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Managing Te n t h E d i t i o n

Human Resources
Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits

Wayne F. Cascio
 Contents vii

Big Data: Promise and Perils 36

The LAMP Model: Foundation for Workforce Measurement 38
Logic: The “Story” That Connects Numbers and Outcomes 39
Analytics: Drawing Appropriate Conclusions from Data 39
Measures: Getting the Numbers Right 39
Process: Creating Actionable Insights 40
More on Workforce Analytics 41
Financial Effects of Employee Attitudes 42
Employee Attitudes, Customer Behavior, and Profits at SYSCO
Corporation 43
Logic: Linking Management Practices to Financial Outcomes 44
Analytics: Connecting the Model to Management Behaviors 44
Measures 44
Analytics Combined with Process: The Sysco Web Portal 45
Monetary Payoffs 45
Integrating the Value-Profit Chain into Organizational Systems 46
Costing Employee Absenteeism 46
Analytics and Measures for Employee Absenteeism 48
Process: Interpreting the Costs of Absenteeism 49
Costing Employee Turnover 49
Analytics: The Components of Turnover Costs 50
The Total Cost of Turnover 53
Is Employee Turnover Good or Bad for an Organization? 54
Financial Effects of Work-Life Programs 54
The Logic of Work-Life Programs 55
Analytics and Measures: Connecting Work-Life Programs
and Outcomes 56
Talent Management 58
Human-Capital Outcomes—Employee Commitment 58
Financial Performance, Operational and Business
Outcomes—Client Service 58
Cautions in Making the Business Case for Work-Life Programs 58
Financial Effects of Collaboration and Sharing Knowledge 59
Logic and Analytics 60
Measures 61
Process 61
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 63
Linking Worker Beliefs to Increased Productivity and Profitability 63
Summary 64
Key Terms 65
Discussion Questions 65
Applying Your Knowledge 65
Case 2–1: Absenteeism at ONO Inc. 65
References 66

CHAPTER 3 THE LEGAL CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT DECISIONS 70

Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 70
Human Resource Management in Action 71
Retaliation: A New Legal Standard and Some Preventive
Measures 71
viii Contents

Societal Objectives 72
EEO and Unfair Discrimination: What Are They? 73
The Legal Context of Human Resource Decisions 74
The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments 75
The Civil Rights Acts of 1866 and 1871 75
The Equal Pay Act of 1963 75
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 76
Litigating Claims of Unfair Discrimination 78
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 78
The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) 80
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) 81
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) 82
The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 84
Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights
Act of 1994 85
Federal Enforcement Agencies: EEOC and OFCCP 85
EEOC Guidelines 87
The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs 88
Affirmative Action Remedies 89
Employment Case Law: Some General Principles 89
Sex Discrimination 89
Pregnancy 90
Reproductive Hazards 90
Sexual Harassment 91
Age Discrimination 94
“Overqualified” Job Applicants 94
Seniority 95
Testing and Interviewing 96
Personal History 97
Preferential Selection 98
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 100
Retaliation: A New Legal Standard and Some Preventive Measures 100
Summary 101
Key Terms 102
Discussion Questions 103
Applying Your Knowledge 103
Case 3–1: Is This a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification? 103
References 107

CHAPTER 4 DIVERSITY AT WORK 112

Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 112
Human Resource Management in Action 113
Making the Business and Ethical Case for Diversity 113
Workforce Diversity: An Essential Component of HR Strategy 115
The Service Economy 116
The Globalization of Markets 118
New Business Strategies That Require More Teamwork 118
Mergers and Strategic International Alliances 119
The Changing Labor Market 119
Diversity at Work—A Problem for Some Organizations 120
 Contents ix

Culture—The Foundation of Group Differences 121

African Americans in the Workforce 121
Hispanics in the Workforce 123
Asian Americans in the Workforce 126
Women in the Workforce 127
Age-Based Diversity 130
Managing Diversity 131
Racial and Ethnic Minorities 131
Female Workers 132
Generations X and Y 133
Older Workers 134
Workers with Disabilities 136
Gay/Lesbian/Bisexual/Transsexual Employees 136
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 139
Making the Business and Ethical Case for Diversity 139
Summary 140
Key Terms 141
Discussion Questions 141
Applying Your Knowledge 142
Case 4–1: The Challenge of Diversity 142
References 143

PART TWO EMPLOYMENT 149

CHAPTER 5 PLANNING FOR PEOPLE 150
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 150
Human Resource Management in Action 151
Leadership Succession—A Key Challenge for All Organizations 151
Business Strategy—Foundation for All Organizational Decisions 153
Ensuring Coherence in Strategic Direction 153
Relationship of HR Strategy to Business Strategy 155
Strategic Workforce Plans 156
The End of the Job? 158
Alternative Perspectives on Jobs 159
Job Design 159
Scientific Management—“One Best Way” 161
Job Design Today 161
Identifying the Work to Be Done and the Personal Characteristics Needed
to Do the Work 163
Competency Models 165
How Do We Study Job Requirements? 166
Job Analysis: Relating Method to Purpose 168
From Job Analysis to Strategic Workforce Planning 168
Strategic Workforce-Planning Systems 170
Talent Inventory 171
Workforce Forecasts 172
Forecasting External Workforce Supply 173
Forecasting Internal Workforce Supply 173
Forecasting Workforce Demand 177
Identify Pivotal Talent 177
Assessing Future Workforce Demand 177
x Contents

How Accurate Is Accurate? 179

Integrating Supply and Demand Forecasts 179
Make or Buy? 180
Control and Evaluation of SWP Systems 181
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 183
Leadership Succession—A Key Challenge for All Organizations 183
Summary 183
Key Terms 184
Discussion Questions 184
Applying Your Knowledge 185
Case 5–1: Leadership-Succession Planning—Successes and Failures 185
References 186

CHAPTER 6 RECRUITING 190

Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 190
Human Resource Management in Action 191
The Perils and Promise of Social Media 191
Recruitment as a Strategic Imperative 192
A Supply-Chain Approach to the Recruitment-Staffing Process 192
Developing Recruitment Policies: Labor-Market Issues 194
Internal versus External Labor Markets 196
Recruitment Policies and Labor-Market Characteristics 196
An Integrated Model of the Recruitment Process 197
Recruitment Planning 198
Internal Recruitment 199
Job Posting 200
Employee Referrals 200
Temporary Worker Pools 203
External Recruitment 203
University Relations 203
Virtual Career Fairs 205
Executive Search Firms 205
Employment Agencies 206
Recruitment Advertising 207
Special Inducements—Relocation Aid, Help for the Trailing Spouse,
and Sign-On Bonuses 207
Summary of Findings Regarding Recruitment Sources 209
Diversity-Oriented Recruiting 209
Managing Recruitment Operations 210
Evaluation and Control of Recruitment Operations 212
Realistic Job Previews 213
The Other Side of Recruitment—Job Search 215
Scenario 1: Unemployed 215
Scenario 2: Employed, But Searching for a New Job 216
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 218
The Perils and Promise of Social Media 218
Summary 218
Key Terms 219
Discussion Questions 219
Applying Your Knowledge 220
 Contents xi

