Murray Hallam' s

Beginning
Aquaponics

A Guide Into The Greenhouse

 Beginning Aquaponics

Beginning Aquaponics

Murray Hallam

Copyright © Murray Hallam 2024

All rights reserved. This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise—without prior written permission of the
publisher, except as provided by United States of America copyright law and fair use.

Murray Hallam
 Beginning Aquaponics

Ta b l e O f C o n t e n t s

Beginning Aquaponics 2

Introduction 3

Chapter 1: Understanding Aquaponics 6

Chapter 2: Setting Up Your First Aquaponics System 12

Chapter 3: Starting Your System 20

Chapter 4: Maintaining Your Aquaponics System 26

Chapter 5: Advanced Tips and Tricks 34

Chapter 6: Wrapping It Up 43

Conclusion 46

Appendices 47

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Introduction
Welcome!
Aquaponics made easy. That has been my mission since I stumbled across what was a fringe hobby for a

tiny group of enthusiasts in 2006. I was immediately intrigued.

Back then, there were very few people in the world who had working aquaponics systems. I set about

designing and making my very rst aquaponics system, (a small forerunner to the “Homestead Kit”,) with

jade perch providing the nutrients. This led me to create larger systems with gravel grow beds, LECA

media beds, swirl lters, backup pump systems, and so on. I raised Murray cod, cat sh, barramundi, and

several types of perch. I made many mistakes along the way and discovered ef cient growing techniques

that no one else was using.

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Eventually, I was designing and building commercial systems that have been used throughout the world.

My consulting has taken me as far a eld as Morocco, India, Europe, and throughout the USA. I have sold

thousands of my aquaponics educational DVDs and have had thousands of people take part in my

leading-edge training courses. My research has set the standard for ood-and-drain media beds,

oating-raft techniques, and best practices in system design.

I say all this so that you know, I have been where you are. I have made plenty of mistakes, and as a result I

have discovered the best methods to do aquaponics.

My hope is that this eBook will be your initial guide through the greenhouse and into the exciting world

of aquaponics. How Good Is That?!

Best wishes,

Murray Hallam

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What is Aquaponics?
So, what is aquaponics? Most people have never heard of it. The simplest explanation is that it is a

crossover between hydroponics and aquaculture. In other words, aquaponics is a sustainable method of

growing plants and sh together in an integrated system.

An aquaponics system is made up of a combination of sh tanks, grow beds, grow towers or tanks, along

with plumbing and pumps to allow the water to cycle between all the components. The system is often

housed inside a dedicated greenhouse.

Waste produced by the sh breathing (sort of!) and solid waste as well, is collected and in processing the

sh waste the water is returned clean to the sh. This same waste provides an abundance of nutrients

that promote excellent plant growth through a process known as nitri cation or the nitrogen cycle. We

will discuss this in depth later.

Aquaponics is a highly ef cient way to grow both edible sh and edible plants and vegetables together in

a very small space. That could be a rooftop in an urban environment, a small backyard in the suburbs, or a

large-scale commercial setup serving restaurants and supermarkets with organic produce.

Through this eBook, you'll learn how to create your own aquaponics system, how to care for and grow

your own sh and plants, and action steps you can take to turn your aquaponics dream into reality.

Are you ready to embark on this journey? Let's get growing!

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Chapter 1: Understanding Aquaponics

The Science Behind Aquaponics
The Nitrogen Cycle

One of the most interesting processes in aquaponics is the nitrogen cycle, also called nitri cation. This is

where the aquaculture and hydroponics aspects of your system are melded together in a symbiotic

process through a naturally occurring organic phenomenon.

Here's how it works: Ammonia is produced as a waste product within your sh tank. This is from the sh

excreting ammonia from the gills while "breathing", as well as from waste products and leftover organic

matter such as sh food. As ammonia levels build in the sh tank, it becomes more and more toxic to the

sh.

The Nitrogen Cycle

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Our grow beds, with media (gravel, LESA, etc) and plants, act as a bio lter trapping ammonia within the

grow bed. Over time, bene cial bacteria will colonize the grow bed and convert the ammonia to nitrites,

and then eventually into nitrates. Nitrates are harmless to sh and are an excellent source of nutrition for

plants.

The plants absorb these nitrates, effectively cleaning the water, which is then cycled back to the sh tank.

Role of Fish, Plants, and Bacteria

In an aquaponics system, each component plays a crucial role in keeping our system in balance:

- Fish: When sh "exhale", they produce ammonia. This ammonia is consumed by the bene cial bacteria

during the nitri cation process. You can use almost any freshwater sh in your system. Our students

have had a lot of success with tilapia, gold sh, cat sh, barramundi, cod, perch, and trout. The sh provide

the essential nutrients for your plants while thriving in a carefully maintained environment.

