. theater has an active
Theater District, Manhattan
community theater culture.[537]

The Tony Awards recognizes excellence in live Broadway theater and are
presented at an annual ceremony in Manhattan. The awards are given for Broadway productions and
performances. One is also given for regional theater. Several discretionary non-competitive awards are
given as well, including a Special Tony Award, the Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre, and the Isabelle
Stevenson Award.[538]

Visual arts
Folk art in colonial America grew out of artisanal craftsmanship in communities that allowed commonly
trained people to individually express themselves. It was distinct from Europe's tradition of high art, which
was less accessible and generally less relevant to early American settlers.[540] Cultural movements in art
and craftsmanship in colonial America generally lagged behind those of Western Europe. For example, the
prevailing medieval style of woodworking and primitive sculpture became integral to early American folk
art, despite the emergence of Renaissance styles in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The
new English styles would have been early enough to make a considerable impact on American folk art, but
American styles and forms had already been firmly adopted. Not only did styles change slowly in early
America, but there was a tendency for rural artisans there to continue their traditional forms longer than
their urban counterparts did—and far longer than those in Western Europe.[492]

The Hudson River School was a mid-19th-century movement in the visual arts tradition of European
naturalism. The 1913 Armory Show in New York City, an exhibition of European modernist art, shocked the
public and transformed the U.S. art scene.[541]
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Georgia O'Keeffe, Marsden Hartley, and others experimented with new and
individualistic styles, which would become known as American modernism.
Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson
Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy
Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States. Major photographers
include Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, Dorothea Lange, Edward Weston,
James Van Der Zee, Ansel Adams, and Gordon Parks.[542]

The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought global fame to
American architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright, Philip Johnson, and Frank
Gehry.[543] The Metropolitan Museum of Art in Manhattan is the largest art
American Gothic (1930) by
museum in the United States[544] and the fourth-largest in the world.[545] Grant Wood is one of the
most famous American
paintings and is widely
Music parodied.[539]
American folk music encompasses numerous music genres, variously known as
traditional music, traditional folk music, contemporary folk music, or
roots music. Many traditional songs have been sung within the same
family or folk group for generations, and sometimes trace back to such
origins as the British Isles, mainland Europe, or Africa.[546] The
rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music in particular
have influenced American music.[547] Banjos were brought to America
through the slave trade. Minstrel shows incorporating the instrument
into their acts led to its increased popularity and widespread The Country Music Hall of Fame
production in the 19th century.[548][549] The electric guitar, first and Museum in Nashville,
invented in the 1930s, and mass-produced by the 1940s, had an Tennessee
enormous influence on popular music, in particular due to the
development of rock and roll.[550] The synthesizer, turntablism, and
electronic music were also largely developed in the U.S.

Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and old-time music were adopted and transformed into
popular genres with global audiences. Jazz grew from blues and ragtime in the early 20th century,
developing from the innovations and recordings of composers such as W.C. Handy and Jelly Roll Morton.
Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington increased its popularity early in the 20th century.[551] Country music
developed in the 1920s,[552] rock and roll in the 1930s,[550] and bluegrass[553] and rhythm and blues in the
1940s.[554] In the 1960s, Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of the country's most
celebrated songwriters.[555] The musical forms of punk and hip hop both originated in the United States in
the 1970s.[556]

The United States has the world's largest music market, with a total retail value of $15.9 billion in
2022.[557] Most of the world's major record companies are based in the U.S.; they are represented by the
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[558] Mid-20th-century American pop stars, such as
Frank Sinatra[559] and Elvis Presley,[560] became global celebrities and best-selling music artists,[551] as
have artists of the late 20th century, such as Michael Jackson,[561] Madonna,[562] Whitney Houston,[563]
and Mariah Carey,[564] and the early 21st century, such as Eminem,[565] Britney Spears,[566] Lady
Gaga,[566] Katy Perry,[566] Taylor Swift and Beyoncé.[567]

