IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION, VOL. 9, NO.

3, SEPTEMBER 2023 3723

A Grid Connected PV Array and Battery Energy

Storage Interfaced EV Charging Station
Vandana Jain , Member, IEEE, Bhim Singh , Fellow, IEEE, and Seema, Member, IEEE

Abstract— In this work, a charging station for electrical vehicle in [7]. Scheduling and allocation of V2G using a smart
(EV) integrated with a battery energy storage (BES) is presented system framework have been presented in [8]. The energy
with enhanced grid power quality. The positive sequence com- management in case of V2G and vehicle to home (V2H) mode
ponents (PSCs) of the three phase grid voltages are evaluated
for the estimation of the unit templates (UTs) and the reference has been demonstrated in [9]. An online energy management
grid currents. The EV and BES are connected at dc link using a for fuel cell-based hybrid multistack vehicle using the game
bidirectional buck-boost converter. During the daytime, EV takes theory has been presented in [10]. Delprat and Riad Boukhari
power from the solar array, while in its absence, it consumes the [11] have demonstrated energy management for hybrid vehicle
power from the grid. Additionally, when the system is connected
by reduction of the computation effort. Another strategy of
to the grid, the point of common coupling voltages synchronizes
with the voltages of the grid. Tests are conducted on a hardware the energy management for EV charging by setting reference
prototype developed in the laboratory for the validation of the power levels for EV has been demonstrated in [12]. A deep
satisfactory response under different dynamics conditions. reinforcement learning technique for hybrid electric vehicles
Index Terms— Battery energy storage (BES), electric vehi- energy management on fuel cell/battery/ultracapacitor with
cle charging station, photovoltaic (PV), power quality, action trimming has been discussed in [13].
synchronization. The integration of the battery energy storage (BES) for
EV charging is wide spreading nowadays for peak shaving.
I. I NTRODUCTION However, the use of additional battery increases the overall
cost of the partial power processing converter, which is imple-
A T THE present time, the demand of electrical vehi-
cle (EV) is propagating in the world, and thus, the
EV charging station installation is also required. A hierar-
mented in [14]. In this concept, the converter controls the
power transfer of the BES to the EV battery, thus reducing
chical architecture is presented in [1] for making decisions the losses.
on EV merging, regulation of EV trajectories, and operation Rafi and Bauman [15] have presented a fast charging of EV
controller. The fallow space utilization for the building of in short time and to feed to grid during peak hours. The battery
EV charging station and use of the parking roof for solar degradation is considered as an objective function. Another
photovoltaic (PV) array installation have been presented in [2]. charging station with a battery has been demonstrated in [16]
Lyu et al. [3] have reviewed the EV charging station consum- to increase the flexibility of the grid and EV. The owner may
ing power from the grid only. Another converter with zero also provide the charged battery for renting or on boarding pur-
voltage switching and discontinuous PWM for the charging pose. Similarly, the aggregators include the batteries in virtual
of EV using the grid power has been demonstrated in [4]. power plants and may deploy them or provide the service in
However, it does not demonstrate the bidirectional flow of the smart grid. Numerical simulation is done to explain the
active power. Son and Lim [5] have presented bidirectional concept, and battery management is done by the experts.
flow of active power. Charging of the EV using grid consumes Balakhontsev et al. [17] have reported extensive review on
a huge amount of power. An alternate source of energy should the EV chargers, supply equipment, and the BES. The on-/off-
be available in abundance with low running cost. Varghese board chargers, different topologies with different transform-
et al. [6] have demonstrated the EV charging station powered ers, and power levels have been discussed.
with renewables. However, this charging station suffers from Park et al. [18] have presented an on-board charger with
several reservations from load side as well as grid side. PFC done using dual-active-bridge converter. An onboard
When PV generation is not enough, then EV is discharged charger using grid for battery charging has been presented in
to deliver the power required by the grid. This type of function [19]. Zinchenko et al. [20] have presented a highly efficient
is termed as vehicle to grid (V2G) as presented experimentally on-board charger. This charger is single stage, thus reducing
the number of components used and increasing the overall
Manuscript received 22 May 2022; revised 25 August 2022 and efficiency of the system by the elimination of complete one
12 November 2022; accepted 22 December 2022. Date of publication 9 Jan- stage. The on-board charger is used only for low-power appli-
uary 2023; date of current version 13 September 2023. This work was
supported in part by FIST Project under Grant RP03195, in part by J. C. cations. Singh et al. [21] and Jain et al. [22] have presented
Bose Fellowship under Grant RP03128, and in part by SERB-NSC Fellowship. an EV charging station. In [21], EV is charged using PV
(Corresponding author: Vandana Jain.) and grid only. However, if PV array generation and grid are
The authors are with the Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute
of Technology, Delhi 110016, India (e-mail: [email protected]). unavailable, then EV battery is not charged. This drawback
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TTE.2023.3234994 is overcome in [22]; here, a BES is also integrated. However,
2332-7782 © 2023 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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3724 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION, VOL. 9, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2023