Case 6–1: Small Businesses Confront Recruiting Challenges 220

References 220

CHAPTER 7 STAFFING 226

Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 226
Human Resource Management in Action 227
Organizational Culture—Key to Staffing “Fit” 227
Organizational Considerations in Staffing Decisions 228
Business Strategy 228
Organizational Culture 229
The Logic of Personnel Selection 230
Reliability of Measurement 231
Validity of Measurement 231
Screening and Selection Methods 232
Employment Application Forms 232
Recommendations, References, and Background Checks 233
Assessment Methods in Selection 237
Drug Screening 237
Integrity Tests 239
Mental-Ability Tests 239
Validity Generalization 241
Personality Measures 241
Measures of Emotional Intelligence 242
Personal-History Data 243
Employment Interviews 243
Work-Sample Tests 245
Leaderless Group Discussion 247
In-Basket Test 247
The Situational-Judgment Test 250
Assessment Centers 251
Choosing the Right Predictor 255
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 256
Organizational Culture—Key to Staffing “Fit” 256
Summary 257
Key Terms 258
Discussion Questions 258
Applying Your Knowledge 259
Exercise 7–1: An In-Basket and an LGD for Selecting
Managers 259
Technical Appendix 263
The Estimation of Reliability 263
Validation Strategies 264
Estimating the Economic Benefits of Selection Programs 266
References 266

PART THREE DEVELOPMENT 277

CHAPTER 8 TRAINING AND ON-BOARDING 278
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 278
Human Resource Management in Action 279
Technology-Delivered Instruction (TDI) Catches On 279
xii Contents

Employee Training 280

What Is Training? 280
Training Trends 281
Impact of Training on Individuals, Teams, Organizations, and Society 283
Characteristics of Effective Training Practice 285
The Training Paradox 285
How Training Relates to Competitive Strategies 285
What Determines Effective Training? 286
Assessing Training Needs and Designing Training Programs 286
An Alternative Approach: Rapid Prototyping 287
Assessing Training Needs 288
Principles That Enhance Learning 291
Motivating the Trainee: Goal Setting 291
Behavior Modeling 292
Meaningfulness of the Material 294
Practice (Makes Perfect) 294
Feedback 295
Transfer of Training 296
Team Training 296
Selecting Training Methods 299
Evaluating Training Programs 301
Additional Considerations in Measuring the Outcomes of Training 302
New-Employee Orientation: The On-Boarding Process 305
Planning, Packaging, and Evaluating an On-Boarding Program 306
Orientation Follow-Up 309
Evaluation of the Orientation Program 310
Lessons Learned 310
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 311
Technology-Delivered Instruction (TDI) Catches On 311
Summary 313
Key Terms 314
Discussion Questions 314
Applying Your Knowledge 315
Case 8–1: CEO of the Year David Novak:
The Recognition Leader 315
References 316

CHAPTER 9 PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT 322

Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 322
Human Resource Management in Action 323
Performance Reviews: The Dilemma of Forced Ranking 323
Managing for Maximum Performance 324
Define Performance 325
Facilitate Performance 326
Encourage Performance 326
Performance Management in Practice 328
Purposes of Performance-Appraisal Systems 328
Should Organizations Abandon Performance Reviews? 329
Requirements of Effective Appraisal Systems 329
The Strategic Dimension of Performance Appraisal 333
 Contents xiii

Alternative Methods of Appraising Employee Performance 334

Behavior-Oriented Rating Methods 334
Results-Oriented Rating Methods 338
When Should Each Technique Be Used? 340
Who Should Evaluate Performance? 340
Are Supervisors’ Ratings Affected by Other Sources of Information about
Performance? 342
Multirater or 360-Degree Feedback 343
When and How Often Should Appraisal Be Done? 344
Evaluating the Performance of Teams 345
Appraisal Errors and Rater-Training Strategies 347
Secrets of Effective Performance-Feedback Interviews 349
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 354
Performance Reviews: The Dilemma of Forced Ranking 354
Summary 354
Key Terms 355
Discussion Questions 356
Applying Your Knowledge 356
Case 9–1: Avoiding a “Me” versus “We” Dilemma: Using Performance
Management to Turn Teams into a Source of Competitive Advantage 356
References 365

CHAPTER 10 MANAGING CAREERS 374

Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 374
Human Resource Management in Action 375
Self-Reliance: Key to Career Management 375
Toward a Definition of Career 376
Proactive Career Management 377
Toward a Definition of Career Success 378
Adult Life-Cycle Stages 378
Career Management: Individuals Focusing on Themselves 379
Selecting a Field of Employment and an Employer 380
Knowing Where You Are 380
Planning Your Exit 381
The Role of the Organization 381
Dual-Career Couples: Problems and Opportunities 381
Career Management: Organizations Focusing on Individuals 383
Organizational Entry 383
Mentoring 384
Early Career: The Impact of the First Job 385
Managing Men and Women in Midcareer 386
Managing the Older Worker 389
Myths versus Facts about Older Workers 390
Implications of the Aging Workforce for HRM 391
Career Management: Organizations Focusing on Their Own Maintenance
and Growth 393
Internal Staffing Decisions: Patterns of Career Change 394
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 401
Self-Reliance: Key to Career Management 401
Summary 402
xiv Contents

Key Terms 403

Discussion Questions 403
Applying Your Knowledge 403
Exercise 10–1: Self-Assessment and Career Planning 403
References 405

PART FOUR COMPENSATION 413

CHAPTER 11 PAY AND INCENTIVE SYSTEMS 414
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 414
Human Resource Management in Action 415
The Trust Gap 415
Changing Philosophies Regarding Pay Systems 417
Cost-Containment Actions 417
Paying What the Company Can Afford 418
Programs That Encourage and Reward Performance 418
Components and Objectives of Organizational Reward Systems 420
Strategic Integration of Compensation Plans and Business Plans 422
Determinants of Pay Structure and Level 423
Labor Market Conditions 423
Legislation 424
Collective Bargaining 427
Managerial Attitudes and an Organization’s Ability to Pay 427
An Overview of Pay-System Mechanics 428
Linking Internal Pay Relationships to Market Data 429
Developing a Pay Structure 431
Alternatives to Pay Systems Based on Job Evaluation 434
Policy Issues in Pay Planning and Administration 435
Pay Secrecy 435
The Effect of Inflation 436
Pay Compression 436
Pay Raises 437
Performance Incentives 438
Requirements of Effective Incentive Systems 438
Merit-Pay Systems 439
Barriers Can Be Overcome 440
Guidelines for Effective Merit-Pay Systems 440
Incentives for Executives 441
Incentives for Lower-Level Employees 443
Setting Performance Standards 443
Union Attitudes 445
Team Incentives 445
Organizationwide Incentives 447
Profit Sharing 447
Gain Sharing 447
Employee Stock-Ownership Plans 449
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 451
The Trust Gap 451
Summary 452
Key Terms 453
Discussion Questions 453
 Contents xv

Applying Your Knowledge 454

Case 11–1: Nucor: The Art of Motivation 454
References 455

CHAPTER 12 INDIRECT COMPENSATION: EMPLOYEE BENEFIT

PLANS 462
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 462
Human Resource Management in Action 463
The New World of Employee Benefits 463
Strategic Considerations in the Design of Benefits Programs 464
Long-Term Strategic Business Plans 465
Diversity in the Workforce Means Diversity in Benefits Preferences 466
Legal Requirements 466
Competitiveness of the Benefits Offered 469
Total Compensation Strategy 469
Components of the Benefits Package 470
Security and Health Benefits 470
Group Life Insurance 471
Workers’ Compensation 472
Disability Insurance 473
Hospitalization, Surgical, and Maternity Coverage 473
Cost-Containment Strategies 477
Toward the Future 479
Other Medical Coverage 479
Sick-Leave Programs 480
Pensions 480
Social Security 484
Unemployment Insurance 486
Severance Pay 487
Payments for Time Not Worked 488
Employee Services 489
Benefits Administration 491
Benefits and Equal Employment Opportunity 491
Costing Benefits 491
Cafeteria, or Flexible, Benefits 493
Communicating the Benefits 494
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 495
The New World of Employee Benefits 495
Summary 496
Key Terms 497
Discussion Questions 497
Applying Your Knowledge 497
Case 12–1: Obesity and McLawsuits 497
References 502

