CHAPTER II

● Fundamental Of Traffic
Management
● The Pillars of Traffic
● Traffic safety Education
Instructor: PLT BENEDICTO FIEL CABELTO (Ret.)
 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Overview
This module presents the various
endeavors of the government for a
systematic traffic management. Further, it
discusses the different areas of traffic
management as well as the role of
government and non-government agencies
responsible for traffic management. To
understand better this module, it is divided
into:
Lesson 1. Fundamentals of Traffic
Management Lesson
2. The Pillars of Traffic
Lesson 3. Traffic Safety Education
Lesson 1
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Concept : traffic management is the best

understood by understanding the following
commonly used words and terminologies.

Arterial highways/roads: these are high-capacity

urban roads that direct traffic from collector roads
to expressways or freeways. It also refers to a
highways that is used primarily by through traffic.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

COLLECTOR HIGHWAY: It is also known
as collector road or distributor road
which connects low-to-moderate
highways or roads to arterial highways
such as those entering residential
properties. It also refers to a highway
that serves primarily to funnel traffic
from one local highway to another or
between arterials and local highways.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

HIGHWAY: it means the entire width between
the boundary lines of every way dedicated to
a public authority when any part of the way
is open to the use of the public for purposes
of vehicular traffic,whether or not the public
authority is maintaining the way. or, highway
refers to any roads, streets, boulivards, or
avenues used as public thoroughfare.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Management: it refers to the skillful use
of means to accomplish a purpose.

Operation: pertains to course or series of act

to effect a certain purpose;manner of
action;or a vital or natural process of activity.

Roadway: refers to that part of the Traffic

way over which motor vehicles pass, for
purposes of construction,repair, and /or
maintenance,roads are classified

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

1.National Roads
– these are roads/streets
interconnecting provinces and/
or cities.

1.Provincial Roads

– these are roads/streets

interconecting municipalities
and/or cities within a province.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

3. City Roads – these are roads/streets
interconnecting barangays with a city.

4. Municipal Roads – these are

roads/streets interconnecting
barangay within a municipality.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

5. Barangay roads – these are roads/streets
located within a barangay which connect sitios
or places within a barangay.

Shoulder: it refers to either side of the

roadways especialy along highways.

Sidewalk – it refers to the paved walkway

along the side of a street. It also means the
area determined as follows:

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

(1) On the side of a highway which has a shoulder ,
a sidewalk is that portion of the highway between
the outside lateral line of the shoulder and the
adjacent property line capable of being used by a
pedestrian.

(2) on the side a highway which has no shoulder, a

sidewalk is that portion of the highway between
the lateral line of The roadway and the adjacent
property line capable of being used by a
pedestrian.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

 Through highway. It means every highway or
portion thereof on which vehicular traffic
given the right of way, and at the entrance to
which vehicular traffic from intersecting
highways is required by law to yield Right of
way to vehicles on such through highway in
obedience to either an authorized stop sign or
yield sign, or other official traffic control
device.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Thruway or throughway: it is a highway that has
limited entrances and exits such as the
expressways,freeways, or motorways.

Traffic: it refers to the movement of persons,

goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion
system or animal drawn from one place to another
for the purpose of travel.

Early 16th century. Via obsolete French trafique

from old Italian traffic From trafficare to carry on
trade, of uncertain origin.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Traffic way: refers to the entire width
between boundary lines of every way or place
of which any part is open to the used of the
public for purposes of vehicular traffic as a
matter of right or custom. It is also
synonymous to public way.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

The intersection: in most American state
laws,intersection is defined as the area embraced
within the prolongation or connection of the lateral curb
lines ,or,if none,then the lateral boundary lines of the
roadway of two highways which join one another at,or
approximately at,right angles,or the area within which
vehicles Traveling upon different highways joining at any
other angles may come in conflict. It is synonymous to
crossroads junctions,or crossings,
in a simpler language,intersection refers to the area of
a roadway created when two or more roadways join
together at any angle,as described in one of the
following;
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
(1) If the roadways have curbs,the intersection
is the area embraced within the prolongation or
connection of the lateral curbs lines.

(2) If the roadways do not have curbs, the

intersection is the area EMBRACED WITHIN THE
PROLONGATION OR CONNECTION OF THE
LATERAL BOUNDARY LINES OF THE
ROADWAYS.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTIONS ACCORDING
TO NUMBER OF INTERSECTING ROAD:

1. 3WAYS INTERSECTION- IT IS COMMONLY

KNOWN AS THE T OR Y CROSSROAD WHICH LINKS
THREE ROADS.