Fashion
The United States is the world's largest apparel market by revenue.[568] Apart from professional business
attire, American fashion is eclectic and predominantly informal. Americans' diverse cultural roots are
reflected in their clothing; however, sneakers, jeans, T-shirts, and baseball caps are emblematic of
American styles.[569] New York, with its fashion week, is considered to be one of the "Big Four" global

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fashion capitals, along with Paris, Milan, and London. A study

demonstrated that general proximity to Manhattan's Garment District
has been synonymous with American fashion since its inception in the
early 20th century.[570]

The headquarters of many designer labels reside in Manhattan. Labels

cater to niche markets, such as preteens. New York Fashion Week is
one of the most influential fashion weeks in the world, and occurs twice
Haute couture fashion models on
a year;[571] while the annual Met Gala in Manhattan is commonly
the catwalk during New York
known as the fashion world's "biggest night".[572][573]
Fashion Week

Cinema
The U.S. film industry has a worldwide influence and following.
Hollywood, a district in northern Los Angeles, the nation's second-most
populous city, is also metonymous for the American filmmaking
industry.[574][575][576] The major film studios of the United States are
the primary source of the most commercially successful and most
ticket-selling movies in the world.[577][578] Since the early 20th century,
the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood,
although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not The iconic Hollywood Sign in the
Hollywood Hills, often regarded as
made there, and film companies have been subject to the forces of
the symbol of the American film
globalization.[579] The Academy Awards, popularly known as the
industry
Oscars, have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts
and Sciences since 1929,[580] and the Golden Globe Awards have been
held annually since January 1944.[581]

The industry peaked in what is commonly referred to as the "Golden Age of Hollywood", from the early
sound period until the early 1960s,[582] with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe
becoming iconic figures.[583][584] In the 1970s, "New Hollywood", or the "Hollywood Renaissance",[585]
was defined by grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period.[586]
The 21st century has been marked by the rise of American streaming platforms, which came to rival
traditional cinema.[587][588]

Cuisine
Early settlers were introduced by Native Americans to foods such as
turkey, sweet potatoes, corn, squash, and maple syrup. Of the most
enduring and pervasive examples are variations of the native dish called
succotash. Early settlers and later immigrants combined these with
foods they were familiar with, such as wheat flour,[589] beef, and milk,
to create a distinctive American cuisine.[590][591] New World crops,
especially pumpkin, corn, potatoes, and turkey as the main course are
part of a shared national menu on Thanksgiving, when many Americans
prepare or purchase traditional dishes to celebrate the occasion.[592] A Thanksgiving dinner with roast
turkey, mashed potatoes, pickles,
Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, corn, candied yams, cranberry jelly,
doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, hamburgers, shrimps, stuffing, green peas,
hot dogs, and American pizza derive from the recipes of various deviled eggs, green salad, and
immigrant groups.[593][594][595][596] Mexican dishes such as burritos apple sauce

and tacos preexisted the United States in areas later annexed from
Mexico, and adaptations of Chinese cuisine as well as pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are
all widely consumed.[597] American chefs have had a significant impact on society both domestically and

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internationally. In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances
Roth. This would become the United States' most prestigious culinary school, where many of the most
talented American chefs would study prior to successful careers.[598][599]

The United States restaurant industry was projected at $899 billion in sales for 2020,[600][601] and
employed more than 15 million people, representing 10% of the nation's workforce directly.[600] It is the
country's second-largest private employer and the third-largest employer overall.[602][603] The United
States is home to over 220 Michelin star-rated restaurants, 70 of which are in New York City alone.[604]
Wine has been produced in what is now the United States since the 1500s, with the first widespread
production beginning in what is now New Mexico in 1628.[605][606][607] In the modern U.S., wine
production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 84 percent of all U.S. wine. With
more than 1,100,000 acres (4,500 km2) under vine, the United States is the fourth-largest wine-producing
country in the world, after Italy, Spain, and France.[608][609]