PART FIVE LABOR-MANAGEMENT ACCOMMODATION 507

CHAPTER 13 UNION REPRESENTATION AND COLLECTIVE
BARGAINING 508
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 508
Human Resource Management in Action 509
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xvi Contents

Restructuring through Union-Management Collaboration 509

Why Do Employees Join Unions? 510
Union Membership in the United States 511
The Changing Nature of Industrial Relations in the United States 512
Fundamental Features of the U.S. Industrial Relations System 513
A Brief History of U.S. Labor Relations 515
Emergence of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) 515
Emergence of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) 515
Merger of the AFL-CIO 516
Breaking Away from the AFL-CIO 516
The Unionization Process 517
The Legal Basis 517
The Organizing Drive 519
The Bargaining Unit 520
The Election Campaign 520
The Representation Election and Certification 521
The Decertification of a Union 521
Collective Bargaining: Cornerstone of American Labor Relations 523
The Art of Negotiation 523
Bargaining Impasses: Strikes, Lockouts, or Third-Party Involvement 525
Strikes 525
Lockouts 529
Third-Party Involvement 529
Administration of the Collective-Bargaining Agreement 531
Union-Security Clauses 531
Grievance Procedures in the Unionized Firm 531
Union Membership in Countries Other Than the United States 534
Union Wage Premiums and the Spillover Effect 535
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 535
Restructuring through Union-Management Collaboration 535
Summary 537
Key Terms 538
Discussion Questions 539
Applying Your Knowledge 539
Exercise 13–1: Contract Negotiations at Moulton Machine Shop 539
References 541

CHAPTER 14 PROCEDURAL JUSTICE AND ETHICS IN EMPLOYEE

RELATIONS 546
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 546
Human Resource Management in Action 547
Alternative Dispute Resolution: Good for the Company, Good for
Employees? 547
Some Definitions 548
Why Address Procedural Justice? 549
Components of Procedural Justice 550
Procedural Justice in Action: Employee Voice Systems 550
Characteristics of Effective Voice Systems 551
Grievance Procedures in Nonunion Companies: Workplace Due Process 552
Discipline 555
 Contents xvii

Progressive Discipline 556

Documenting Performance-Related Incidents 557
The Disciplinary Interview 558
Employment at Will 558
Employment Contracts 561
Termination 563
Employee Privacy and Ethical Issues 566
Fair Information Practices in the Digital Age 567
Assessment of Job Applicants and Employees 570
Whistle-Blowing 571
Conclusion 574
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 574
Alternative Dispute Resolution: Good for the Company, Good for
Employees? 574
Summary 575
Key Terms 576
Discussion Questions 576
Applying Your Knowledge 577
Case 14–1: GM Recalls: How General Motors Silenced
a Whistle-Blower 577
References 582

PART SIX SUPPORT AND INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS 589

CHAPTER 15 SAFETY, HEALTH, AND EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE
PROGRAMS 590
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 590
Human Resource Management in Action 591
Substance Abuse on the Job Produces Tough Policy Choices for
Managers 591
The Extent and Cost of Safety and Health Problems 593
The Occupational Safety and Health Act 593
Purpose and Coverage 593
Administration 594
Safety and Health Standards 594
Record-Keeping Requirements 595
OSHA Enforcement 595
Penalties 596
OSHA’s Impact 598
Assessing the Costs and Benefits of Occupational Safety and Health
Programs 599
Organizational Safety and Health Programs 600
Loss Control 600
The Role of the Safety Committee 601
Safety Rules 602
Employee Selection 603
Training for Employees and Supervisors 603
Feedback and Incentives 605
Health Hazards at Work 607
The Need for Safeguards 607
HIV/AIDS and Business 609
xviii Contents

Employee Assistance Programs 611

Do Employee Assistance Programs Work? 611
How Employee Assistance Programs Work 612
More on the Role of the Supervisor 612
Alcoholism 613
Drug Abuse 614
Violence at Work 615
Corporate Health Promotion: The Concept of “Wellness” 617
Linking Unhealthy Lifestyles to Health-Care Costs 618
Evaluation: Do Wellness Programs Work? 619
Wellness Programs and the Americans with Disabilities Act 621
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 621
Substance Abuse on the Job Produces Tough Policy Choices for
Managers 621
Summary 623
Key Terms 623
Discussion Questions 624
Applying Your Knowledge 624
Case 15–1: Skyline Machine Shop 624
References 625

CHAPTER 16 INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF HUMAN RESOURCE

MANAGEMENT 634
Questions This Chapter Will Help Managers Answer 634
Human Resource Management in Action 635
What’s It Like to Be a Global Manager? 635
The Global Corporation: A Fact of Modern Organizational Life 636
Signs of Globalization 636
The Backlash against Globalization 637
The Costs of Overseas Executives 639
The Role of Cultural Understanding in International Management Practice 641
Human Resource Management Practices as a Cultural Variable 641
Sense of Self and Space 642
Dress and Appearance 642
Food and Feeding Habits 642
Communication and Language 642
Time and Time Consciousness 643
Relationships 643
Values and Norms 643
Beliefs and Attitudes 644
Work Motivation and Practices 644
Mental Processes and Learning 644
Lessons Regarding Cross-Cultural Differences 647
Human Resource Management Activities of Global Corporations 649
Organizational Structure 650
Workforce Planning 650
Recruitment 651
International Staffing 652
Applicability of U.S. Employment Laws to Multinational Employers
(MNEs) 656
 Contents xix

Orientation 657
Cross-Cultural Training and Development 658
Integration of Training and Business Strategy 661
International Compensation 662
Labor Relations in the International Arena 668
Toward International Labor Standards 670
The North American Free Trade Agreement 671
Repatriation 672
Planning 672
Career Management 672
Compensation 673
Human Resource Management in Action: Conclusion 673
What’s It Like to Be a Global Manager? 673
Summary 674
Key Terms 675
Discussion Questions 676
Applying Your Knowledge 676
Exercise 16–1: Expatriate Orientation Role-Play 676
References 677

GLOSSARY 684
CREDITS 701
NAME INDEX 703
SUBJECT INDEX 714
 BOXES AND SPECIAL FEATURES

CHAPTER 1 HUMAN RESOURCES IN A GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE

BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 2
Ethical Dilemma: Conflict between American and Foreign Cultural
Values 18
HR Buzz: Nurturing Leaders at General Electric Company 18
HR Buzz: Modern Manufacturing—U.S. Style 21
Impact of Effective HRM on Productivity, Quality of Work Life,
and the Bottom Line 24
Implications for Management Practice 25

CHAPTER 2 WORKFORCE ANALYTICS: THE FINANCIAL IMPACT

OF HRM ACTIVITIES 34
Impact of Human Resource Management Activities on Productivity, Quality of
Work Life, and the Bottom Line 62
Ethical Dilemma: Survey Feedback: Nice or Necessary? 63
Implications for Management Practice 64