2. 4-WAYS INTERSECTION – IT IS THE MOST COMMON

TYPE WHICH INVOLVED THE CROSSING OF TWO
ROADWAYS.IT IS EITHER A PERPENDICULAR AND IT
IS CALLED SKEWED INTERSECTION WHEN THE TWO
ROADS CROSS AT DIFFERENT ANGLES.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

3. 5-WAYS INTERSECTION- IT INVOLVES
THE CROSSING OF FIVE ROADS THIS TYPE
IS THE LEAST COMMON.
4. 6-WAYS INTERSECTION – IT INVOLVES
THE CROSSING OF THREE STREETS MOST
OFTEN TWO PERPENDICULAR ROADS AND
ONE DIAGONAL ROAD.THIS TYPE IS VERY
RARE.
5. STAGGED INTERSECTION – IT INVOLVES
TWO SUCCESSIVE T CROSSING.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERSECTION ACCORDING TO TRAFFIC
CONTROL:

1. CONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT IS CONTROLLED

BY ANY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES.

A. YIELD-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION – IT IS USUALLY

CONTROLLED BY A YIELD SIGN OR GIVE WAY SIGN.

B. STOP-CONTROLLED INTERSECTION- A STOP SIGN IS

USUALLY INSTALLED. MOST COMMON ARE THE TWO WAYS
STOPS AN MOST COUNTRIES USE THE FOUR-WAYS STOPS OR
THE FIRST-TO STOP FIRST TO GO RULE .

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

C. TRAFFIC CIRCLE- TRAFFIC FLOW HERE
DIRECTED BY A CIRCLE,ROTARY ISLAND, OR A
RUNABOUT SIGN.

2. UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION- THIS

INTERSECTION HAS NO TRAFFIC SIGNALS OR
TRAFFIC SIGNS.CROSSINGS IS BY OBSERVING
THE RIGHT OF WAY RULE.

3. BOX JUNCTION- THIS TYPE GENERALY

PROHIBITS ENTRY UNLESS THE EXIT IS
CLEAR.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
4. CLOVERLEAF-
A HIGHWAY INTERCHAGE AT WHICH TWO HIGHWAYS,ONE
CROSSING OVER THE OTHER,HAVE A SERIES OF ENTRANCE AND
EXIT RAMPS RESEMBLINGS THE OUTLINE OF A FOUR- LEAF
CLOVER AND ENABLING VEHICLES TO PROCEED IN EITHER
DIRECTION ON EITHER HIGHWAYS.
IT IS THE INHERENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
INTERSECTION AS THE POINT WHERE TWO OR MORE
STREETS,ROADS,OR HIGHWAY MET WHICH ATTRIBUTED TO
MOST TRAFFIC PROBLEMS OR CONFLICTS. IT GOES WITH IT
THAT WHEN MOTOR VEHICLES CROSS EACH OTHERS
PATH,INTERLOCKING OF TRAFFIC FLOWS OR SOMETIMES
COLLISIONS OCCUR BECAUSE OF OCCUPYING THE SPACE AT
ONE GIVEN TIME.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

WHAT IS TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT?

- TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS THE

APPLICATION OF THE PROCESSES
AND SKILLS IN PLANNING
ORGANIZING,STAFFING,DIRECTING,
COORDINATING,AND BUDGETING TO
TRAFFIC AFFAIRS.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT:
THE TWO DISTINCT TYPES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
ARE THE USED OR UTILIZATION OF:

1) traditional traffic engeering tools or devices,

to regulate or control traffic,such as traffic
lights,traffic signs.or pavement markings,traffic
islands,and other devices that could control or
direct the flow of traffic.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

2) Advance technology like the intelligent
transportation system (its). Examples of its are the
installation of road sensors for emergency cars global
positioning devices on motor vehicles,and road
sensors attached to traffic signal lights.

Why traffic management is necessary?

In every traffic management, three elements are
necessary to be considered ;
These are the road system ,road users,and the
enforcement procedures. Failure to coordinate these
elements in a particular highway and/or intersection
may cause traffic related problems.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

A. major causes of traffic congestion- based on
studies conducted by authorities.

1. Physical Inadequacy- this is charactirized by

lack of roads,narrow bridges,railroad
crossings,lack of traffic facilities,etc.

2. Poor Control Measure – this charactirized by

ineffective mechanical control devices
inefficients traffic officers,and poor
implementation of traffic laws,rules and
regulation.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
3.Human Errors- many traffic congestion are
caused by slow drivers or poor driving
habbits, pedestrian mistakes, officers error,
poor planning,poor legislation and traffic
accidents which are mostly attributes to
human errors.