- Plants: Plants act as natural bio lters, absorbing nitrates and other nutrients from the water. This not

only helps the plants grow but also cleans the water for the sh. Leafy greens, herbs, and certain fruiting

plants like tomatoes and peppers are particularly well-suited for aquaponics systems. We have also had

great success with paw-paw (papaya), taro, chillies, and even carrots - although carrots and tubers can be

a little misshapen depending on the medium they are grown in.

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- Bacteria: Naturally occurring bene cial bacteria are the worker bees of the system, converting harmful

ammonia into nitrates through nitri cation. There are two main types of bacteria involved:

Nitrosomonas, which convert ammonia to nitrites, and Nitrobacter, which convert nitrites to nitrates.

These bacteria colonize your grow media in your grow bed and bio lter, ensuring a balanced and healthy

system.

Components of an Aquaponics System

Now that we have explained the nitrogen cycle, let’s look at the physical components that make up an

aquaponics system. Understanding these will help you set up your own system with con dence.

Fish Tank

The sh tank is the heart of your aquaponics system. It’s where your sh live, grow, and produce the

waste that fuels your plants. When choosing a sh tank, consider the size and type of sh you plan to

raise. Ensure it’s made of sh-safe materials and has adequate space for your sh to swim and thrive.

Tanks can be made from berglass, tote tanks (IBCs), or even bathtubs and aquariums depending on your

system's size. Your sh tank will need an aeration source such as an aquarium aerator, or aeration via the

waterfall effect of the water returning from the grow beds.

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Murray catches a Jade Perch from a large sh tank

Grow Beds

Grow beds hold the grow media and provide a place for plants to anchor their roots and access nutrients

from the water. Grow beds come in various designs, but they all serve the same purpose: to support plant

growth while ltering water.

These grow beds are lled with coconut coir

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Plumbing and Pump

Plumbing and pumps are the circulatory systems of your aquaponics setup. The pump moves water from

the sh tank to the grow beds, and the plumbing directs the ow of water throughout the system. This

circulation is crucial for transporting nutrients to the plants and clean water back to the sh tank. Ideally,

your system will have a backup pump and backup power supply.

Types of Grow Media

Grow media are the materials used in the grow beds to support plant roots and house bene cial bacteria.

Here are a few common types:

- Gravel: Affordable and readily available, gravel provides good drainage and aeration. However, it can be

heavy and may require thorough cleaning before use. My earliest systems used gravel, and it is still one of

my favorite media types.

Grow bed being lled with vermiculite.

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- LECA (Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate): LECA is a popular choice due to its lightweight, porous

nature, which promotes excellent root health and bacterial colonization.

- Coconut Coir: Made from coconut husks, this organic option retains moisture well and provides a good

structure for roots. It’s environmentally friendly and may need more frequent replacement as the

coconut husks decompose.

- Rockwool: A manufactured medium made from spun volcanic rock, Rockwool offers excellent water

retention and aeration. It’s lightweight and easy to handle but must be pH-balanced before use.

These are some of the more common options available that I have experimented with personally.

Remember, each part works together to create a balanced, sustainable environment for your sh and

plants. How Good Is That?!

These gravel beds are growing a variety of plants including papaya, taro, and spinach.

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Chapter 2: Setting Up Your First Aquaponics System

Choosing a System Design
Where most people get stuck in their aquaponics journey is choosing the right system design for your

needs and space. Each design has its own advantages and potential challenges. What is most important is

taking action and building your rst system. Here’s a closer look at the most common types of aquaponics

systems:

Our Indy 23 Planset is a proven planset that will grow food for 4 people.

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Media-Filled Beds

Media- lled beds are one of the most popular systems for beginners due to their simplicity and

effectiveness. In this system, plants are grown in beds lled with a medium such as gravel, LECA, or

another suitable material. Water from the sh tank is pumped into the grow beds, where it oods the

media and provides nutrients to the plants. The water then drains back into the sh tank, completing the

cycle. Bell-siphons (auto-siphons) are a great way to regulate the ood and drain action.

- Pros: Simple to set up and maintain, excellent for small spaces, provides good mechanical and biological

ltration. Great for beginners.

- Cons: Media can be heavy and require cleaning, and will need to be maintained from time to time.

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

In an NFT system, a thin lm of nutrient-rich water is continuously pumped through narrow channels

where the plants are grown. The roots of the plants are exposed to the air, ensuring they receive

adequate oxygen while absorbing nutrients from the owing water.

- Pros: Ef cient use of water and nutrients, good for leafy greens and herbs, allows for high-density

planting.

- Cons: Requires precise water ow management, susceptible to power outages, less suitable for larger

plants with extensive root systems. More complicated for beginners.

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Deep Water Culture (DWC)

Deep Water Culture, also known as raft or oating raft systems, involves suspending plants in oating

rafts over a deep tank of water. The roots hang down into the nutrient-rich water below, receiving a

constant supply of nutrients and oxygen. We have had great success growing lettuce and other leafy

greens at large scale with these systems.

- Pros: Excellent for large-scale operations, highly ef cient for growing leafy greens, simple construction.