CHAPTER 3 THE LEGAL CONTEXT OF EMPLOYMENT

DECISIONS 70
Ethical Dilemma: Secret Taping of Supervisors: It May Be Legal, But Is It
Ethical? 92
Legalities: “English-Only” Rules—National Origin Discrimination? 95
Impact of Legal Factors on Productivity, Quality of Work Life,
and the Bottom Line 100
Implications for Management Practice 102

CHAPTER 4 DIVERSITY AT WORK 112

A Word about Terminology 119
Why Is a Diversity Program So Difficult to Implement? 120
HR Buzz: Bottom-Line Benefits of Diversity at PepsiCo 123
HR Buzz: Aetna: Embedding Diversity into the Fabric of
the Business 125
HR Buzz: IBM—Champion of Global Diversity and Family-Friendly
Policies 129
HR Buzz: Citigroup, Bank of America, and Abbott Laboratories:
Diverse by Design 132
Ethical Dilemma: Does Diversity Management Conflict with Maximizing
Shareholder Value? 138
xx
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up, but lay all day on her sofa. She was prey to a suffering that
gradually deprived her of all vital power. She knew that she was
failing, and she was afraid to die. But she could do nothing. There
was only one remedy for her, but that never came. While Donna
Micaela seemed to be thus quietly gliding out of life, the people of
Diamante were preparing to celebrate the feast of San Sebastiano,
that comes at the end of January.
It was the greatest festival of Diamante, but in the last few years
it had not been kept with customary splendor, because want and
gloom had weighed too heavily on their souls.
But this year, just after the revolt had failed, and while Sicily was
still filled with troops, and while the beloved heroes of the people
languished in prison, they determined to celebrate the festival with
all the old-time pomp; for now, they said, was not the time to
neglect the saint.
And the pious people of Diamante determined that the festival
should be held for a week, and that San Sebastiano should be
honored with flags and decorations, and with races and biblical
processions, illuminations, and singing contests.
The people bestirred themselves with great haste and eagerness.
There was polishing and scrubbing in every house. They brought out
the old costumes, and they prepared to receive strangers from all
Etna.
The summer-palace was the only house in Diamante where no
preparations were made. Donna Elisa was deeply grieved at it, but
she could not induce Donna Micaela to have her house decorated.
“How can you ask me to trim a house of mourning with flowers and
leaves?” she said. “The roses would shed their petals if I tried to use
them to mask the misery that reigns here.”
But Donna Elisa was very eager for the festival, and expected
much good to result from honoring the saint as in the old days. She
could talk of nothing but of how the priests had decorated the
façade of the Cathedral in the old Sicilian way, with silver flowers
and mirrors. And she described the procession: how many riders
there were to be, and what high plumes they were to have in their
hats, and what long, garlanded staves, with wax candles at the end,
they were to carry in their hands.
 When the first festival day came, Donna Elisa’s house was the
most gorgeously decorated. The green, red, and white standard of
Italy waved from the roof, and red cloths, fringed with gold, bearing
the saint’s initials, were spread over the window-sills and balcony
railings. Up and down the wall ran garlands of holly, shaped into
stars and arches, and round the windows crept wreaths made of the
little pink roses from Donna Elisa’s garden. Just over the entrance
stood the saint’s image, framed in lilies, and on the threshold lay
cypress-branches. And if one had entered the house, one would
have found it as much adorned on the inside as on the outside.
From the cellar to the attic it was scoured and covered with flowers,
and on the shelves in the shop no saint was too small or insignificant
to have an everlasting or a harebell in his hand. Like Donna Elisa,
every one in penniless Diamante had decorated along the whole
street. In the street above the house of the little Moor there was
such an array of flags that it looked like clothes hung out to dry from
the earth to the sky. Every house and every arch carried flags, and
across the streets were hung ropes, from which fluttered pennant
after pennant.
At every tenth step the people of Diamante had raised triumphal
arches over the street. And over every door stood the image of the
saint, framed in wreaths of yellow everlastings. The balconies were
covered with red quilts and bright-colored table-cloths, and stiff
garlands wound up the walls.
There were so many flowers and leaves that no one could
understand how they had been able to get them all in January.
Everything was crowned and wreathed with flowers. The brooms
had crowns of crocuses, and each door-knocker a bunch of
hyacinths. In windows stood pictures with monograms, and
inscriptions of blood-red anemones.
And between those decorated houses the stream of people rolled
as mighty as a rising river. It was not the inhabitants of Diamante
alone who were honoring San Sebastiano. From all Etna came yellow
carts, beautifully ornamented and painted, drawn by horses in
shining harness, and loaded down with people. The sick, the
beggars, the blind singers came in great crowds. There were whole
trains of pilgrims, unhappy people, who now, after their misfortunes,
had some one to pray to.
Such numbers came that the people wondered how they all would
ever find room within the town walls. There were people in the
streets, people in the windows, people on the balconies. On the high
stone steps sat people, and the shops were full of them. The big
street-doors were thrown wide, and in the openings chairs were
arranged in a half-circle, as in a theatre. There the house-owners sat
with their guests and looked at the passers-by.
The whole street was filled with an intoxicating noise. It was not
only the talking and laughter of the people. There were also organ-
grinders standing and turning hand-organs big as pianos. There
were street-singers, and there were men and women who declaimed
Tasso in cracked, worn-out voices. There were all kinds of criers, the
sound of organs streamed from all the churches, and in the square
on the summit of the mountain the town band played so that it
could be heard over all Diamante.
The joyous noise, and the fragrance of the flowers, and the
flapping of the flags outside Donna Micaela’s window had power to
wake her from her stupor. She rose up, as if life had sent for her. “I
will not die,” she said to herself. “I will try to live.”
She took her father’s arm and went out into the street. She hoped
that the life there would mount to her head so that she might forget
her sorrow. “If I do not succeed,” she thought, “if I can find no
distraction, I must die.”
Now in Diamante there was a poor old stone-cutter, who had
thought of earning a few soldi during the festival. He had made a
couple of small busts out of lava, of San Sebastiano and of Pope Leo
XIII. And as he knew that many in Diamante loved Gaetano, and
grieved over his fate, he also made a few portraits of him.
 Just as Donna Micaela came out into the street she met the man,
and he offered her his wretched little images.
“Buy Don Gaetano Alagona, Donna Micaela,” said the man; “buy
Don Gaetano, whom the government has put in prison because he
wished to help Sicily.”
Donna Micaela pressed her father’s arm hard and went hurriedly
on.
In the Café Europa the son of the innkeeper stood and sang
canzoni. He had composed a few new ones for the festival, and
among others some about Gaetano. For he could not know that
people did not care to hear of him.
When Donna Micaela passed by the café and heard the singing,
she stopped and listened.
“Alas, Gaetano Alagona!” sang the young man. “Songs are mighty.
I shall sing you free with my songs. First I will send you the slender
canzone. He shall glide in between your prison-gratings, and break
them. Then I will send you the sonnet, that is fair as a woman, and
which will corrupt your guards. I will compose a glorious ode to you,
which will shake the walls of your prison with its lofty rhythms. But if
none of these help you, I will burst out in the glorious epos, that has
hosts of words. Oh, Gaetano, mighty as an army it marches on! All
the legions of ancient Rome would not have had the strength to stop
it!”
Donna Micaela hung convulsively on her father’s arm, but she did
not speak, and went on.
Then Cavaliere Palmeri began to speak of Gaetano. “I did not
know that he was so beloved,” he said.
“Nor I,” murmured Donna Micaela.
“To-day I saw some strangers coming into Donna Elisa’s shop, and
begging her to be allowed to buy something that he had carved. She
had left only a couple of old rosaries, and I saw her break them to
pieces and give them out bead by bead.”
 Donna Micaela looked at her father like a beseeching child. But he
did not know whether she wished him to be silent or to go on
speaking.
“Donna Elisa’s old friends go about in the garden with Luca,” he
said, “and Luca shows them Gaetano’s favorite places and the
garden beds that he used to plant. And Pacifica sits in the workshop
beside the joiner’s-bench, and relates all sorts of things about him,
ever since he was—so big.”
He could tell no more; the crush and the noise became so great
about him that he had to stop.
They meant to go to the Cathedral. On the Cathedral steps sat old
Assunta, as usual. She held a rosary in her hands and mumbled the
same prayer round the whole rosary. She asked the saint that
Gaetano, who had promised to help all the poor, might come back to
Diamante.
As Donna Micaela walked by her, she distinctly heard: “San
Sebastiano, give us Gaetano! Ah, in your mercy; ah, in our misery,
San Sebastiano, give us Gaetano!”
Donna Micaela had meant to go into the church, but she turned
on the steps.
“There is such a crowd there,” she said, “I do not dare to go in.”
She went home again. But while she had been away, Donna Elisa
had watched her opportunity. She had hoisted a flag on the roof of
the summer-palace; she had spread draperies on the balconies, and
as Donna Micaela came home, she was fastening up a garland in the
gateway. For Donna Elisa could not bear to have the summer-palace
underrated. She wished no honor to San Sebastiano omitted at this
time. And she feared that the saint would not help Diamante and
Gaetano if the palace of the old Alagonas did not honor him.
Donna Micaela was pale as if she had received her death warrant,
and bent like an old woman of eighty years.
 She murmured to herself: “I make no busts of him; I sing no
songs about him; I dare not pray to God for him; I buy none of his
beads. How can he believe that I love him? He must love all these
others, who worship him, but not me. I do not belong to his world,
he can love me no longer.”
And when she saw that they wished to adorn her house with
flowers, it seemed to her so piteously cruel that she snatched the
wreath from Donna Elisa and threw it at her feet, asking if she
wished to kill her.
Then she went past her up the stairs to her room. She threw
herself on the sofa and buried her face in the cushions.
She now first understood how far apart she and Gaetano were.
The idol of the people could not love her.
She felt as if she had prevented him from helping all those poor
people.
How he must detest her; how he must hate her!
Then her illness came creeping back over her. That illness which
consisted of not being loved! It would kill her. She thought, as she
lay there, that it was all over.
While she lay there, suddenly the little Christchild stood before her
inward eye. He seemed to have entered the room in all his wretched
splendor. She saw him plainly.
Donna Micaela began to call on the Christchild for help. And she
was amazed at herself for not having turned before to that good
helper. It was probably because the image did not stand in a church,
but was carried about as a museum-piece by Miss Tottenham, that
she remembered him only in her deepest need.