4.Poor Maintenance- oftentimes motor vehicles

are stalled in traffic ways because of
unrepaired diggings,cracks on road pavement
or unfinished road pavement concreting.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Specific traffic problems- traffic managers and traffic
control officers commonly encounter the following
traffic related problems.

1. Traffic Build-up – it is characterized by the gradual

increasing of traffic users in a given portion of the
highway.

2. Traffic Congestion – these are condition road networks

that occurs as use increase and is charactirized by slower
speeds.

3.Traffic Jams – these are situations in highways in which

the movement of traffic users is very slow or stationary.
FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
4. Bottleneck – these are narrow points or areas in highways where
traffic congestion or traffic jams usually occur.

5. Gridlock – a state or condition of severe road congestion arising

when continous queues of vehicles block entire network of
intersecting streets.

6. Accidents – these are events or incidents which may cause

unintentional damage to property,loss of limbs,and/or death.

7. Collisions – these are incidents or instances of one moving traffic

unit or person striking violently against another.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT.

1. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND

COMMUNICATION(DOTC). ,LAND TRANSPORTATION
OFFICE(LTO) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LAND
TRANSPORTATION CODE FOR THE PHILIPINES (R.A.4136)
LAND TRANSPORTATION FRANCHISING AND REGULATORY
BOARD.(LTFRB) AND CONDUCTING TRAFFIC SAFETY
SEMINARS.

2. CITY MUNIciPAL ENGEENERS OFFICE – IN THE LOCAL

LEVEL, THESE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PLANNING
CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC FACILITIES
WITHIN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITY.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

3. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS AND
HIGHWAYS(DPWH) THIS IS THE MAIN EXECUTIVE
DEPARTMENT WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
PLANNING,CONSTRUCTION MAINTENANCE OF
TRAFFIC FACILITIES.
4. LEGISLATIVE . THE LEGISLATIVE BODIES ARE
NOT ONLY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PASSING OR
AMMENDMENTS OF LAW CONCERNING TRAFFIC,
ALSO THEY ARE INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING
APPROVAL OF GOVERMENTS PROJECTS.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

5. PHILIPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP) THE PNP
THROUGH ITS HIGHWAY PATROL GROUP(hpg)
(tmg)- is responsible primarily for direct
enforcement traffic laws.

6.TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT BUREAUS (TMBS) -these

are officer created mostly under the offices of
city municipal mayors with the primary task of
assisting the local PNP traffic divisions units in
the enforcement of the traffic ordinance/laws.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

7. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS – SCHOOL BOTH PUBLIC
AND PRIVATE ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE BASIC
TRAFFIC EDUCATION BY INTEGRATING IN THEIR
RESPECTIVE PROGRAMS AND CURRICULUM
SUBJECTS OR TOPICS IN TRAFFIC SAFETY.
8. COURTS – THE COURTS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE ADJUDICATION OF TRAFFIC-RELATED CASES
FILED BEFORE THEM.
9. PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICES- THE
GOVERMENTS THROUGH THE PHILIPPINE
INFORMATION AGENCY (PIA)PROVIDES THE
NECESSARY UPDATES INFORMATION TO THE
PUBLIC.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

10. BARANGAY PEACEKEEPING ACTION TEAM (BPAT)
MEMBERS. IN PARTICULAR THE BARANGAY TANODS
OR BARANGAY SECURITY FORCERS ARE THE USUALY
TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THEIR RESPECTIVE LOCALITY
AREA. PARTICULARLY DURING TIME OF EMERGENCY.

11. CITIZEN SUPPORT GROUPS. THE PRIVATE

INSTITUTION OR ORGANIZATION ALSO HELP IN THE
PREVENTION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION BY ASSISTING
GOVERNMENT OFFICES IN VARIUOS
ACTIVITY.PARTICULARLY DURING SPECIAL OCCATION
AND HOLIDAYS WHERE TRAFFIC PROBLEM IS HAPPEN.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

12.TRI-MEDIA (INCLUDING THE INTERNET).
GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE OWNED PUBLICATIONS
AND RADIO AND TELEVISION BROADCASTING
COMPANIES PROVIDE NECESARRY AND UPDATES
TRAFFIC RELATED INFORMATION TO THE PUBLIC
THROUGH THEIR RESPECTIVE PROGRAMS.
WITH THE PROCCEDING A SUCCESSFUL TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT IS NOT THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF
THE GOVERMENTS BUT RATHER A CONCERTED
EFFORT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE
ORGANIZATIONS.

