DATA COLLECTION SURVEY

ON
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DILI MUNICIPALITY
FOR
REDUCING MARINE PLASTIC WASTE IN TIMOR-LESTE

Result of Survey

October 2024
JICA Survey Team
 Contents of Presentation

1. Current Status of Waste Management in Dili City

2. WACS and Current Waste Flow

3. Future Projection of Waste Amount

4. Identification of Issues Based on the Current Status of Waste Management

Including Marine Plastic Waste

5. Consideration of Solutions for Solving Issues

2
1. Current Status of Waste Management in Dili City

3
1.1 Current Situation of Solid Waste Management in Dili Municipality
Population: 344,700 people
Area: 224 km²
Distance from Dili city center to the disposal site: Approximately 13 km

Source: MSA, Dili Municipality 4

1.2 Main Law and Regulations in Related to Waste Management by the
Government of Timor-Leste
• Decree Law for Environmental Basic Law: Number 26/2012
- Basic law regarding environmental management in Timor-Leste
• Decree Law for SWM: Number 2/2017
- Basic law regarding solid waste management in Timor-Leste
• Decree Law for Sale, Import, and Production of Plastic Bags, Packaging, and Other Plastic
Items No. 37/2020 of September

• There is no basic law and regulations regarding the establishment of circular society
• There are no detailed regulations or guidelines for the implementation of the above-mentioned
laws.
5
1.3 Main Organization related to Solid Waste Management in National Level

Organization Role
Ministry of State Responsible for developing infrastructure to provide
Administration public services carries out the establishment of national-
level waste management laws and systems, and
provides technical and financial support for
infrastructure development in each municipality.
Ministry of Responsible for establishment of legal framework
Tourism and regarding solid waste management and regulatory
Environment authority of overall environmental management body
Ministry of Responsible for medical waste management
Health

6
1.4 Current Condition of SWM in Dili Municipality
Discharge, Collection and Transportation

⚫ Before the introduction of new collection and transportation system, waste is discharged into collection
points made by concrete boxes, and since it is not placed in bags, the waste is scattered.
⚫ It takes time to load the waste into the collection vehicles due to the scattered waste within a certain area.
⚫ After establishment of new collection and transportation system, containers or trash bins have been
placed at collection points, and it has commenced that the waste has been transported from these points
to the disposal site by compactor trucks or container trucks.

7
1.5 Current Condition of SWM in Dili Municipality
3R and Intermediate Treatment

⚫ There are several companies engaged in recycling, in which largest one is Caltech.
⚫ In Caltech, plastics and glass are crushed and molded, then recycled into materials for road base, paving
tiles, indoor boards, etc.
⚫ Cardboard and similar materials are reportedly composted, though the objective is unknown.
⚫ Although recycling is being carried out as mentioned above, recyclable waste is still present in the
residuals, indicating insufficient collection and limitation of capacity of recycling facilities.

8
1.6 Current Condition of SWM in Dili Municipality
Final Disposal

Source: MSA, Dili Municipality

⚫ The current Tibar Landfill site operates as an open dumping facility, lacking essential infrastructure such
as a liner system, stormwater drainage channels, and a leachate treatment facility.
⚫ There is a plan to expand the landfill area, excavate the waste that has already been landfilled, and, after
excavation, install a liner system, leachate collection pipes and gas ventilation pipes, as well as
embankment to prevent the landslide of landfilled waste, stormwater drainage to avoid inflow of rainwater
inflow from surrounding catchment area, in order to improve the site into a sanitary landfill.
9
2. WACS and Current Waste Flow

10
2.1 Waste Amount and Composition Survey (WACS)

Waste Amount Survey Waste Composition Survey

Generation Sampling Sampling Method
source number number
(7 days) (3 days)

Household (High, 100 6 1. Mixing all the sample and conducting sample reduction
middle, low for separating effectively
incomes) 2. Sorting
Restaurant 10 1 Sorting is conducted for following each category for
physical composition measurement.
Hotel 10 1 (1) Physical composition 1) Paper/cardboard, 2)Glass, 3)
Shop 10 1 Plastic (hard and PET), 4) Plastic (laminate), 5) Plastic
(non-recyclable such as PVC, etc), 6) Aluminum, 7) Other
Office, school 10 1 Metal, 8) Food waste, 9) Green/Garden waste, 10)
Clinic 10 1 Builders Waste, 11) Soil and Dirt, 12) Hazardous Waste,
13) Miscellaneous)
3. Bulk density
Remaining samples in sample reduction is used for
measurement of bulk density. A certain volume of bucket
is measured before and measure the weight of samples to
calculate bulk density