It was late in the evening of the same day. After dinner Donna
Micaela had given all her servants permission to go to the festival, so
that she and her father were alone in the big house. But towards ten
o’clock her father rose and said he wished to hear the singing-
contest in the square. And as Donna Micaela did not dare to sit
alone, she was obliged to go with him.
When they came to the square they saw that it was turned into a
theatre, with lines upon lines of chairs. Every corner was filled with
people, and it was with difficulty that they found places.
“Diamante is glorious this evening, Micaela,” said Cavaliere
Palmeri. The charm of the night seemed to have softened him. He
spoke more simply and tenderly to his daughter than he had done
for a long time.
Donna Micaela felt instantly that he spoke the truth. She felt as
she had done when she first came to Diamante. It was a town of
miracles, a town of beauty, a little sanctuary of God.
Directly in front of her stood a high and stately building made of
shining diamonds. She had to think for a moment before she could
understand what it was.
Yet it was nothing but the front of the Cathedral, covered with
flowers of stiff silver and gold paper and with thousands of little
mirrors stuck in between the flowers. And in every flower was hung
a little lamp with a flame as big as a fire-fly. It was the most
enchanting illumination that Donna Micaela had ever seen.
There was no other light in the market-place, nor was any needed.
That great wall of diamonds shone quite sufficiently. The black
Palazzo Geraci was flaming red, as if it had been lighted by a
conflagration.
Nothing of the world outside of the square was visible. Everything
below it was in the deepest darkness, and that made her think again
that she saw the old enchanted Diamante that was not of the earth,
but was a holy city on one of the mounts of heaven. The town-hall
with its heavy balconies and high steps, the long convent and the
Roman gate were again glorious and wonderful. And she could
hardly believe it was in that town that she had suffered such terrible
pain.
In the midst of the great crowd of people, no chill was felt. The
winter night was mild as a spring morning; and Donna Micaela
began to feel something of spring in her. It began to stir and tremble
in her in a way which was both sweet and terrible. It must feel so in
the snow-masses on Etna when the sun melts them into sparkling
brooks.
She looked at the people who filled the market-place, and was
amazed at herself that she had been so tortured by them in the
forenoon. She was glad that they loved Gaetano. Alas, if he had only
continued to love her, she would have been unspeakably proud and
happy in their love. Then she could have kissed those old callous
hands that made images of him and were clasped in prayers for him.
As she was thinking this, the church-door was thrown open and a
big, flat wagon rolled out of the church. Highest on the red-covered
wagon stood San Sebastiano by his stake, and below the image sat
the four singers, who were to contest.
There was an old blind man from Nicolosi; a cooper from Catania,
who was considered to be the best improvisatore in all Sicily; a smith
from Termini, and little Gandolfo, who was son to the watchman in
the town-hall of Diamante.
Everybody was surprised that Gandolfo dared to appear in such a
difficult contest. Did he do it perhaps to please his betrothed, little
Rosalia? No one had ever heard that he could improvise. He had
never done anything in his whole life but eat mandarins and stare at
Etna.
The first thing was to draw lots among the competitors, and the
lots fell so that the cooper should come first and Gandolfo last.
When it fell so Gandolfo turned pale. It was terrible to come last,
when they all were to speak on the same subject.
The cooper elected to speak of San Sebastiano, when he was a
soldier of the legion in ancient Rome, and for his faith’s sake was
bound to a stake and used as a target for his comrades. After him
came the blind man, who told how a pious Roman matron found the
martyr bleeding and pierced with arrows, and succeeded in bringing
him back to life. Then came the smith, who related all the miracles
San Sebastiano had worked in Sicily during the pest in the fifteenth
century. They were all much applauded. They spoke many strong
words of blood and death, and the people rejoiced in them. But
every one from Diamante was anxious for little Gandolfo.
“The smith takes all the words from him. He must fail,” they said.
“Ah,” said others, “little Rosalia will not take the engagement
ribbon out of her hair for that.”
Gandolfo shrunk together in his corner of the wagon. He grew
smaller and smaller. Those sitting near could hear how his teeth
chattered with fright.
When his turn came at last, and he rose and began to improvise,
he was very bad. He was worse than any one had expected. He
faltered out a couple of verses, but they were only a repetition of
what the others had said.
Then he suddenly stopped and gasped for breath. In that moment
the strength of despair came to him. He straightened himself up,
and a slight flush rose to his cheeks.
“Oh, signori,” said little Gandolfo, “let me speak of that of which I
am always thinking! Let me speak of what I always see before me!”
And he began unopposed and with wonderful power to tell what
he himself had seen.
He told how he who was son to the watchman of the town-hall
had crept through dark attics and had lain hidden in one of the
galleries of the court-room the night the court-martial had been held
to pass sentence on the insurgents in Diamante.
Then he had seen Don Gaetano Alagona on the bench of the
accused with a lot of wild fellows who were worse than brutes.
 He told how beautiful Gaetano had been. He had seemed like a
god to little Gandolfo beside those terrible people about him. And he
described those bandits with their wild-beast faces, their coarse hair,
their clumsy limbs. He said that no one could look into their eyes
without a quiver of the heart.
Yet, in all his beauty, Don Gaetano was more terrible than those
people. Gandolfo did not know how they dared to sit beside him on
the bench. Under his frowning brows his eyes flashed at his fellow-
prisoners with a look which would have killed their souls, if they like
others had possessed such a thing.
“‘Who are you,’ he seemed to ask, ‘who dare to turn to plundering
and murder while you call on sacred liberty? Do you know what you
have done? Do you know that on account of your devices I am now
a prisoner? And it was I who would have saved Sicily!’” And every
glance he cast at them was a death warrant.
His eyes fell on all the things that the bandits had stolen and that
were now piled up on a table. He recognized them. Could he help
knowing the clocks and the silver dishes from the summer-palace?
could he help knowing the relics and coins that had been stolen from
his English patroness? And when he had recognized the things, he
turned to his fellow-prisoners with a terrible smile. “‘You heroes! you
heroes!’ said the smile; ‘you have stolen from two women!’”
His noble face was constantly changing. Once Gandolfo had seen
it contracted by a sudden terror. It was when the man sitting nearest
to him stretched out a hand covered with blood. Had he perhaps had
a sudden idea of the truth? Did he think that those men had broken
into the house where his beloved lived?
Gandolfo told how the officers who were to be the judges had
come in, silent and grave, and sat down in their places. But he said