- Cons: Requires aeration to maintain oxygen levels in the water, not ideal for plants with heavy fruiting

bodies.

A oating raft system growing an abundance of produce

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Pros and Cons of Each Design

Choosing the right system depends on your goals, available space, and the types of plants you want to

grow. I recommend starting with a media- lled bed because it is simpler. Once you have more experience,

progress to experimenting with NFT or DWC if you feel the need.

Selecting Your Location

Like all types of gardening, your location will in uence how you grow your sh and plants. If you are in a

mild climate, you may be able to have your aquaponics system outdoors, open to the elements. Those in

colder climates will have to invest in a greenhouse, and potentially heating for year-round growing.

Whether you opt for an indoor or outdoor setup, there are key factors to consider:

Indoor vs. Outdoor Setups

- Indoor Setups: Ideal for climates with extreme weather conditions or limited outdoor space. Allows for

a controlled environment and year-round production. This may need arti cial lighting and climate

control, which can increase costs. We have a lot of information on water heating for cold climates in our

courses.

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- Outdoor Setups: Utilize natural sunlight and ventilation, which can reduce operational costs. Suitable

for regions with mild, stable climates. Must account for weather variations, pests, and potential wildlife

interference.

Lettuce grown indoors in a oating raft system. A woman picks chillis from an outdoor aquaponics system.

Light, Temperature, and Space Considerations

- Light: Plants need ample light to thrive. Natural direct sunlight is the best to use. If indoors, invest in

high-quality grow lights that provide full-spectrum lighting.

- Temperature: Fish and plants have speci c temperature ranges for optimal growth. For example, tilapia

prefer water temperatures between 22-30°C (72-86°F), while leafy greens like lettuce thrive in air

temperatures of 15-21°C (60-70°F). Keep in mind that root zone temperature is most important, 23°C

(74F) being the ideal.

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- Space: Ensure you have enough space to accommodate your system’s components and allow for easy

access for maintenance. Plan for potential expansion as your system and skills grow.

Indy 23 Kit shows the abundance of food that can be grown in a greenhouse

Essential Equipment and Materials

To get started, you’ll need to gather the necessary equipment and materials. Here’s a comprehensive list

to guide you:

List of Necessary Tools and Supplies

- Fish Tank: A sturdy, sh-safe tank sized appropriately for your chosen sh species. For beginners, a 100-

200 gallon tank is a good starting point.

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- Grow Beds: Beds to hold your grow media and plants. The size will depend on your available space and

desired plant capacity.

- Pump: A reliable water pump to circulate water between the sh tank and grow beds. Look for pumps

with adjustable ow rates and low energy consumption.

- Plumbing: PVC pipes, ttings, and valves to connect your system components and manage water ow.

Ensure all materials are food-safe and sh-safe.

- Aeration System: Air pumps and diffusers to maintain adequate oxygen levels in the water, essential for

sh and plant health.

- Grow Media: Choose a media like gravel, LECA, or another suitable material based on your system

design and plant needs. If you choose gravel make sure it is limestone free.

- Water Testing Kits: Essential for monitoring water quality parameters such as pH, ammonia, nitrites,

and nitrates. Regular testing helps prevent issues and maintain a healthy system.

- Fish and Plants: Select sh species that are hardy and suitable for your climate, and choose plants that

match your system’s design and your culinary preferences.

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Budget Considerations

Starting an aquaponics system can vary in cost based on scale and complexity. Here’s a rough breakdown:

- Small-scale system 400-800 ltrs (100-200 gallons): $500-$1500

- Medium-scale system 1000-2000 ltrs (300-500 gallons): $1500-$3000

- Large-scale system 2000 plus ltrs (500+ gallons): $3000 and up

Initial investments include the cost of equipment and setup, while ongoing costs will cover sh feed,

electricity, and potential system upgrades. Consider starting small to manage costs and expand as you

gain experience.

If you would like to build your system with a step-by-step plan, we have a variety of proven system plans

that have been built around the world. Remember, the best time to start building your aquaponics

system is today!

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Chapter 3: Starting Your System

Cycling Your Aquaponics System
There are 2 methods for cycling your Aquaponics System:

1. Cycling with sh (the fastest method)

2. Cycling without sh (the safest method)

We will look at method 2, Cycling without sh.

Once you have built your aquaponics system, and have checked the plumbing for leaks and correct water

ow, it's time to cycle your system. This is when bene cial bacteria build-up to convert sh waste into

plant nutrients. Here's how to get started:

Cycling Process

1. Setup: Ensure your system is fully constructed, with sh tanks, grow beds, and plumbing all in place. Fill

your sh tank with water.

2. Add Ammonia: Introduce a source of ammonia to start the nitri cation process. This can be pure

ammonia, sh food, or even a few hardy sh.

3. Monitor: Regularly test water parameters for ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels. Initially, ammonia

will rise, followed by nitrites, and nally, nitrates.

4. Completion: Cycling is complete when ammonia and nitrite levels drop to near zero, and nitrates are

present, indicating a healthy bacterial colony.