11
2.2 Current Condition of SWM in Dili Municipality
Waste Generation Amount
Number of person Per unit generation Waste Amount
Item
/ establishment rate [kg/day] [ton/day]
Crist Rei 80,976 0.57 46.0
Dom Aleixo 175,800 0.71 124.8
Metinaro 7,601 0.57 4.3
Household
Nain Feto 35,550 0.71 25.2
Vera Cruz 44,399 0.71 31.5
Total 344327 0.67 231.9
Hotel 61 18.40 1.1
Restaurant 3058 7.90 24.2
Shop/company 3044 10.8 32.9
School/institution 1143 10.8 12.3
Hospital/clinic 63 9.6 0.6
Total 303.0

12
2.3 Waste Characterization Survey (Per capita waste generation)
5.00

Waste geenration amount [kg/person/day]

4.50
4.00

3.50

3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50
0.00
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0
Income [US$/person/month]

13
2.4 WACS (Physical Composition at Household Waste)

14
2.5 WACS (Physical Composition of Business Waste)

15
2.6 WACS (Waste Amount of each Physical Composition
from each Generation Source) Unit : t/day
Shop/compa School/instituti
Physical component Household Hotel Restaurant Hospital/clinic Total
ny on
Paper/cardboard 22.4 0.4 4.9 20.8 7.8 0.2 56.5
Glass 4.9 0.1 3.0 1.3 0.5 0.0 9.8
Plastic (hard) 8.0 0.1 1.0 2.5 0.9 0.0 12.5
Plastic (laminate) 12.5 0.0 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.0 14.2
Plastic (non-recyclable
6.4 0.1 0.6 1.9 0.7 0.1 9.7
such as PVC, etc)
Aluminum 1.7 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 2.2
Other Metal 4.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.0 5.2
Food waste 36.5 0.3 12.2 2.6 1.0 0.0 52.7
Green/Garden waste 31.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 32.0
Builders Waste 8.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 8.2
Soil and Dirt 49.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 50.9
Hazardous Waste 10.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.4 0.1 12.1
Miscellaneous 35.8 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.0 37.0
Total 231.9 1.1 24.2 32.9 12.3 0.6 303.0
Remark: The figures of which amount is more than 10 ton/day are highlighted. 16
2.7 Recycling Survey
Unit : t / month
Recyclable Waste Recycle Dealer Community Waste Picker
Paper 0.26 0.00 0.00
Plastic 26.50 0.43 1.97
Glass 9.50 0.15 0.03
Metal (without 665.89 0.00 4.07
Aluminum)
Aluminum 26.63 0.00 1.98
Other 10.25 0.04 0.00
Note: Around 80% of metal is industrial waste according to hearing
from recycling dealer and field inspection

17
 Recieving Waste Amount [[t/day]

0
100
150
200
250

50
2024/6/1
2024/6/2

Source : Dili Municipality

2024/6/3
2024/6/4
2024/6/5
2024/6/6
2024/6/7
2024/6/8
2024/6/9
2024/6/10
2024/6/11
2024/6/12
2024/6/13
2024/6/14
2024/6/15
2024/6/16
2024/6/17
2.8 WACS (Waste Amount at Tibar Landfill Site)

2024/6/18
2024/6/19
2024/6/20
2024/6/21
Date of Waste Recieving at Tibar Landfill Site

2024/6/22
2024/6/23
2024/6/24
2024/6/25
2024/6/26
2024/6/27
2024/6/28
2024/6/29
2024/6/30
18
2.9 WACS (Physical Composition at Tibar Landfill Site)

19
2.10 Current Waste Flow
Collection from 6.2 t/d Recycled and/or
Recycler export to Singapore,
communities
Indonesia, etc.
0.27 t/d
Collection from
Collection by
Dili Municipality business
Waste Pickers
establishment
303.0 t/d /]
Waste collection
Waste Collection Tibar Landfill Site from outside Dilli
184.8 t/d Municipality
・Households : 231.9 [t/day] 2.1 t/d
・Restaurant : 24.2 [t/day] Inflow from other areas
・Shop/Market : 32.9 [t/day] Dispersal of
due to tidal currents, etc.
・Hotel : 1.1 [t/day] waste
112.0 t/d
・Institution : 12.3 [t/day]
・Hospital : 0.6 [t/day]
Partial
Uncollected waste River/Waterway Ocean
inflow

Open burning,
Scattering
dumping, etc
20
3. Future Projection of Waste Amount

21
3.1 Population Projection

500,000

450,000

400,000

350,000

Dili population
Projected Population

300,000
increasing rate
250,000
Crist Rei
Don Aleixo
200,000
Metinaro
Nain Feto
150,000

100,000

50,000

0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055

Year

Source : National Institute of Statics

22
3.2 Future Projection of Waste Generation Amount
700.0

Waste Generation Amount (ton/day)

600.0

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0 Household Total Bussiness total Total