when he had seen those noble gentlemen his anxiety had
diminished. He had said to himself that they knew that Gaetano was
of good birth, and that they would not sentence him. They would
not mix him up with the bandits. No one could possibly believe that
he had wished to rob two women.
And see, when the judge called up Gaetano Alagona his voice was
without hardness. He spoke to him as to an equal.
“But,” said Gandolfo, “when Don Gaetano rose, he stood so that
he could see out over the square. And through the square, through
this same square, where now so many people are sitting in
happiness and pleasure, a funeral procession was passing.
“It was the White Brotherhood carrying the body of the murdered
Giannita to her mother’s house. They walked with torches, and the
bier, carried on the bearers’ shoulders, was plainly visible. As the
procession passed slowly across the market-place, one could
recognize the pall spread over the corpse. It was the pall of the
Alagonas adorned with a gorgeous coat of arms and rich silver
fringes. When Gaetano saw it, he understood that the corpse was of
the house of Alagona. His face became ashy gray, and he reeled as if
he were going to fall.
“At that moment the judge asked him: ‘Do you know the
murdered woman?’ And he answered: ‘Yes.’ Then the judge, who
was a merciful man, continued: ‘Was she near to you?’ And then
Don Gaetano answered: ‘I love her.’”
When Gandolfo had come so far in his story, people saw Donna
Micaela suddenly rise, as if she had wished to contradict him, but
Cavaliere Palmeri drew her quickly down beside him.
“Be quiet, be quiet,” he said to her.
And she sat quiet with her face hidden in her hands. Now and
then her body rocked and she wailed softly.
Gandolfo told how the judge, when Gaetano had acknowledged
that, had shown him his fellow-prisoners and asked him: “‘If you
loved that woman, how can you have anything in common with the
men who have murdered her?’”
 Then Don Gaetano had turned towards the bandits. He had raised
his clenched hand and shaken it at them. And he had looked as if he
had longed for a dagger, to be able to strike them down one after
another.
“‘With those!’” he had shouted. “‘Should I have anything in
common with those?’”
And he had certainly meant to say that he had nothing to do with
robbers and murderers. The judge had smiled kindly at him, as if he
had only waited for that answer to set him free.
But then a divine miracle had happened.
And Gandolfo told, how among all the stolen things that lay on the
table, there had also been a little Christ image. It was a yard high,
richly covered with jewels and adorned with a gold crown and gold
shoes. Just at that moment one of the officers bent down to draw
the image to him; and as he did so, the crown fell to the floor and
rolled all the way to Don Gaetano.
Don Gaetano picked up the Christ-crown, held it a moment in his
hands and looked at it carefully. It seemed as if he had read
something in it.
He did not hold it more than one minute. In the next the guard
took it from him.
Donna Micaela looked up almost frightened. The Christ image! He
was there already! Should she so soon get an answer to her prayer?
Gandolfo continued: “But when Don Gaetano looked up, every one
trembled as at a miracle, for the man was transformed.
“Ah, signori, he was so white that his face seemed to shine, and
his eyes were calm and tender. And there was no more anger in him.
“And he began to pray for his fellow-prisoners; he began to pray
for their lives.
“He prayed that they should not kill those poor fellow-creatures.
He prayed that the noble judges should do something for them that
they might some day live like others. ‘We have only this life to live,’
he said. ‘Our kingdom is only of this world.’
“He began to tell how those men had lived. He spoke as if he
could read their souls. He pictured their life, gloomy and unhappy as
it had been. He spoke so that several of the judges wept.
“The words came strong and commanding, so that it sounded as if
Don Gaetano had been judge and the judges the criminals. ‘See,’ he
said, ‘whose fault is it that these poor men have gone to
destruction? Is it not you who have the power who ought to have
taken care of them?’
“And they were all dismayed at the responsibility he forced upon
them.
“But suddenly the judge had interrupted him.
“‘Speak in your own defence, Gaetano Alagona,’ he said; ‘do not
speak in that of others!’
“Then Don Gaetano had smiled. ‘Signor,’ he said, ‘I have not much
more than you with which to defend myself. But still I have
something. I have left my career in England to make a revolt in
Sicily. I have brought over weapons. I have made seditious
speeches. I have something, although not much.’
“The judge had almost begged him. ‘Do not speak so, Don
Gaetano,’ he had said. ‘Think of what you are saying!’
“But he had made confessions that compelled them to sentence
him.
“When they told him that he was to sit for twenty-nine years in
prison, he had cried out: ‘Now may her will be done, who was just
carried by. May I be as she wished!’
“And I saw no more of him,” said little Gandolfo, “for the guards
placed him between them and led him away.
“But I, who heard him pray for those who had murdered his
beloved, made a vow that I would do something for him.
 “I vowed to recite a beautiful improvisation to San Sebastiano to
induce him to help him. But I have not succeeded. I am no
improvisatore; I could not.”
Here he broke off and threw himself down, weeping aloud before
the image. “Forgive me that I could not,” he cried, “and help him in
spite of it. You know that when they sentenced him I promised to do
it for his sake that you might save him. But now I have not been
able to speak of you, and you will not help him.”
Donna Micaela hardly knew how it happened, but she and little
Rosalia, who loved Gandolfo, were beside him at almost the same
moment. They drew him to them, and both kissed him, and said that
no one had spoken like him; no one, no one. Did he not see that
they were weeping? San Sebastiano was pleased with him. Donna
Micaela put a ring on the boy’s finger and round about him the
people were waving many-colored silk handkerchiefs, that glistened
like waves of the sea in the strong light from the Cathedral.
“Viva Gaetano! viva Gandolfo!” cried the people.
And flowers and fruits and silk handkerchiefs and jewels came
raining down about little Gandolfo. Donna Micaela was crowded
away from him almost with violence. But it never occurred to her to
be frightened. She stood among the surging people and wept. The
tears streamed down her face, and she wept for joy that she could
weep. That was the greatest blessing.
She wished to force her way to Gandolfo; she could not thank him
enough. He had told her that Gaetano loved her. When he had
quoted the words, “Now may her will be done who was just carried
by,” she had suddenly understood that Gaetano had believed that it
was she lying under the pall of the Alagonas.
And of that dead woman he had said: “I love her.”
The blood flowed once more in her veins; her heart beat again;
her tears fell. “It is life, life,” she said to herself, while she let herself
be carried to and fro by the crowd. “Life has come again to me. I
shall not die.”
 They all had to come up to little Gandolfo to thank him, because
he had given them some one to love, to trust in, to long for in those
days of dejection, when everything seemed lost.
 SECOND BOOK
“Antichrist shall go from land to land and give bread to the poor”