Fig. 1. System topology.

the EV battery and BES are integrated using a common dc–dc

converter. The voltage level of EV battery is always lower
than BES. Therefore, separate dc–dc converter should be used
for the EV battery and BES integration at the dc link. Thus,
to overcome this, an off-board EV charging station integrated
with a BES that uses the PV power and BES for EV charging
is presented in this work. It also extracts the maximum power
Fig. 2. GC control.
from the PV array and controls the flow of power between
PV array, BES, EV, and the grid. In the normal conditions,
PV array generates the power to charge the EV and remaining
power is supplied to the grid. If grid is not available, then the
extra power is stored in the BES. Else, if PV generation is
unavailable, BES supports the charging of EV.
The key features of the present work are as follows.
1) The PV array is used for EV battery charging and the
surplus power is fed to the grid and BES.
2) In the absence of PV source, BES charges the EV
Fig. 3. PSCs estimation.
battery, so that minimum power is exchanged from the
grid and no additional burden is exerted on the grid. charging of the BES. If required, either EV or BES or both
3) In this topology, PV array is directly connected at are discharged to the grid.
dc link. Therefore, the overall efficiency of system is The control is classified as: 1) MPPT control; 2) grid con-
improved. nected (GC) mode control; 3) synchronization and standalone
4) The nonlinearities are introduced in grid since EV mode (SM) control; 4) BES control; and 5) EV control.
charging/discharging is taken care by voltage source
converter (VSC) control.
A. GC Mode Control
5) The capability of the system for the smooth and seam-
less synchronization between the grid disconnection and The VSC switching pulses are generated in the GC mode
reconnection operating mode. using the control, as shown in Fig. 2.
1) Computation of Unit Templates (UTs): The positive
sequence components (PSCs) of the grid voltages [23] are
II. S YSTEM C ONFIGURATION
computed, as demonstrated in Fig. 3.
The EV charging station with BES is developed, as depicted The three phase voltages (vsa , vsb , and vsc ) are transformed
in Fig. 1. The bidirectional exchange of power between the to α–β domain using Clark’s transformation
PV array, BES, EV, and grid is performed by the VSC.
1  vsa
 
1
vsα
  
It transforms the dc power to ac and vice versa to be exchanged 1 −√2
− √2  vsb .
= (1)
with the grid. The EV and the BES are connected via separate vsβ 0 23 − 23
vsc
bidirectional dc–dc converters at the common dc link. The
charging/discharging of the BES and EV is controlled using The overall transfer function from Fig. 3 is attainedas
this converter. Interfacing inductors are used for the connection aω

(s + aω) −ω

vsα

of the VSC at the PCC for harmonics current reduction. vpαβ = . (2)
(s + aω)2 + ω2 ω (s + aω) vsβ
A static transfer switch (STS) connects and synchronizes the
system to the grid. The PSCs are estimated from controller output obtained in
(2) by using inverse Clark’s transformation
 
vpa 2 0
 
III. C ONTROL A PPROACH √
vsα
 
 vpb  = 3 
3
The main purpose of the system is the EV charging. In case
1 3 
 − 3 3√  × v . (3)
vpc 2 sβ
the grid is not available, the remaining power is used for the − 13 − 3
3

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JAIN et al.: GC PV ARRAY AND BES INTERFACED EV CHARGING STATION 3725

Fig. 4. Control approach. (a) BES control. (b) EV battery charg-

ing/discharging control algorithm.

Fig. 6. Simulated response of EV charging station under variation of PV

insolation.