FUNDAMENTAL OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

Lesson 2. THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
CONCEPT:

A. PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
These are the main areas of traffic
management which are also known as the
“Es” of traffic. For a clearer
understanding of the various areas of
traffic management, following pillars are
conceived.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. Traffic Engineering – It is the science of measuring traffic and
travel of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation;
the application of this knowledge to the professional practice
planning, deciding, and operating traffic system to achieve safe
and efficient transportation of persons and goods.

a) Functions of Traffic Engineering- Angencies involved in traffic

engineering usually perform the following task:
1) Fact-finding, surveys and regulations of traffic rules and
regulations;
2) Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic
controls devices; and
3) Planning of traffic regulations.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

b) Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering – Like
the other pillars of traffic management, traffic
engineering is done by various government and non-
government agencies;
1) DPWH. Its scope is national which includes the
responsibility for determining traffic law, pattern, draw
origin, and destinations, studies of persons and things,
planning, approving funding and constructions of;
a) National Roads which interconnect cities and
municipalities; network of national roads through cities
and municipalities; and
b) Yearly maintenance and programs which includes
widening and re- designing of current road systems.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
2.Provincial Governments, these local government units
have similar responsibilities with the DPWH but limited
to traffic facilities in the municipalities within the
province
3.Municipal Governments. Their responsibilities are
similar to the provincial government but limited to the
network of streets and roads within the barangays
4.Chartered Cities. Their responsibilities are similar to
that of the municipal government but limited to the
network of streets and roads within the cities

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

C. Objectives of traffic Engineering; In summary,
agencies and individuals in traffic engineering and all
the conducted programs, projects, and activities are
all geared to:
1) To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.
2) To prevent traffic accident.
3) To simplify police enforcement actions and
performance.
4) To show that good police actions and performance
makes engineering plans effective.
5) To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic
in the improvement of traffic problems.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

d. When and where the Objectives of traffic Engineering
applied?. Traffic engineers normally focused their task
on places where traffic congestions, traffic accidents,
traffic build-up, or traffic obstructions are likely to
occur;
1. Habitually congested commercial areas.
2. Heavily travelled thoroughfares.
3. Congested local areas and intersections.
4. During specials occasions and events.
5. During disasters or emergencies.
6. At school crossing.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

2. Traffic Education. It refers to any act or process of imparting or acquiring
general knowledge on traffic or any matters relating to the use of the traffic way
or roadways. Traffic safety is the primary concern of traffic education in the
area of accident reduction and prevention.
The following are agencies and offices responsible for traffic
education:

A. Schools (Public and Private) Traffic education can be carried out by imparting
knowledge concerning traffic safety, and developing traffic safety morality.
1. Elementary. In this level, traffic education is focused on safety and guides
stressing traffic safety, classroom discussions of accidents, incidents and
safety rules, organizing safety patrols.
2. Secondary. Traffic education for high school students is geared
towards school safety organizations
3. Higher Education. Some colleges and universities offer and conduct
courses regarding traffic safety subjects.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

B. Public information Programs. The public should be informed on all
activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic
(dissemination of information). This can be done through the public
information agency, newspapers radio and television broadcasting
networks, and other forms of media.
C. Citizen Support Groups. These are mostly composed by voluntary
non-government organizations (NGOs), radio communication groups,
rotary organizations and other voluntary clubs. These organizations
usually develop citizen’s responsibilities, conduct organized
educational campaign, instill awareness of the traffic problems; and
provide information regarding major traffic requirements and needs.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

3. Traffic Enforcement. This field deals mostly on the implementation
and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulations, The
following are the various agencies/officies that are involved in
enforcement of traffic law:
a. Land Transportation Office (LTO). This office is responsible for
the following:
(1.) Vehicle registration
(2) Vehicle Inspections
(3) Drivers Licensing (examinations, suspensions, and revocations)
(4) Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles.
b. Legislative Bodies. Included are the Senate Congress, provincial
Boards, and City and Municipal Councils. They are responsible for the
passing and/or amending of laws and/or ordinances.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

c. Police Traffic Enforcement. This pillar is not limited to the PNP-
HPG (formerly TMG) but it includes all government personnel who
are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such
as:

(1) The Metropolitan manila Development Autority (MMDA) for the

National Capital Region (NCR).
(2) Police/Traffic Auxiliaries
(3) LTO Law Enforcement Services/Flying Squad

4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment. This pillar is very recent

which includes the study of potentially disastrous population
explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale of density
of new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air
pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport
congestion which result therein.
THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC
A. External Factors that influence the existing and future
behaviour of population.
The behaviors and attitudes of the people are also attributed to
the easing or reduction of traffic problems.
Below are incidents that may affect the behavior of the traffic
way users or road users
(1) Rapidly increasing population growth.
(2) Rapidly increasing urbanization.
(3) Rapidly increasing motorization.
(4) Industrialization and technical modernization.
(5) Improvement of the transportation network that is the
street network and the public transportation facilities.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