The American fast-food industry developed alongside the nation's car culture.[610] American restaurants
developed the drive-in format in the 1920s, which they began to replace with the drive-through format by
the 1940s.[611][612] American fast-food restaurant chains, such as McDonald's, Kentucky Fried Chicken,
Dunkin' Donuts and many others, have numerous outlets around the world.[613]

Sports
The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football,
basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey.[614] While most major U.S.
sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of
European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and
snowboarding are American inventions, many of which have become
popular worldwide.[615] Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native
American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European
contact.[616] The market for professional sports in the United States was American football is the most
approximately $69 billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of popular sport in the United States; in
Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.[617] this September 2022 National
Football League game, the
American football is by several measures the most popular spectator Jacksonville Jaguars play the
sport in the United States;[618] the National Football League has the Washington Commanders at
FedExField.
highest average attendance of any sports league in the world, and the
Super Bowl is watched by tens of millions globally.[619] However,
baseball has been regarded as the U.S. "national sport" since the late 19th century. After American football,
the next four most popular professional team sports are basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey. Their
premier leagues are, respectively, the National Basketball Association, Major League Baseball, Major
League Soccer, and the National Hockey League. The most-watched individual sports in the U.S. are golf
and auto racing, particularly NASCAR and IndyCar.[620][621]

On the collegiate level, earnings for the member institutions exceed $1 billion annually,[622] and college
football and basketball attract large audiences, as the NCAA March Madness tournament and the College
Football Playoff are some of the most watched national sporting events.[623] In the U.S., the intercollegiate
sports level serves as a feeder system for professional sports. This differs greatly from practices in nearly all
other countries, where publicly and privately funded sports organizations serve this function.[624]

Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States. The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis,
Missouri, were the first-ever Olympic Games held outside of Europe.[625] The Olympic Games will be held
in the U.S. for a ninth time when Los Angeles hosts the 2028 Summer Olympics. U.S. athletes have won a
total of 2,968 medals (1,179 gold) at the Olympic Games, the most of any country.[626][627][628]

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In international professional competition, the U.S. men's national soccer team has qualified for eleven
World Cups, while the women's national team has won the FIFA Women's World Cup and Olympic soccer
tournament four times each.[629] The United States hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup and will co-host,
along with Canada and Mexico, the 2026 FIFA World Cup.[630] The 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup was
also hosted by the United States. Its final match was watched by 90,185, setting the world record for most-
attended women's sporting event at the time.[631]

See also
Lists of U.S. state topics
Outline of the United States

Notes
a. Twenty-eight of the 50 states recognize only English as an official language. The State of Hawaii
recognizes both Hawaiian and English as official languages, the State of Alaska officially recognizes 20
Alaska Native languages alongside English, and the State of South Dakota recognizes English and all
Sioux dialects as official languages. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have no official
language.
b. English is the de facto language. For more information, see Languages of the United States.
c. The historical and informal demonym Yankee has been applied to Americans, New Englanders, or
northeasterners since the 18th century.
d. At 3,531,900 sq mi (9,147,590 km2), the United States is the third-largest country in the world by land
area, behind Russia and China. By total area (land and water), it is the third-largest, behind Russia and
Canada, if its coastal and territorial water areas are included. However, if only its internal waters are
included (bays, sounds, rivers, lakes, and the Great Lakes), the U.S. is the fourth-largest, after Russia,
Canada, and China.
Coastal/territorial waters included: 3,796,742 sq mi (9,833,517 km2)[18]
Only internal waters included: 3,696,100 sq mi (9,572,900 km2)[19]
e. Excludes Puerto Rico and the other unincorporated islands because they are counted separately in
U.S. census statistics
f. U.S. nominal and PPP-adjusted GDP are the same as the U.S. is the reference country for PPP
calculations.
g. After adjustment for taxes and transfers
h. See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States.
i. See Date and time notation in the United States.
j. The U.S. Virgin Islands use left-hand traffic.
k. The five major territories, belonging to but not a part of the United States, are American Samoa, Guam,
the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The seven undisputed islands
without permanent populations are Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll,
Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, and Palmyra Atoll. U.S. sovereignty over the unpopulated Bajo Nuevo
Bank, Navassa Island, Serranilla Bank, and Wake Island is disputed.[17]
l. The U.S. Census Bureau's latest official population estimate of 340,110,988 residents (2024) is for the
50 states and the District of Columbia; it excludes the 3.6 million residents of the five major U.S.
territories and outlying islands. The Census Bureau also provides a continuously updated but unofficial
population clock: www.census.gov/popclock (https://www.census.gov/popclock/)
m. The official U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual has prescribed specific usages for "U.S."
and "United States" as part of official names. In "formal writing (treaties, Executive orders,
proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal citations and courtwork; and covers and title pages",[28]
"United States" is always used. In a sentence containing the name of another country, "United States"
must be used. Otherwise, "U.S." is used preceding a government organization or as an adjective, but
"United States" is used as an adjective preceding non-governmental organizations (e.g. United States
Steel Corporation).[28]