2) Fundamental Grid Current Active and Reactive Com-

ponent Computation: The grid currents active component
(Ip ) includes dc power component. These are PV feed-
forward component, EV feed-forward, and BES feed-forward
components.
The PV feed-forward component is estimated as
2 Ppv
Ipv = ∗ . (6)
3 Vt
The EV feed-forward component is estimated as
2 Pev
Iev = ∗ . (7)
3 Vt
The feed-forward component of BES power is estimated as
2 Pb
Ib = ∗ . (8)
3 Vt
Therefore, the net active component becomes
 
2 Pev Pb Ppv
Fig. 5. (a) Synchronization and standalone control. (b) System-level Ip = ∗ + − . (9)
3 Vt Vt Vt
coordination control for transition between the GC mode and SM.
The reactive component (Iq ) is computed by reference
reactive power (Q ref )
The amplitude of terminal voltage (Vt ) is computed using 2 Q ref
phase voltages as Iq = ∗ . (10)
3 Vt
r
2  2  3) Grid Currents Reference (GCR) Evaluation: The GCR
Vt = × vpa + vpb
2
+ vpc2 (4) ∗
(i sa ∗
, i sb ∗
, and i sc ) is evaluated as
3
where vpa , vpb , and vpc are PSCs.
∗
i sa = i pa + i qa , i sb
∗
= i pb + i qb , i sc
∗
= i pc + i qc
The in-phase UTs are computed from PSCs and terminal where i pa = Ip × u pa , i qa = Iq × u qa (11)
voltage as i pb = Ip × u pb , i qb = Iq × u qb
vpa vpb vpc i pc = Ip × u pc , qc = Iq × u qc (12)
u pa = , u pb = , u pc = . (5)
Vt Vt Vt
where i pa , i pb , and i pc are the per phase active currents and
Likewise, quadrature UTs are evaluated as depicted in [16]. i qa , i qb , and i qc are the per phase reactive currents.

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3726 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION, VOL. 9, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2023

Fig. 7. Simulated performance at (a) grid disconnection and (b) grid reconnection.

Fig. 9. Hardware prototype.

C. EV Control Algorithm
The EV is controlled by giving desired switching pulses to
dc–dc converter. For charging of the EV battery, the current
Fig. 8. Comparative of the proposed control with fractional-order correntropy
reference is estimated by comparing reference EV voltage with
adaptive filtering algorithm at dc offset. actual EV voltage and providing this error to the PI controller.
However, if grid requires active power from EV, then EV
The reference grid currents obtained are subtracted from battery current reference is estimated by dividing reference
actual grid currents. The error obtained is given to hysteresis EV power with EV voltage, as shown in Fig. 4(b).
current controller and VSC gate pulses are obtained.
D. Synchronization and Standalone Control
B. BES Control When grid is unavailable, signal S = 0 for the STS,
the VSC operates in the SM, as shown in Fig. 5(a). The
BES control extracts peak power from PV source and
grid (θg ) and PCC voltage angle (θs ) are compared, and the
reference value for dc link is obtained. In event of absence
error is estimated as
of PV array power, controller uses a constant reference value.
The block diagram of overall control is shown in Fig. 4(a). θe (k) = θg (k) − θs (k). (13)

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JAIN et al.: GC PV ARRAY AND BES INTERFACED EV CHARGING STATION 3727

Fig. 10. Steady-state response of the system. (a) Grid voltage (vsab ) and grid current (isa ). (b) Grid power. (c) and (d) THD of grid voltage and grid current.
(e) PV array generation. (f) EV voltage and current. (g) EV power. (h) BES voltage and current. (i) BES power.

Fig. 11. Performance at (a) rise in solar irradiation and (b) and (c) decrease in solar irradiation.

It is then given to the PI controller and reference PCC pulses are obtained. When PV array power and BES power
voltages are computed. These reference PCC voltages are then are unavailable or not that much enough for the charging of
compared with actual PCC voltage to obtain the voltage error. EV battery, the islanded control shifts to the GC control after
This error is passed to the PI controller, and hence, PCC meeting the specified boundary conditions via synchronizing.
reference currents are obtained. The reference grid currents The boundary conditions necessary for the GC operation of
obtained are subtracted from actual grid currents. The error the system are the amplitude, frequency, and angle, as shown
obtained is given to hysteresis current controller and VSC gate in Fig. 5(b).

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3728 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION, VOL. 9, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2023

Fig. 12. System at constant power mode of the grid. (a) Decrease in PV insolation. (b) Rise in solar irradiation.

Fig. 13. System at (a) discharging of BES and (b) charging of BES.

IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS

The performance system is shown in this section.

A. Performance Under Variation of Solar Insolation

During rise in PV array irradiation from 600 to 1000 W/m2 ,
PV array generation increases, since EV and battery are in
floating mode, as shown in Fig. 6.

B. Performance of System at Outage of Grid

Simulated performance at grid outage is shown in Fig. 7(a).
When grid outage is observed, charging station operates in
SM. Therefore, grid currents and voltages immediately become
zero. The BES compensates for surplus power and starts
charging. EV charging remains unchanged.