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5. Stocking: Introduce sh gradually to avoid overwhelming the system. Start with a small number and

monitor their health and water quality closely. Make sure to check that your pH, ammonia, nitrite, and

nitrate levels are within the guidelines set out in Chapter 4 before introducing your sh, otherwise, they

may become sick, injured, or die.

Importance of Bacteria

Bene cial bacteria are critical for converting harmful ammonia into nitrates that plants can use.

Nitrosomonas bacteria convert ammonia to nitrite, while Nitro Bacteria convert nitrite to nitrate. These

bacteria live in the grow media and bio lter, maintaining balance in the ecosystem. It can take several

weeks (depending on temperature and other factors) for the bacteria to become established, so be

patient.

Choosing and Introducing Fish

We have experimented with a lot of sh species over the years. Selecting the right sh species for your

climate and properly introducing them to your system is crucial for a thriving aquaponics setup.

Make sure to check with your local authorities before selecting your sh type. Some sh are considered

invasive to some parts of the world, and local governments may impose heavy nes for this mistake.

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Types of Fish Suitable for Beginners

- Tilapia: Hardy and fast-growing, tilapia are a favorite for aquaponics in countries where they are

permitted. They are not permitted in Australia. They can tolerate a wide range of water conditions and

temperatures 15-30°C (60-86°F). They also reproduce quickly, providing a sustainable source of protein.

- Gold sh: Easy to care for and inexpensive, gold sh are great for smaller systems or ornamental setups.

They can handle cooler water temperatures 18-30°C (65F - 86°F) and are quite resilient.

- Cat sh: Known for their hardiness, cat sh can thrive in various conditions and temperatures 18-30°C

(65-86°F). They’re bottom dwellers, which can help keep your tank clean.

- Trout: Ideal for cooler climates, trout prefer water temperatures between 12-22°C (54-72°F). They

require clean, well-oxygenated water but are excellent for protein production.

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Fish Care and Feeding Tips

- Acclimate Slowly: When introducing sh to your system, slowly acclimate them to the water

temperature and conditions to reduce stress. Float the sh bag in your tank for about 30 minutes,

gradually mixing in tank water.

- Feed Regularly but Don’t Overfeed: Overfeeding can lead to excess waste and water quality issues. Feed

your sh once or twice a day with high-quality sh food, only what they can consume in 20 minutes.

- Monitor Health: Keep an eye on your sh for signs of stress or illness, such as changes in behavior, color,

or appetite. Regular water testing and maintenance will help keep them healthy.

Selecting and Planting Your Crops

Your choice of plants can greatly impact the success of your aquaponics system. Some plants are more

forgiving and easier to grow, especially for beginners.

Best Plants for Aquaponics

- Leafy Greens: Lettuce, spinach, and kale are excellent choices for aquaponics. They grow quickly, have

shallow root systems, and thrive in nutrient-rich water.

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- Herbs: Basil, mint, cilantro, and parsley do exceptionally well in aquaponics systems. These plants are

quick-growing and are great to eat!

- Fruiting Vegetables: Tomatoes, cucumbers, and peppers can also be grown in aquaponics, though they

may require more space and support for their heavier fruit.

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Towering papaya trees growing in gravel grow beds. These plants produced delicious fruit for many years.

Planting Techniques and Spacing

- Seedlings vs. Seeds: Starting with seedlings can give you a head start, but growing from seeds is cost-

effective. For seeds, use seedling trays or plant directly into the grow media. However, if using gravel grow

beds, seeds can be lost through the action of the ood and drain cycle.

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- Spacing: Proper spacing is crucial for healthy plant growth. For example, lettuce plants should be spaced

about 150-200mm (6-8 inches) apart, while larger plants like tomatoes may need 450-600mm (18-24

inches). A trellis can be built out of wire or stakes to support your tomatoes and cucumbers.

- Planting Depth: Ensure seeds or seedlings are planted at the appropriate depth. Leafy greens and herbs

typically need just a light covering of grow media, while larger plants may require deeper planting.

With these steps, you're well on your way to setting up a thriving aquaponics system. Remember,

patience and attention to detail in these early stages will pay off with a robust and productive system.

Gravel is an inexpensive and versatile grow medium

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Chapter 4: Maintaining Your Aquaponics System

Maintaining your aquaponics system is crucial to ensure the health and productivity of your sh and

plants. With regular monitoring and proper care, you can keep your system running smoothly and

ef ciently. Here’s how to stay on top of maintenance and troubleshooting.

Daily, Weekly, and Monthly Maintenance

Daily Tasks

- Check Water Levels: Ensure that the water levels in the sh tank and grow beds are within the

appropriate range. Water loss should only be from evaporation and transpiration, and should be minimal.

Suspect a leak if a lot of water is lost.

- Feed Fish: Feed your sh the right amount of food, typically what they can consume in 20 minutes.

Avoid overfeeding, as excess food can decompose and affect water quality. Consider the size of the sh

feed pellets, and the climate.