I
A GREAT MAN’S WIFE

It was in February, and the almond-trees were beginning to

blossom on the black lava about Diamante.
Cavaliere Palmeri had taken a walk up Etna and had brought home
a big almond branch, full of buds and flowers and put it in a vase in
the music-room.
Donna Micaela started when she saw it. So they had already
come, the almond-blossoms. And for a whole month, for six long
weeks, they would be everywhere.
They would stand on the altar in the church; they would lie on the
graves, and they would be worn on the breast, on the hat, in the
hair. They would blossom over the roads, in the heaps of ruins, on
the black lava. And every almond-flower would remind her of the
day when the bells rang, when Gaetano was free and happy, and
when she dreamed of passing her whole life with him.
It seemed to her as if she never before fully understood what it
meant that he was shut in and gone, that she should never see him
again.
She had to sit down in order not to fall; her heart seemed to stop,
and she shut her eyes.
 While she was sitting thus she had a strange experience.
She is all at once at home in the palace in Catania. She is sitting in
the lofty hall reading, and she is a happy young girl, Signorina
Palmeri. A servant brings in a wandering salesman to her. He is a
handsome young fellow with a sprig of almond-blossoms in his
button-hole; on his head he carries a board full of little images of the
saints, carved in wood.
She buys some of the images, while the young man’s eyes drink in
all the works of art in the hall. She asks him if he would like to see
their collections. Yes, that he would. And she herself goes with him
and shows him.
He is so delighted with what he sees that she thinks that he must
be a real artist, and she says to herself that she will not forget him.
She asks where his home is. He answers: “In Diamante.”—“Is that
far away?”—“Four hours in the post-carriage.”—“And with the
railway?”—“There is no railway to Diamante, signorina.”—“You must
build one.”—“We! we are too poor. Ask the rich men in Catania to
build us a railway!”
When he has said that he starts to go, but he turns at the door
and comes and gives her his almond-blossoms. It is in gratitude for
all the beautiful things she has let him see.
When Donna Micaela opened her eyes she did not know whether
she had been dreaming or whether perhaps once some such thing
had really happened. Gaetano could really have been some time in
the Palazzo Palmeri to sell his images, although she had forgotten it;
but now the almond-blossoms had recalled it.
But it was no matter, no matter. The important thing was that the
young wood-carver was Gaetano. She felt as if she had been talking
to him. She thought she heard the door close behind him.
And it was after that that it occurred to her to build a railway
between Catania and Diamante.
 Gaetano had surely come to her to ask her to do it. It was a
command from him, and she felt that she must obey.
She made no attempt to struggle against it. She was certain that
Diamante needed a railway more than anything else. She had once
heard Gaetano say that if Diamante only possessed a railway, so that
it could easily send away its oranges and its wine and its honey and
its almonds, and so that travellers could come there conveniently, it
would soon be a rich town.
She was also quite certain that she could succeed with the railway.
She must try at all events. It never occurred to her not to. When
Gaetano wished it, she must obey.
She began to think how much money she herself could give. It
would not go very far. She must get more money. That was the first
thing she had to do.
Within the hour she was at Donna Elisa’s, and begged her to help
her arrange a bazaar. Donna Elisa lifted her eyes from her
embroidery. “Why do you want to arrange a bazaar?”—“I mean to
collect money for a railway.”—“That is like you, Donna Micaela; no
one else would have thought of such a thing.”—“What, Donna Elisa?
What do you mean?”—“Oh, nothing.”
And Donna Elisa went on embroidering.
“You will not help me, then, with my bazaar?”—“No, I will
not.”—“And you will not give a little contribution towards it?”—“One
who has so lately lost her husband,” answered Donna Elisa, “ought
not to trifle.”
Donna Micaela saw that Donna Elisa was angry with her for some
reason or other, and that she therefore would not help her. But there
must be others who would understand; and it was a beautiful plan,
which would save Diamante.
But Donna Micaela wandered in vain from door to door. However
much she talked and begged, she gained no partisans.
 She tried to explain, she used all her eloquence to persuade. No
one was interested in her plans.
Wherever she came, people answered her that they were too
poor, too poor.
The syndic’s wife answered no. Her daughters were not allowed to
sell at the bazaar. Don Antonio Greco, who had the marionette
theatre, would not come with his dolls. The town-band would not
play. None of the shop-keepers would give any of their wares. When
Donna Micaela was gone they laughed at her.
A railroad, a railroad! She did not know what she was thinking of.
There would have to be a company, shares, statutes, concessions.
How should a woman manage such things?
While some were content to laugh at Donna Micaela, some were
angry with her.
She went to the cellar-like shop near the old Benedictine
monastery, where Master Pamphilio related romances of chivalry.
She came to ask him if he would come to her bazaar and entertain
the public with Charlemagne and his paladins; but as he was in the
midst of a story, she had to sit down on a bench and wait.
Then she noticed Donna Concetta, Master Pamphilio’s wife, who
was sitting on the platform at his feet knitting a stocking. As long as
Master Pamphilio was speaking, Donna Concetta’s lips moved. She
had heard his romances so many times that she knew them by
heart, and said the words before they had passed Master Pamphilio’s
lips. But it was always the same pleasure to her to hear him, and
she wept, and she laughed, as she had done when she heard him
for the first time.
Master Pamphilio was an old man, who had spoken much in his
day, so that his voice sometimes failed him in the big battle-scenes,
when he had to speak loud and fast. But Donna Concetta, who knew
it all by heart, never took the word from Master Pamphilio. She only
made a sign to the audience to wait until his voice came back. But if
his memory failed him, Donna Concetta pretended that she had
dropped a stitch, raised the stocking to her eyes, and threw him the
word behind it, so that no one noticed it. And every one knew that
although Donna Concetta perhaps could have told the romances
better than Master Pamphilio, she would never have been willing to
do such a thing, not only because it was not fitting for a woman, but
also because it would not give her half so much pleasure as to listen
to dear Master Pamphilio.
When Donna Micaela saw Donna Concetta, she fell to dreaming.
Oh, to sit so on the platform, where her beloved was speaking; to sit
so day in and day out and worship. She knew whom that would have
suited.
When Master Pamphilio had finished speaking Donna Micaela went
forward and asked him to help her. It was hard for him to say no, on
account of the thousand prayers that were written in her eyes. But
Donna Concetta came to his rescue. “Master Pamphilio,” she said,
“tell Donna Micaela of Guglielmo the Wicked.” And Master Pamphilio
began.
“Donna Micaela,” he said, “do you know that once there was a
king in Sicily whose name was Guglielmo the Wicked? He was so
covetous that he took all his subjects’ money. He commanded that
every one possessing gold coins should give them to him. And he
was so severe and so cruel that they all had to obey him.
“Well, Donna Micaela, Guglielmo the Wicked wished to know if any
one had gold hidden in his house. Therefore he sent one of his
servants along the Corso in Palermo with a beautiful horse. And the
man offered the horse for sale, and cried loudly: ‘Will be sold for a
piece of gold; will be sold for a piece of gold!’ But there was no one
who could buy the horse.
“Yet it was a very beautiful horse, and a young nobleman, the
Duke of Montefiascone, was much taken by him. ‘There is no joy for
me if I cannot buy the horse,’ said he to his steward. ‘Signor Duca,’
answered his steward, ‘I can tell you where you can find a piece of
gold. When your noble father died and was carried away by the
Capucins, according to the ancient custom I put a piece of gold in
his mouth. You can take that, signor.’
“For you must know, Donna Micaela, that in Palermo they do not
bury the dead in the ground. They carry them to the monastery of
the Capucins, and the monks hang them up in their vaults. Ah, there
are so many hanging in those vaults!—so many ladies, dressed in
silk and cloth of silver; so many noble gentlemen, with orders on
their breasts; and so many priests, with cloak and cap over skeleton
and skull.
“The young duke followed his advice. He went to the Capucin
monastery, took the piece of gold from his father’s mouth and
bought the horse with it.
“But you understand that the king had only sent his servant with
the horse in order to find out if any one still had any money. And
now the duke was taken before the king. ‘How does it happen that
you still have gold pieces?’ said Guglielmo the Wicked.—‘Sire, it was
not mine; it was my father’s.’ And he told how he had got the piece
of gold. ‘It is true,’ said the king. ‘I had forgotten that the dead still
had money.’ And he sent his servants to the Capucins and had them
take all the gold pieces out of the mouths of the dead.”
Here old Master Pamphilio finished his story. And now Donna
Concetta turned to Donna Micaela with wrathful eyes. “It is you who
are out with the horse,” she said.
“Am I? am I?”
“You, you, Donna Micaela! The government will say: ‘They are
building a railway in Diamante. They must be rich.’ And they will
increase our taxes. And God knows that we cannot pay the tax with
which we are already loaded down, even if we should go and
plunder our ancestors.”
Donna Micaela tried to calm her.
“They have sent you out to find out if we still have any money.
You are spying for the rich; you are in league with the government.
Those bloodsuckers in Rome have paid you.”
Donna Micaela turned away from her.
“I came to talk to you, Master Pamphilio,” she said to the old man.
“But I shall answer you,” replied Donna Concetta; “for this is a
disagreeable matter, and such things are my affair. I know what is
the duty of the wife of a great man, Donna Micaela.”
Donna Concetta became silent, for the fine lady gave her a look
which was so full of jealous longing that it made her sorry for her.
Heavens, yes, there had been a difference in their husbands; Don
Ferrante and Master Pamphilio!