100.0

0.0
2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
Year

23
3.3 Future Projection of Waste Generation Amount
for Each Physical Composition (Unit : t/day)
Year 2024 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Paper/cardboard 53.7 67.2 78.5 89.7 100.9 112.6
Glass 9.3 11.7 13.7 15.6 17.6 19.6
Plastic (hard) 13.6 17.0 19.9 22.7 25.5 28.5
Plastic (laminate) 14.4 18.0 21.1 24.1 27.1 30.2
Plastic (non-recyclable
9.5 11.9 13.9 15.9 17.9 20.0
such as PVC, etc)
Aluminum 2.3 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.9
Other Metal 5.2 6.6 7.7 8.7 9.8 11.0
Food waste 53.1 66.4 77.6 88.6 99.7 111.2
Green/Garden waste 33.1 41.4 48.4 55.3 62.2 69.4
Builders Waste 8.3 10.4 12.1 13.8 15.5 17.3
Soil and Dirt 51.1 64.0 74.7 85.4 96.1 107.2
Hazardous Waste 12.2 15.3 17.9 20.5 23.0 25.7
Miscellaneous 37.0 46.3 54.1 61.8 69.5 77.6
Total 303.0 379.0 442.9 506.1 569.2 635.1

24
4. Identification of Issues Based on the Current Status
of Waste Management Including Marine Plastic Waste

25
4.1 Main Assistant Activities of Donors and NGOs in Timor-Leste
(1) ADB
• Implementing a project for the improvement of waste collection and transportation and the
expansion and enhancement of the landfill in Dili City.
• It contributes the introduction of new waste collection and transportation in urban areas outside
of parts of Cristo Rei and Metinaro.
• The project could improve the landfill site with operations and maintenance managed by a
Chinese company as well as the above collection and transportation.
(2) UNDP
• UNDP has implemented the Recycling Pilot Promotion (RPP) Project, a community-based
upcycling and recycling initiative, targeting four villages.
(3) USAID, KOICA
• "USAID, KOICA, and the EU collaborated to establish the Plastic Solutions Alliance (PSA) and
worked with Heineken and Mercy Corps to install dedicated plastic waste bins for businesses,
households, and communities. The collected plastic was then processed into materials such as
tiles and blocks by Caltech and sold, but the three-year PSA initiative has now come to an
end."
26
4.2 Issues and Challenges

⚫ While there is a basic law on waste management, including marine plastic waste, there is no basic
law or specific laws related to a circular society.
⚫ There is no waste strategy or waste management plan, including marine plastic waste.
⚫ The collection of waste service fees and disposal fees, for both business and household sectors, is
not being implemented.
⚫ Waste collection and transportation is planned to be carried out under a new system except for the
suburbs of Dili. The landfill is also expected to be operated and managed by a private Chinese
company.
⚫ Although recycling is being conducted by companies like Caltech, it is insufficient due to uncollected
recyclable waste and a lack of processing capacity.
⚫ The recycling market in Timor-Leste is not fully developed, and it is necessary to confirm the end-
users and demand.
⚫ There is illegal dumping and littering.
⚫ The collection of plastics, which enter the ocean through rivers or are generated in the water area, is
needed."

27
4.3 Countermeasure for Each Issue and Challenge
1. There is a basic law for waste management, including marine plastic Establishment of legal system
waste, but there is no basic law or specific legislation related to a for circular society
circular society. Formulation of strategies and plans for marine
2. There is no waste strategy or waste management plan, including plastic waste and waste management
marine plastic waste.
Improvement of financial systems (such as waste
3. The collection of waste service fees and disposal fees is not being
management service fee collection system)
implemented for either the business or household sectors.
4. Waste collection and transportation, except for the rural area of Dili, Necessary of consideration of waste
are planned to be carried out under a new system. management system in rural area
5. Recycling is being carried out by companies like Caltech, but due to Improvement of systems of the collection
uncollected recyclable waste and insufficient processing capacity, it system for resource recovery of plastic waste.
cannot be considered adequate.
6. The recycling market in Timor-Leste is not fully developed, and Development of recycling markets and
improvement of current recycling technologies
it is necessary to confirm the market conditions. First, the end-
users need to be identified. Implementation of monitoring and management
utilizing DX (Digital Transformation).
7. Monitoring of littering and dumping sites is required.
8. The collection of plastics that enter the ocean from land Consideration of technologies for waste
through rivers or are generated in water bodies is necessary. collection in rivers and seas

28
5. Consideration of Solutions for Solving Issues

29
5.1 Prioritization and Timing of Each Countermeasure
Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 Yr 8, Yr. 9 Year 10
Necessary Future Measure Priority/Term
Short Term Middle Term Long Term
Establishment of the Basic Law for a Circular Society Shor Term

Formulation of law and Development of laws and regulations related to the

regulation, strategy and establishment of a circular society, including ordinances and Long Term
plan regarding SWM regulations concerning industrial waste
toward establiment of
Formulation of a waste management strategy and the
circlular society Shor Term
master plan for waste management
Formulation of waste management plan for Dili City Shor Term