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- Monitor Fish Health: Observe your sh for any signs of stress or illness, such as changes in colour,

behaviour, or appetite.

- Check System Operation: Ensure that pumps and aerators are functioning correctly and that water is

owing smoothly through the system.

Weekly Tasks

- Test Water Quality: Use water testing kits to check pH, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels. Ideal ranges

are:

- pH: 6.2-7.2

- Ammonia: 0 ppm

- Nitrite: 0 ppm

- Nitrate: 5-40 ppm

- Clean Filters: Rinse mechanical lters and check for any clogs that might impede water ow.

- Check for Plant Pests: Inspect plants for any signs of pests or diseases and address them promptly with

appropriate organic treatments.

- Adjust pH: If necessary, adjust the pH using natural buffers such as crushed limestone to raise pH or

phosphoric acid to lower pH.

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Monthly Tasks

- Inspect Equipment: Check all pumps, hoses, and aeration equipment for wear and tear, and replace any

parts as necessary.

- Reassess Plant Health: Prune plants to promote healthy growth and prevent overcrowding. Replace

any plants that are not thriving.

Monitoring Water Quality

Maintaining optimal water quality is essential for the health of both sh and plants. Here’s a closer look

at the key parameters:

Ideal pH Levels

- Range: The ideal pH range for most aquaponics systems is between 6.2 and 7.2. This range is a sweet

spot that supports both plant nutrient absorption and sh health.

- Adjustment Tips: If the pH is too high, you can lower it using phosphoric acid. If too low, raise it with

crushed limestone or potassium bi-carbonate. Make adjustments gradually to avoid shocking the system.

Ammonia, Nitrite, and Nitrate Levels

- Ammonia and Nitrite: Both should be kept at 0 ppm as they are toxic to sh. Regular testing and prompt

action are crucial if levels rise.

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- Nitrate: Nitrates are less harmful and should be maintained between 5 and 40 ppm. High nitrate levels

indicate that your plants are not absorbing enough, which might mean it’s time to add more plants, or

reduce feed for the sh.

Temperature Control

- Fish: Different sh species require speci c temperature ranges. For example, tilapia thrive at 15-30°C

(60-86°F), while trout prefer cooler temperatures around 12-22°C (54-72°F).

- Plants: Most plants do well in temperatures between 60-75°F (15-24°C). Use a thermometer to

monitor water temperature regularly.

Common Issues and Troubleshooting

Even the best-maintained systems can encounter issues. Here’s how to identify and address some

common problems:

Nutrient De ciencies

- Symptoms: Yellowing leaves, stunted growth, or leaf curl can indicate nutrient de ciencies.

- Solutions: Ensure proper pH levels for nutrient absorption, and consider adding natural supplements

such as seaweed extract for trace minerals.

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Pests and Diseases

- Symptoms: Visible pests, holes in leaves, or discoloured foliage.

- Solutions: Introduce bene cial insects like ladybugs, and use neem oil or other organic pest controls.

Regularly inspect plants and maintain cleanliness to prevent outbreaks.

Fish Health Problems

- Symptoms: Lethargy, gasping at the surface, or visible sores.

- Solutions: Improve water quality by ensuring proper ltration and aeration. Treat with appropriate sh

medications if necessary and quarantine new sh before introducing them to the system. Make sure any

treatment you use will not render the sh un t for human consumption - salt baths are the safest and

when properly carried out are very effective.

Pump Failures

- Symptoms: No water ow or reduced ow rates.

- Solutions: Check for clogs in the system, clean the pump, and ensure that it’s properly connected. Keep

a backup pump on hand to avoid prolonged downtime.

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A backup power supply and backup pump can save you from heartache

Algae Growth

- Symptoms: Green, slimy buildup in tanks and pipes.

- Solutions: Reduce light exposure to the water by shading the sh tank and using opaque materials.

Introduce algae-eating sh, and maintain proper water circulation.

Record Keeping
Keeping detailed records of your aquaponics system’s performance is crucial for long-term success. It

allows you to spot negative trends and helps with troubleshooting problems. Over the long term, record-

keeping is a great way to consolidate your learning. Here’s what to track:

Water Quality Data

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- Parameters: pH, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and temperature.

- Frequency: Record data at least weekly, or more often if issues arise.

A water testing kit is essential

Fish Growth and Health

- Details: Track feeding amounts, sh growth rates, and any health issues.

- Frequency: Monitor and record daily, with detailed notes as needed.

Plant Growth and Harvest

- Details: Note planting dates, growth rates, and harvest yields.

- Frequency: Record at each planting and harvest, with weekly growth updates.

System Maintenance

- Details: Log all maintenance activities, including cleaning, adjustments, and equipment checks.

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- Frequency: Update as maintenance tasks are completed.

Expanding and Upgrading Your System

As you gain experience and con dence, you might want to expand or upgrade your aquaponics system.