C. Performance of System at Grid Reconnection

The simulated response of system at grid recovery is
presented in Fig. 7(b). During grid restoration, the VSC
synchronizes to the grid, and the grid voltages and the currents
are appeared. The BES starts discharging without affecting the
EV charging.

D. Comparative Analysis of the Proposed Control With

Fractional-Order Correntropy Adaptive Filtering Algorithm
at DC Offset
A 90-V dc offset is given in grid voltages. The UTs after the Fig. 14. Performance at mode change. (a) Performance at grid disconnection.
use of fractional-order correntropy adaptive filtering algorithm (b) Performance at grid reconnection.
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JAIN et al.: GC PV ARRAY AND BES INTERFACED EV CHARGING STATION 3729

Fig. 15. System response at voltage unbalance. (a) and (b) vsab and isa . (c) Grid power. (d) and (e) THD of grid voltages and grid currents. (f) Unbalancing
factor.

control [24] have dc-offset component in it. Therefore, PSCs the PV current increases, and now, VSC is supplying addi-
using fractional-order correntropy adaptive filtering algorithm tional generated power to the grid, as depicted in Fig. 11(a).
have dc offset, while the UTs and PSCs using the proposed Similarly, at the fall in solar irradiation, PV current decreases,
control are offset free, as shown in Fig. 8. and thereby, VSC is now supplying reduced power, and
hence, there is the decrease in the grid power while charging
V. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS of EV battery remains unaffected, as shown in Fig. 11(b)
The system is authenticated by testing on various conditions and (c). It is also observed that the storage battery is in
on a prototype developed in the laboratory. The VSC of floating mode, and it does not get affected by the PV
the PV array is used for dc–ac conversion and vice versa, intermittency.
and a separate dc–dc bidirectional converters are used for
the BES and EV. The VSC and the bidirectional converters
C. Dynamics Performance During Variation in PV Insolation
are designed using the IGBT switches. A solar simulator,
and Constant Power Mode of Grid
TerraSAS (Ametek make) is used as a PV array. Lead acid
batteries are used for the EV battery and BES. The control During the rise in solar insolation, the additional power
is implemented on a digital signal processor (DSP dSPACE- is consumed by BES for charging, as shown in Fig. 12(a).
1006) to generate the gate pulses of the VSC. Fig. 9 shows However, during the fall in the PV insolation, the BES
the experimental prototype developed in the laboratory. compensates for the reduction in supply by discharging,
as shown in Fig. 12(b). However, the EV charging and the
A. Performance at Steady State grid currents remain unaffected as BES is compensating for
The steady-state performance is demonstrated in the PV generation intermittency.
Fig. 10(a)–(i). The waveforms of the grid voltages and
grid currents are depicted in Fig. 10(a). The values of the grid D. Dynamics Performance of Charging Station
voltages are 221.8, 225.94, and 223.63 V and that of currents
Depending upon the charge/discharge of BES, the grid
are 5.099, 5.111, and 5.226 A, respectively. Fig. 10(b) shows
power is consumed or the additional power of BES discharge
the THDs of all the three phases of the grid voltages as
is delivered to the grid, as shown in Fig. 13(a) and (b). When
2.02%, 2.05%, and 2.06% and that of grid currents are 3.17%,
BES current is increasing in positive direction (discharging of
2.98%, and 3.32%, as demonstrated in Fig. 10(c). Fig. 10(d)
BES), there is rise in the grid current, which means that the
shows the grid power as −1.991 kW and the grid power
additional power is supplied here. However, when BES current
factor is 0.998. The value of power factor is near to 1. The
is reducing in the positive direction (charging of BES), there
PV source generates a power of 2.62 kW, as demonstrated
is a decrease in the grid current, i.e., BES is consuming the
in Fig. 10(e). The PV array operates at MPPT and provides
grid power for its charging. However, the EV charging remains
the power to the EV (1.518 A, 421 W) for charging, while
unaffected.
BES (0.116 A, 35 W) is operating on floating mode while
residual power is delivered to the grid (1.991 kW), as shown
in Fig. 10(f)–(i). E. Performance During Mode Change
During the grid failure, grid disconnects as seen by the
B. System Performance During PV Variation zero grid current. However, the EV charging and VSC voltage
Performance during PV intermittency is shown in (vvsca ) remain unchanged, while the BES starts charging in
Fig. 11(a)–(c). When there is an increase in solar irradiation, the SM of operation, as shown in Fig. 14(a). When grid is

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3730 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TRANSPORTATION ELECTRIFICATION, VOL. 9, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2023

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