B. Alternatives. A more pleasant environment can be achieved
without negative implication for economy and trade, so that any
reasonable step in this direction by decision-makers deserves
support. The following are some of the proposed activities that may
reduce the adverse effects of traffic development to our ecology:

(1) Towns are better with less traffic, so long as adequate provision
is made for the mobility of workers and residents and the
distribution of goods. It is of urgent necessity that National
and Local Government develop efforts to reduce the adverse
effects of motor traffic in urban areas.
(2) Where and when traffic congestion and its cost are serve and
frequent, assures to reduce the use of private cars and goods.
Vehicles and to improve alternative forms of transport should be
introduce.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

(3) To limit traffic and to improve the efficiency and quality of
service of buses and transport.
(4) Pedestrian scheme should be introduced whenever
possible to improve the environment and safety for
pedestrians.
(5) The use of non-carbon emitting vehicles should be
encouraged like bicycle whenever practical.
(6) Motor Vehicle reduction scheme should also be Introduced.
C. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Ecology

(1) P.D. 1181 Providing for the prevention. Control and abatement
of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

“Sec.1 –The purpose is to prevent, control, and abate the
emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles in order
to protect the health and welfare of the people and to
prevent or minimize damage to property and hazards to
land transportation”
(2)Letter of instruction No. 551. Directing the law
enforcement agencies to implement the pollution
control program.
(3)R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clean Air Act. An
act providing for the regulation of motor vehicles
emitting toxic gases like the use of the diesel and
leaded gasoline.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

5. Traffic Economy. This is the most recent of the pillars of
traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of
traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is
designed to expedite the movement of traffic. However, with
the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any
given locality, traffic adversely affects the economic status
of the commuting public.
One aspect affecting our economy is the unending increase
of oil prices in the world market.
Somehow, programs must be instituted in order to minimize
the ill effect of rising prices of basic commodities. Delay
resulting from traffic congestion affects not only the time of
travel but the productivity of an individual as well.

THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

Lesson 3
TRAFFIC
SAFETY
EDUCATION
What is Traffic Safety Education?
-process of training roads users in the
avoidance and prevention of traffic-
related accidents.
Road Safety
- refers to reduced risk of accident or
injury of the roads
A. Factors Contributing to Accidents
1. Human errors include:
a.going too fast or excessive speed;
b.failing to give at junctions;
c.following too closely;
d.overtaking improperly
e.misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;
f.intoxication of alcohol or drug; and
g.lack of skill.
2. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors
are:
A.poor design of layout and control at junctions;
B.inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;
C.slippery roads; and
D. obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle,
on going road construction, etc.
3. Main Vehicle Factors are:
a. defects in tires, brakes, and lights;
b. absence or non-using of seat belts; and
c. poorly maintained motor vehicles.
B. Levels of Traffic Safety Education:

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;

2. Trainingand practice in the actual application of
traffic safety knowledge; and
3. Developing traffic safety morality.
C. Traffic Safety for Children

Unsystematic and usually carried out in the home

through parental education.
 1. Elementary – pupils are discussing
regarding traffic safety.

2. Secondary – this level initiates driver

education program because students have
reached the age to drive.

3. Higher Education – some universities and

colleges offer and conduct courses to private and
public agencies regarding traffic safety subjects.
D. Driver’s Education

In general, driver instruction aims primarily to

teach the rudiments of driving.
E. Biorhythm

1. The
diurnal exchange of light and
darkness
2. The four seasons
3. Our wet and dry season
4. The waxing and waning of the moon
The following are the most controversial
theory of biorhythm;

 1.) 23 day cycle - a.k.a. our cycle of strength,

endurance and courage (male component of a person).
 2.) 28 day – a.k.a. our cycle sensitivity, love and
intuition (female component of a person)
 3.) 33 day intellectual cycle
When the curve is above the center line, the
biorhythm is said to be “HIGH”
1. Physical high – we tend to be energetic,
strong, full of vitality.
2. Emotional high - we tend to be creative,
artistic, cheerful and happy.
3. Intellectual high – we are able to think
quickly and logically.
When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm
is said to be “LOW”
1. Physical low – we tend to tired quickly
and to succumb to illness easily.
2. Emotional low – we feel moody,
irritable, or depressed.
3. Intellectual low – this is called a
critical day.
F. Importance of Biorhythm

Give us a hint on how we will tend to feel on a

certain day.
G. Safety Campaign
This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave
more safely.
Also known as the “propaganda” which may be intended
simply to inform.
END OF PRESENTATION