Here’s how to approach it:

Adding More Grow Beds or Tanks

- Plan: Ensure your existing system can handle the increased load. You may need a more powerful pump,

additional grow beds, or additional ltration.

- Implement: Gradually integrate new components to avoid overwhelming your system.

Automating Maintenance Tasks

- Options: Consider automated feeders, timers for lights, and pH controllers to simplify daily tasks.

- Bene ts: Automation can save time, reduce errors, and ensure consistency, particularly in larger

systems.

Diversifying Plant and Fish Species

- Plants: Experiment with new crops that might better suit your climate or market demands.

- Fish: Introduce additional sh species that can coexist with your current stock and enhance system

resilience. Our students have grown cray sh (yabbies), and all kinds of freshwater sh.

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There are many ways to grow plants with aquaponics. Here, Murray is growing lettuce in vertical NFT tubes

Chapter 5: Advanced Tips and Tricks

Harvesting is the rewarding stage of your aquaponics journey, where you reap the bene ts of your hard

work. In this chapter, we’ll explore the best practices for harvesting your plants and sh, managing your

system to maximise yield, selecting the right sh, and addressing any issues to ensure continual

productivity.

Fish Types for Aquaponics

In an aquaponics system, the choice of sh can greatly in uence the ef ciency and productivity of the

setup. Here, we'll look at ve popular sh species: Barramundi, Murray Cod, Jade Perch, Tilapia, and

Trout. Each of these sh offers unique bene ts and considerations for your system.

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Barramundi

Barramundi, also known as Asian sea bass, is a favored choice for aquaponics due to its rapid growth rate.

They thrive in warm water, ideally between 26-30°C (79-86°F). Barramundi is carnivorous, requiring a

high-protein diet which can be supplied through commercial sh pellets. They have a bad habit of eating

their brothers and sisters so ideally, size grading is best practice. This is best left until well experienced in

aquaponics.

Murray Cod

Murray Cod, are native to Australian freshwater systems. They are highly valued for their delicious esh

and impressive growth rate. Murray Cod prefer cooler water temperatures ranging from 15-25°C (59-

77°F). They are predatory sh and can be more challenging to manage in terms of diet and space

requirements, but they are exceptionally hardy and can thrive in well-maintained systems.

Jade Perch

Jade Perch is another excellent choice for aquaponics due to their high omega-3 content and

adaptability. They are omnivorous, which allows for a more exible feeding regime. Jade Perch prefer

warmer water, around 15-30°C (60-86°F), and are known for their fast growth and robustness. They are

particularly popular in Australia and can be an excellent option for diversifying the protein sources in

your aquaponics system.

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Tilapia

Tilapia is one of the most popular sh for aquaponics systems worldwide due to their hardy nature and

fast growth rate. They thrive in water temperatures between 15-30°C (60-86°F) and are highly adaptable

to varying water conditions. Tilapia are omnivorous and can consume a wide variety of foods, making

them easy to feed. They are typically ready for harvest at 750 - 1000g (1.5-2 pounds), which they reach in

about 7-9 months.

Trout

Trout are ideal for aquaponics systems in cooler climates, preferring water temperatures between 12-

22°C (54-72°F). They grow quickly and are known for their high-quality esh. Trout are carnivorous and

require a diet rich in protein. They are ready for harvest at around 750-1000 grams (1.5-2 pounds), which

can take 7-9 months.

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Harvesting Plants
Timing and Techniques

Harvest timing and techniques vary depending on the type of plant you’re growing. Here are some

general guidelines for common aquaponics crops:

- Leafy Greens (Lettuce, Spinach, Kale):

- Timing: Leafy greens are typically ready for harvest within 30-60 days of planting, depending on the

variety.

Murray teaching students about the root system of lettuce in a oating raft aquaponics setup

- Technique: Use a sharp pair of scissors or a knife to cut the outer leaves about 1 inch above the base,

leaving the inner leaves to continue growing. This method, called "cut and come again," allows multiple

harvests from the same plant.

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- Herbs (Basil, Mint, Parsley):

- Timing: Herbs can often be harvested as soon as they reach a height of 150-200mm (6-8 inches),

usually within 4-6 weeks.

- Technique: Snip off the top 2-3 inches of the plant, just above a leaf node. This encourages bushier

growth and prolongs the harvest period.

- Fruit Vegetables (Tomatoes, Cucumbers, Peppers):

Delicicous cucumbers and tomatoes grown in one of Murray's aquaponics systems

- Timing: Fruit vegetables have varying harvest times. Tomatoes, for example, are ready to harvest 60-85

days after transplanting, depending on variety.

- Technique: Gently twist or cut the fruit from the vine when it’s ripe. Regular harvesting encourages the

plant to produce more fruit.

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Best Practices

- Clean Tools: Always use clean, sharp tools to prevent the spread of disease.

- Harvest in the Morning: Harvesting in the early morning helps maintain the freshness and crispness of

the produce.

- Immediate Use or Storage: Use harvested produce immediately or store it properly to maintain its

quality. Leafy greens should be kept in a cool, moist environment, while herbs can be dried or frozen.

