DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ANDCOMPUTER
ENGINEERING AIR UNIVERSITY
ASSIGNMENT NO 1
Abdur Rehman
ROLL NO: 210312
INSTRUCTOR: Man Zoafshan
DATED: 25 FEBURARY 2024
Provide a brief explanation of the following image types:
Binary image
Grayscale image
Color image (RGB, HSV, etc.)
Indexed color image
Binary Images:
Binary images are images that have only two values and usually denoted by 0 and 1, but often
with pixel values 0 and 255, representing black and white shade.
Binary images are used in many applications because they are easy to process, but they are such
a poor representation of the image information that their use is not always possible
Some sample application are:
Identifying objects on a conveyor
Identifying orientations of objects
Interpreting text
Grayscale image:
A grayscale image is simply one in which the only colors are the different shades of grey the
reasons for differentiating such image from another sort of color image is that less information
needs to be provided for each pixel. In fact a gray color is one color in which the red, green and
blue components all have equal intensity in RGB Space, and it is only necessary to specify a
single intensity value for each pixel, as opposed to the three intensities needed to specify each
pixel in FULL COLOR IMAGE.
Often the grayscale intensity is stored as an 8 bits integer giving 256 possible different shades of
gray from black to white
Some sample application are:
Medical Imaging: Grayscale images are extensively used in medical fields for X-rays, MRIs,
CT scans, and other diagnostic imaging techniques. They help healthcare professionals visualize
internal structures and identify abnormalities.
Computer Vision: Grayscale images are widely used in computer vision tasks such as edge
detection, object recognition, and image segmentation. They simplify image processing
algorithms by reducing computational complexity.
Graphical Data Representation: Grayscale images can represent graphical data, such as charts,
graphs, and maps, where color is not essential for conveying information.
Color image (RGB, HSV, etc.):
Color spaces are mathematical representation of a color set of colors. There are many color
models. Some of them are RGB, CMYK, YIQ, HSV and HLS, etc. These color spaces are
directly related to saturation and brightness. All of these color spaces can be driven using RGB
information using devices such as cameras and scanners.
RGB Color Space:
BRG stands for Red, Green and Blue. This color space is widely used in computer Graphics.
RGB are main the colors from which colors can be made.
RGB are represented in 3 dimensional form.
CMYK Color Model:
CMYK stands for Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black. CMYK color model is used in electrostatic
and ink-jet plotters which deposits the pigmentation on paper. In these model, specified color is
subtracted from the white light rather than adding blackness. It follows the Cartesian coordinate
system and its subset is a unit cube.
HSV Color Model:
HSV stands for Hue, Saturation, and Value (brightness). It is a hexcone subset of the cylindrical
coordinate system. The human eye can see 128 different hues, 130 different saturations and
number values between 16 (blue) and 23 (yellow).
HLS Color Model:
HLS stands for Hue Light Saturation. It is a double hexcone subset. The maximum saturation of
hue is S= 1 and L= 0.5. It is conceptually easy for people who want to view white as a point.
Medical Imaging and Diagnostics: Color images are utilized in medical imaging techniques
such as endoscopy, microscopy, and pathology to aid diagnosis, surgical planning, and treatment
monitoring.
Scientific Visualization: Color images are employed in scientific research and data visualization
to represent complex datasets, simulations, and scientific phenomena, facilitating analysis and
interpretation.
Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery: Color images captured by satellites and remote sensing
devices provide valuable information for environmental monitoring, urban planning, agriculture,
and disaster management.
Indexed color image:
Indexed color” means that the set of colors in the image, its palette, is stored in a color table.
Each pixel in the image contains a reference (or “index”) to a table cell containing the color for
that pixel.
Camera History:
Research and present a timeline of significant milestones in the history of cameras.
Highlight key inventions, technological advancements, and notable figures in the
development of cameras.
Discuss the evolution from early camera obscuras to modern digital cameras,
covering
major breakthroughs such as the invention of the daguerreotype, the introduction of
35mm film, and the transition to digital imaging.
Answer:
5th Century BC: Mozi describes the camera obscura.
11th Century AD: Alhazen investigates camera obscura.
16th Century: Artists use portable camera obscuras.
Early 1800s: Niépce creates first photograph; Daguerreotype invented.
Mid-19th Century: Calotype and collodion processes developed.
Late 19th Century: Kodak introduces roll film; Leica I launches.
20th Century: Polaroid Land Camera introduced; digital imaging begins.
21st Century: Digital cameras become ubiquitous; smartphone photography rises.
Key figures include Niépce, Daguerre, Talbot, Eastman, and Land. The timeline shows the
evolution from camera obscuras to modern digital cameras, marking breakthroughs like roll film,
35mm format, and the digital revolution.
Projection Techniques:
Explain different projection techniques used in computer graphics and image processing,
including:
1. Orthographic projection
2. Perspective projection
3. Fish-eye projection
Provide diagrams or visual aids to illustrate the differences between these projection techniques.
Discuss the applications of each projection technique in various fields such as computer
graphics, virtual reality, and photography.
Answer:
Orthographic Projection:
Objects are projected without considering perspective, maintaining parallel lines.
Used in technical drawings, architectural plans, and certain rendering tasks in computer graphics.
Perspective Projection:
Simulates depth by making objects appear smaller as they move away from the viewer.
Essential for realistic rendering in photography, filmmaking, computer graphics, and virtual
reality.
Fish-eye Projection:
Distorts the image to achieve a wide-angle or panoramic view.
Used in photography for immersive landscapes and in virtual reality for creating immersive
environments.
Applications:
Orthographic Projection:
Technical drawings, architectural plans, CAD, and specific rendering tasks in computer
graphics.