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n. Americus comes from the Medieval Latin name Emericus (for Saint Emeric of Hungary), itself derived
from the Old High German name Emmerich.
o. From the late 15th century, the Columbian exchange had been catastrophic for native populations
throughout the Americas. It is estimated that up to 95 percent of the indigenous populations, especially
in the Caribbean, perished from infectious diseases during the years following European
colonization;[57] remaining populations were often displaced by European expansion.[58][59]
p. New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
q. Per the U.S. Constitution, Amendment Twenty-three, proposed by the U.S. Congress on June 16, 1960,
and ratified by the States on March 29, 1961
r. A country's total exports are usually understood to be goods and services. Based on this, the U.S. is
the world's second-largest exporter, after China.[317] However, if primary income is included, the U.S. is
the world's largest exporter.[318]
s. These population figures are official 2024 annual estimates (rounded off) from the U.S. Census
Bureau.[395]
t. This figure, like most official data for the United States as a whole, excludes the five unincorporated
territories (Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana
Islands) and minor island possessions.
u. Inupiaq, Siberian Yupik, Central Alaskan Yup'ik, Alutiiq, Unanga (Aleut), Denaʼina, Deg Xinag,
Holikachuk, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Gwichʼin, Tanana, Upper Tanana, Tanacross, Hän, Ahtna,
Eyak, Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian
v. Also known less formally as Obamacare

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statement/permission (https://commons.wikimedia.org/whttps://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:World
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External links
Key Development Forecasts for the United States (https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?
Country=US) from International Futures

Government
Official U.S. Government web portal (https://www.usa.gov/) – gateway to government sites
House (https://www.house.gov/) – official website of the United States House of Representatives
Senate (https://www.senate.gov/) – official website of the United States Senate
White House (https://www.whitehouse.gov/) – official website of the president of the United States
Supreme Court (https://www.supremecourt.gov/) – official website of the Supreme Court of the United
States

History
"Historical Documents" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080314143240/https://www.nationalcenter.org/H
istoricalDocuments.html) – website from the National Center for Public Policy Research
"U.S. National Mottos: History and Constitutionality" (https://web.archive.org/web/20221119213422/htt
p://www.religioustolerance.org/nat_mott.htm). Religious Tolerance. Analysis by the Ontario Consultants
on Religious Tolerance.
"Historical Statistics" (https://www.historicalstatistics.org/index2.html) – links to U.S. historical data

Maps
"National Atlas of the United States" (https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/https://www.nationa
latlas.gov/) – official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
Wikimedia Atlas of the United States
Geographic data related to United States (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/148838) at
OpenStreetMap
"Measure of America" (https://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/) – a variety of mapped information
relating to health, education, income, safety and demographics in the United States

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