Harvesting Fish
Size and Maturity

Fish harvesting depends on the species and their growth rate:

- Barramundi: Typically ready for harvest at 750-1000 grams (1.5-2 pounds), which they reach in about 6-

9 months.

- Murray Cod: Can be harvested when they reach 750-1000 grams (1.5-2 pounds) usually within 8-12

months.

- Jade Perch: Ready for harvest at around 750-1000 grams (1.5-2 pounds), which can take 8-12 months.

- Tilapia: Typically ready for harvest at 750-1000 grams (1.5-2 pounds), which they reach in about 6-12

months.

- Trout: Ready for harvest at around 750-1000 grams (1.5-2 pounds), which can take 7-9 months.

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Harvesting Methods

- Netting: Use a large, open-mesh net to capture sh. Avoid overcrowding the net to reduce stress and

potential injury to the sh.

- Stunning: Humanely stun sh before processing. This can be done by placing them in icy water or using

a swift blow to the head.

Post-Harvest Processing

- Cleaning and Filleting: Clean and llet the sh promptly after harvesting. Keep the sh on ice to

maintain freshness.

- Storage: Store sh in a refrigerator or freezer if not used immediately. Properly processed and stored

sh can last several months in the freezer.

Managing for Maximum Yield

Optimizing Plant Growth

To maximize your system’s yield, focus on the following factors:

- Sunlight: Plants need sunlight to support photosynthesis. Always try to organise your greenhouse or

growing area to maximise sunlight. In some climate zones supplemental arti cial lighting may be needed.

- Spacing: Proper plant spacing is crucial. Crowded plants can lead to reduced air ow and increased

disease risk. For example, space lettuce plants 150-200mm (6-8 inches) apart and tomatoes 450-600mm

(18-24 inches) apart.

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- Nutrient Management: Maintain balanced nutrient levels. Regularly test the water and adjust

supplements as needed to ensure plants receive essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and

potassium.

Enhancing Fish Health

Healthy sh contribute to higher plant yields. Ensure optimal sh health by:

- Monitoring Water Quality: Keep ammonia and nitrite levels at 0 ppm and nitrates below 40 ppm.

Maintain pH levels between 6.2 and 7.2.

- Feeding: Feed sh a balanced diet. Overfeeding can lead to water quality issues, so provide only what

they can consume in 20 minutes.

- Stocking Density: Maintain appropriate stocking densities. For tilapia, and other species, aim for about

20kg of sh per cubic metre (44 lbs per 250 gallons) water.

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Advanced Tips for Aquaponics Systems

To get the best out of your aquaponics system you will need to ne tune the various components of the

system. This includes water ow rates, grow bed size, sh quantity and food, water pH and so on. Here

are some rules of thumb and tips that I have learned over the years which you may nd helpful:

Grow Bed

The industry standard for grow bed depth is at least 300 mm (12 inches or 1 foot) to support a wide

variety of plants and ensure complete ltration, especially in small home systems. The material of the

grow bed should be food-safe and not alter the pH of the system. Avoid using concrete or media with

limestone content, which can disrupt the pH balance.

Murray's Maximus Kit, showing 4 grow beds before being lled with grow media. The sh tanks are protected by the wood covers.

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Fish Tank

For stability and ease of maintenance, a sh tank with a minimum capacity of 1000 liters (250 gallons) is

recommended. Larger volumes provide a buffer against rapid changes in water quality, making it easier

for beginners to manage. As with grow beds, the sh tank should be made of food-safe materials that do

not affect the pH.

Stocking Density

Maintaining an appropriate stocking density is crucial. A safe density for new systems is 20 kg of sh per

1000 liters of water (44 pounds per 250 gallons). Exceeding this density can lead to disaster, so it's

important to adhere to this guideline strictly.

Planning Your System

1. Determine Grow Bed Area: Calculate the total grow bed area in square meters.

2. Fish Weight Calculation: Use the rule of 5 kg (11 lbs) of sh for every square meter (11 sq.ft) of grow

bed surface area (assuming beds are 300 mm (12 inches or 1 foot) deep) to determine the required sh

weight.

3. Fish Tank Volume: Calculate the sh tank volume based on the stocking density rule.

For example, if you have 2 square meters of grow bed area, plan to stock up to 10 kg (22 lbs) of sh,

requiring a minimum of a 500-litre (125 gallon) sh tank.

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Chapter 6: Wrapping It Up
Aquaponics and Sustainability
Environmental Bene ts

One of the main attractions with aquaponics is it’s sustainability and small, ef cient footprint. Here are

some areas where aquaponics beats traditional agriculture:

- Water Conservation: Traditional farming can be water-intensive, but aquaponics uses up to 90% less

water. The closed-loop system recycles water, making it incredibly ef cient.

- Reduced Chemical Use: Because aquaponics relies on a natural ecosystem of sh and plants, there's less

need for synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. In fact, using chemicals and pesticides can harm your sh,

making aquaponics chemical-free.