Introduction of waste management service fee collection

Shor Term
system (disposal fees for final disposal sites)

Introduction of waste management service fee collection

Challenge for formulation system (collection of fees from bussines establishment) Middle Term

of institutioal system :
Introduction of a waste management service fee collection
Long Term
system (collection of fees from residents)

Introduction of systems to promote recycling Long Term

Expansion of collection and transportation services and
Countermeasure Middle Term
measures for self-treatment, especially for rural areas
regarding collection and
Improvement of collection methods to promote 3R (Reduce,
transportation Middle Term
Reuse, Recycle)
Raising public awareness and providing environmental
Countermeasure Middle Term
education
regarding waste reduction
Long. Middle
and recycling Promotion of the recycling business
Term,

Monitoring of waste Shor Term

Countermeasure for waste
Collection of waste discharged into marine and river
discharged into waterbody Middle Term
environments

30
5.2 Example of Proposed of Framework of Laws toward Circular
Basic Environmental Law (Decree Law for
Environmental Basic Law: Number 26/2012)
The Basic Law for Establishing a Sound Material-cycle
Society

Decree Law for Sale, Import, and

Decree Law for Solid
Production of Plastic Bags,
Waste Management:
Packaging, and Other Plastic
Number 2/2017
Items No. 37/2020 of September

Green Purchasing Law

31
5.3 Consideration of Fee Collection System for Municipal Solid Waste Service

Concept regarding
Collection Method
fee collection
- All the - Designated bag for the collection of
beneficiary pay waste collection service fee
Collection and the waste - Collection with other fee such as
Transportation collection electricity fee
Service Fee service fee - Collection from business establishment
- Incentive toward which discharge large amount of waste
waste reduction as contract fee

Collection through
waste collectors - Tipping fee through the monitoring
Waste Disposal Fee Incentive toward record at the weighing bridge in Tibar
waste reduction Landfill Site
and recycling

32
5.4 Introduction of Designated Garbage Bag (Japanese Case) Waste
Collection Service
The Designated Garbage Bag System is a program implemented by municipalities
requiring households and businesses to use specific, designated garbage bags for waste
disposal.

•Waste Reduction: Residents become more aware

of the necessity of waste reduction
•Enhanced Sorting: The bags could be designed
with different colors or patterns for various types of
waste
•Collection Efficiency: Bags are designed to
improve the efficiency of waste collection processes.
•Fair Distribution of Waste Disposal Costs: The
cost of waste disposal is distributed more equitably
according to the number of bags purchased

33
5.5 Institutional Setup of EPR System for Container and Package Waste
in Japan

Source separation and Collection and

Recycling
discharge transportation

Physical responsibility
Recycling Association
Waste
dischargers
Recyclers
Municipality
Financial responsibility

Producers

34
5.6 Self-disposal Procedure and Expansion of Collection and Transportation
Service for Non-collection Area

Station Collection for Rural

Area (e.g. once a week
collection of inorganic
recyclable and non
recyclable waste only)

Promotion of home
composting of organic waste
No collection of the area of Hera or Metinaro by some incentive

35
5.7 Consideration of Collection System toward the Promotion of Recycling
such as Deposit System, Separate Collection and Station Collection

Deposit System
- Deposit the money for product
- After use the product, bring the collection point to get back the deposit
subtracted recycling fee

Separate Collection
Collect each type of waste such as recyclable and non-recyclable separately
with the cooperation of waste dischargers

Station collection for recyclable waste

Waste dischargers bring the recyclable waste to waste collection points
such as store or school or collection points in community
36
5.8 Development of Recycling Markets and Improvement of Current Recycling
Technologies

Paper/Cardboard Plastic Glass

Storage for
Current composting to utilize Paving tiles and/or Handy
for soil conditioner wall materials craft

Consideration Promotion of paving tiles and/or

Composting for
Future of RPF or the wall materials and handy craft
cover soil material,
other
soil conditioner, etc
technologies

37
5.9 Implementation of Monitoring and Management Utilizing Digital Technology

Source : Pirika, Inc.

Mapping the waste scattering points and
Taking photo of scattering waste in monitoring for raising public awareness and
the pavement planning the countermeasure for waste
management

38
5.10 Technologies for Waste Collection in Rivers and Seas

Source : Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.

Collection by marine waste collection vessel Collection of the waste from drainage and/or
river by net or oil fence

39
5.11 Technologies for Recycling Business of Waste Plastic

Without additives With additives

Source : Guun Co., Ltd. Source : Kao Global Chemicals Japan

Waste plastics and papers collected at collection Collected waste plastics are processed into
points with separate collection are processed into additives for asphalt road
RPF and fluff fuel

40