Perspective Projection:
Realistic rendering in photography, filmmaking, video games, virtual reality, and simulations.
Fish-eye Projection:
Immersive photography, surveillance systems, virtual tours, and 360-degree videos.
Practical Application:
Choose one historical camera model or imaging device (e.g., pinhole camera, Kodak
Brownie, early digital camera) and research its design, features, and significance.
Create a report detailing the chosen camera's specifications, historical context, and
Impact on photography and imaging technology.
Kodak Brownie Camera
Specifications:
Manufacturer: Eastman Kodak Company
Introduced: 1900
Film Type: 120 roll film
Design: Box camera with simple viewfinder and fixed focus lens
Price: Initially $1
Historical Context:
Revolutionized photography by making it affordable and accessible to the general public.
Introduced during a time when photography was primarily practiced by professionals or
hobbyists with expensive equipment.
Features and Significance:
Affordability: Sold for $1, making it accessible to a wide audience.
Simplicity: Easy to use with few controls and no focusing required.
Portability: Compact and lightweight design allowed for easy carrying.
Innovation: Introduced 120 roll film, simplifying the process of capturing and processing images.
Cultural Impact: Popularized photography as a hobby and means of personal expression.
Impact on Photography and Imaging Technology:
Paved the way for the development of other consumer-oriented cameras and imaging
technologies.
Standardized roll film formats and influenced the design of subsequent camera models.
Democratized photography, enabling millions to capture and share their experiences.
In summary, the Kodak Brownie camera's affordability, simplicity, and portability democratized
photography and left a lasting impact on the field.
ASSIGNMENT NO 2
Camera Image Acquisition:
Describe the process of image acquisition in cameras, covering the following
aspects:
Light gathering: Explain how light enters the camera through the lens and is
focused onto the image sensor.
Image formation: Discuss how the focused light creates an image on the
camera sensor, where each pixel records the intensity of light.
Sensor types: Briefly explain the differences between CCD (Charge-
Coupled Device) and
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) sensors.
Provide diagrams or illustrations to illustrate the camera image acquisition
process.
Answer:
Image Acquisition in Cameras
1. Light Gathering:
Light enters through the lens, focusing onto the image sensor.
2. Image Formation:
Focused light creates an image on the sensor, with each pixel recording light intensity.
3. Sensor Types:
CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) Sensors:
Use a single amplifier for the entire chip, offering high image quality.
CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) Sensors:
Each pixel has its own amplifier and readout circuitry, offering faster readout and lower power
consumption.
Human Eye Image Acquisition:
Explain the process of image acquisition in the human eye, including:
Light entering the eye through the cornea and passing through the pupil.
Refraction of light by the lens to focus it onto the retina.
Role of the retina in converting light into neural signals.
Distribution of photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina and their sensitivity to
light.
Discuss the concept of visual acuity and the fovea's role in high-resolution vision.
Include diagrams or animations to visualize the process of image acquisition in the
human eye.
Answer:
Light Entering the Eye:
Light enters through the cornea and is regulated by the pupil.
Refraction by the Lens:
The lens focuses light onto the retina, adjusting for distance.
Role of the Retina:
Retina contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) that convert light into neural signals.
Distribution of Photoreceptor Cells:
Rods for low light and cones for color and high-resolution vision, concentrated in the
fovea.
Visual Acuity and the Fovea:
Fovea, with highest cone density, provides sharp central vision.
Comparison and Contrast:
Compare the similarities and differences between image acquisition in cameras
and the human eye.
Similarities: Both systems rely on the focusing of light onto a sensor (camera
sensor or retina) to create an image.
Differences: Cameras use artificial lenses and sensors to capture images, while the
human eye relies on biological structures like the cornea, lens, and retina.
Answer:
Comparison and Contrast: Image Acquisition in Cameras vs. Human Eye
Similarities:
Both systems focus light onto a sensor (camera sensor or retina) to create an image.
Differences:
Mechanism:
Cameras use artificial lenses, while the human eye relies on biological structures like the cornea,
lens, and retina.
Sensor Type:
Cameras use electronic sensors (CCD or CMOS), while the human eye uses photoreceptor cells
(rods and cones) to convert light into neural signals.
Flexibility and Adaptability:
Cameras have adjustable settings, while the human eye adjusts to changes in lighting conditions.
Resolution and Sensitivity:
Cameras have fixed resolution and sensitivity, whereas the human eye has variable resolution
and greater sensitivity.
Maintenance and Repair:
Cameras may require maintenance and repair, whereas the human eye is self-regenerating and
does not require external maintenance.
Limitations and Advantages:
Discuss the limitations and advantages of image acquisition in cameras and the human
eye.
Limitations: Cameras may suffer from issues such as noise, distortion, and limited
dynamic range. The human eye may have limitations in low-light conditions or with
certain types of visual stimuli.
Advantages: Cameras can capture images with high precision and can be optimized for
specific tasks. The human eye has a wide field of view, dynamic range adaptation, and
real-time processing capabilities.
Answer:
Limitations and Advantages: Image Acquisition in Cameras vs. Human Eye
Limitations:
Cameras:
Noise: May suffer from noise, especially in low-light conditions.
Distortion: Lenses can introduce distortion or aberrations.
Limited Dynamic Range: Dynamic range is limited compared to the human eye.
Human Eye:
Low-Light Conditions: Limited performance in low-light conditions.
Visual Stimuli: Challenges with certain types of visual stimuli.
Advantages:
Cameras:
Precision: Can capture images with high precision.
Task Optimization: Can be optimized for specific tasks.
Human Eye:
Wide Field of View: Offers a wide field of view.
Dynamic Range Adaptation: Adapts to a wide range of lighting conditions.
Real-Time Processing: Processes information in real-time.