- Local Food Production: Growing food locally reduces the need for long-distance transportation, cutting

down on greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring fresher produce.

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- Waste Reduction: Fish waste in aquaponics is converted into nutrients for plants, turning a potential

pollutant into a valuable resource. This creates a symbiotic relationship that bene ts both the sh and

the plants.

Aquaponics can be used in a variety of environments, from urban rooftops to arid regions, and in large-

scale commercial systems providing a sustainable food source where traditional agriculture might

struggle.

Getting Involved
Joining Online Communities and Local Groups

Want to dive deeper into the world of aquaponics? Here’s how you can get involved:

- Online Communities: There are many online aquaponics forums, Facebook pages, and marketplaces.

You can join hundreds of thousands of other aquaponics enthusiasts on my Facebook pages here. 👉
These communities are great for sharing experiences, asking questions, and learning from others.

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- Local Groups: Many cities have local aquaponics or urban farming groups. These can be fantastic

resources for nding supplies, getting hands-on help, and meeting like-minded individuals.

- Workshops and Meetups: Look for workshops or farm tours in your area. These events can provide

valuable practical knowledge and advice.

**We run in-depth hands-on aquaponics courses every quarter at our training facility. These courses are

attended by people from all over the world. See here for more information or to register your interest.

👉
Resources for Continued Learning and Networking

Taking action is key to success in aquaponics:

- Books and Ebooks: There are plenty of detailed guides available that cover everything from basic setups

to advanced techniques.

- Online Courses: There are a few aquaponics courses offered online. Our Aquaponics Design Course is

the most comprehensive online aquaponics course available, and has been completed by thousands of
students. See here for more information. 7

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Conclusion
Encouragement and Next Steps
Now that you have a basic understanding and overview of aquaponics, it’s time to take action.

Here is what I recommend you do next:

Whitelist my email address so that you don’t miss my updates and educational content that

I will be sending you.

Join the discussion with me on my Facebook page here 👉

If you are ready to build your rst system and make the process as simple and fool-proof as

possible, get my proven Indy 23 Plan Set here 7. You will be able to feed a family of 4

year-round with 23 square meters (250 sqf) of growing area, while avoiding all of the

expensive and time consuming mistakes that most people make.

We have covered a lot of ground so far, but we have only scratched the surface and there is

so much more to learn. I strongly recommend enrolling in a course to further your

knowledge. My courses can be found here 7

Starting an aquaponics system gives your family control over your food source. From now on you can

determine the quality and quantity of your food and nutrition.

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Appendices
Glossary of Terms
Here’s a handy glossary of common terms you’ll encounter:

- Aquaponics: A system of agriculture that combines raising sh (aquaculture) with growing plants in

water (hydroponics) in a symbiotic environment.

- Bio lter: A component that provides a surface area for bene cial bacteria to convert ammonia from sh

waste into nitrates that plants can use.

- Cycling: The process of establishing a colony of bene cial bacteria in an aquaponics system to manage

the nitrogen cycle.

- pH: A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water, crucial for maintaining the health of sh, plants, and

bacteria in the system.

- Ammonia (NH3): A compound produced by sh waste and decomposing organic matter, toxic to sh at

high levels.

- Nitrites (NO2-): A byproduct of ammonia breakdown, also toxic to sh but less so than ammonia.

- Nitrates (NO3-): The end product of the nitrogen cycle, used by plants as a nutrient and relatively

harmless to sh in low concentrations.

- Grow Bed: The container where plants are grown in an aquaponics system.

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- Media: Inert materials such as clay pellets or gravel used in grow beds to support plant roots and house

bene cial bacteria.

- Siphon: A device used to automatically drain water from the grow bed once it reaches a certain level.

- Aeration: The process of adding oxygen to the water, essential for sh health and bene cial bacteria

activity.

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Resource List
If you are wanting to read more and go deeper, here are some resources that might help:

Books

- "Aquaponic Gardening: A Step-By-Step Guide to Raising Vegetables and Fish Together" by Sylvia

Bernstein

- "The Aquaponic Farmer: A Complete Guide to Building and Operating a Commercial Aquaponic

System" by Adrian Southern and Whelm King

Websites

- Practical Aquaponics: (https://www.shopmurrayhallam.com) - My webssite, full of resources, guides,

and articles.

-The Aquaponics Source: ( https://www.theaquaponicsource.com/)

- Aquaponics Association: [aquaponicsassociation.org](http://aquaponicsassociation.org) - A great

resource for connecting with the broader aquaponics community.

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Thankyou

Thankyou for reading Beginning Aquaponics. I truly hope that the information is

of value to you. I want to stongly encourage you to take the leap into

aquaponics and build a system of your own.

Please get in touch with me at [email protected] if you have any

comments or questions.

To take your knowledge to the next level, enroll in my courses here

The quickest way to get started is with one of tried and tested plan sets. Get

that here.