II
PANEM ET CIRCENSES

In Diamante travellers are often shown two palaces that are falling
into ruins without ever having been completed. They have big
window-openings without frames, high walls without a roof, and
wide doors closed with boards and straw. The two palaces stand
opposite each other on the street, both equally unfinished and
equally in ruins. There are no scaffoldings about them, and no one
can enter them. They seem to be only built for the doves.
Listen to what is told of them.
What is a woman, O signore? Her foot is so little that she goes
through the world without leaving a trace behind her. For man she is
like his shadow. She has followed him through his whole life without
his having noticed her.
Not much can be expected of a woman. She has to sit all day shut
in like a prisoner. She cannot even learn to spell a love-letter
correctly. She cannot do anything of permanence. When she is dead
there is nothing to write on her tombstone. All women are of the
same height.
But once a woman came to Diamante who was as much above all
other women as the century-old palm is above the grass. She
possessed lire by thousands, and could give them away or keep
them, as she pleased. She turned aside for no one. She was not
afraid of being hated. She was the greatest marvel that had ever
been seen.
Of course she was not a Sicilian. She was an Englishwoman. And
the first thing she did when she came was to take the whole first
floor of the hotel for herself alone. What was that for her? All
Diamante would not have been enough for her.
No, all Diamante was not enough for her. But as soon as she had
come she began to govern the town like a queen. The syndic had to
obey her. Was it not she who made him put stone benches in the
square? Was it not at her command that the streets were swept
every day?
When she woke in the morning all the young men of Diamante
stood waiting outside her door, to be allowed to accompany her on
some excursion. They had left shoemaker’s awl and stone-cutter’s
chisel to act as guides to her. Each had sold his mother’s silk dress to
buy a side-saddle for his donkey, so that she might ride on it to the
castle or to Tre Castagni. They had divested themselves of house
and home in order to buy a horse and carriage to drive her to
Randazzo and Nicolosi.
We were all her slaves. The children began to beg in English, and
the old blind women at the hotel door, Donna Pepa and Donna Tura,
draped themselves in dazzlingly white veils to please her.
Everything moved round her; industries and trades grew up about
her. Those who could do nothing else dug in the earth for coins and
pottery to offer her. Photographers moved to the town and began to
work for her. Coral merchants and hawkers of tortoise-shell grew out
of the earth about her. The priests of Santa Agnese dug up the old
Dionysius theatre, that lay hidden behind their church, for her sake;
and every one who owned a ruined villa unearthed in the darkness
of the cellar remains of mosaic floors and invited her by big posters
to come and see.
There had been foreigners before in Diamante, but they had come
and gone, and no one had enjoyed such power. There was soon not
a man in the town who did not put all his trust in the English
signorina. She even succeeded in putting a little life into Ugo Favara.
You know Ugo Favara, the advocate, who was to have been a great
man, but had reverses and came home quite broken. She employed
him to take care of her affairs. She needed him, and she took him.
There has never been a woman in Diamante who has done so
much business as she. She spread out like green-weed in the spring.
One day no one knows that there is any, and the next it is a great
clump. Soon it was impossible to go anywhere in Diamante without
coming on her traces. She bought country houses and town houses;
she bought almond-groves and lava-streams. The best places on
Etna to see the view were hers as well as the thirsting earth on the
plain. And in town she began to build two big palaces. She was to
live in them and rule her kingdom.
We shall never see a woman like her again. She was not content
with all that. She wished also to fight the fight with poverty, O
signore, with Sicilian poverty! How much she gave out each day, and
how much she gave away on feast-days! Wagons, drawn by two
pairs of oxen, went down to Catania and came back piled up with all
sorts of clothing. She was determined that they should have whole
clothes in the town where she reigned.
But listen to what happened to her; how the struggle with poverty
ended and what became of the kingdom and the palace.
She gave a banquet for the poor people of Diamante, and after
the banquet an entertainment in the Grecian theatre. It was what an
old emperor might have done. But who has ever before heard of a
woman doing such a thing?
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