General Micro.

Test (2)
I. Choose the best correct answer:
1) Combined antibiotic therapy is indicated in the following conditions EXCEPT:
a) Mixed infections
b) T.B.
c) Viral meningitis
d) Endocarditis
e) Febrile neutropenia

2) Transformation in bacteria depends on:

a) F factors
b) R factors
c) Bacteriophages
d) Cosmids
e) Competence of bacteria

3) All the following is true with regards to the sensitivity of bacteria to penicillin except:
a) The target of penicillin is the bacterial cell wall
b) Mycoplasma is the most sensitive type of bacteria to penicillin
c) Bacteria become resistant if they produce enzymes that degrade -lactam rings of these
antibiotics
d) Penicillin can be used to release wall-less protoplasts

4) The following are mechanisms of acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents EXCEPT:

a) Decreasing the influx of the antibiotic
b) Modification of the receptor (target) site
c) Target over rod action
d) Absence of cell wall
e) Target elimination by developing new metabolic pathways

5) Heterotrophic bacteria are:

a) Commensals
b) Opportunistic
c) Pathogenic
d) All of the above

6) Regarding generalized transduction:

a) It occurs during the lytic cycle of bacteriophage
b) It occurs during the lysogenic cycle of prophage
c) Specific piece of bacterial DNA is transferred from one cell to another
d) Sex pilus is necessary
e) It results in phenotypic variation of bacterial character

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 7) Selective toxicity of an antibiotic:
a) Depends on the presence of a receptor for the drug in hosts not in organisms
b) Is the ability of the drug to inhibit the growth of a wide range of bacteria
c) Depends on inhibition of a biochemical event essential for the host
d) Is the ability of the drug to harm the organism without harming the host
e) Is one of the complications of antibiotic therapy

8) Endotoxins:
a) Are secreted mainly by Gram-positive bacteria
b) Are highly antigenic
c) Are stable at temperatures above 60°C
d) Can be converted into toxoid
e) Have specific action

9) Bacterial genetic information is carried on the following EXCEPT:

a) Ribosomes
b) Chromosome
c) Transposons
d) Plasmids
e) Bacteriophage DNA

10) Which of the following is true about bactericidal agents?

a) Have a rapid killing action of bacteria, which is irreversible.
b) Merely inhibit bacterial multiplication
c) Do not kill bacteria.
d) Has reversible killing action of bacteria.

11) Which of the following best describes synergism of drug combination?

a) The effect of the combined antibiotics is double the effect of a single antibiotic.
b) The effect of the combined antibiotics is less than the effect of a single antibiotic.
c) The effect of the combined antibiotics is not more than the effect of a single antibiotic.
d) The effect of the combined antibiotics is more than double the effect of a single antibiotic.

12) Which of the following is true about chemoprophylaxis?

a) It's the use of antimicrobial agents to prevent infection in certain conditions.
b) It's the use of attenuated bacteria to prevent infection in certain conditions.
c) It's the use of recombinant bacteria to prevent infection in certain conditions.
d) It's the use of disinfectants to prevent infection in certain conditions.

13) One of the following antimicrobial drugs is not among the group acting through inhibition of the
bacterial cell wall:
a) Penicillin
b) Vancomycin
c) Cephalosporins
d) Bacitracin
e) Novobiocin

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14) The ability of antimicrobials to kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms in concentrations that
are not harmful to the cells of the host is described as:
a) Broad spectrum of action
b) Competitive inhibition
c) Narrow spectrum of action
d) Selective toxicity

15) Regarding the effect of combined therapy with antimicrobial drugs, the expression (1 + 1 = > 2)
means:
a) Antagonistic effect
b) Synergistic effect
c) Indifference
d) Addition
e) Ineffectiveness

16) Which of the following is the cause of developing bacterial antibiotic resistance?
a) Using broad-spectrum antibiotics when needed.
b) Use of single antibiotics.
c) Antibiotics used for viral infections.
d) Short hospital stay.

17) Exotoxins have the following characters, EXCEPT:

a) They may be encoded by genes on the chromosome
b) They can be converted to toxoids
c) They have a specific action
d) They are polypeptides
e) They are heat-stable

18) Which of the following is the mechanism of action of cycloserine?

a) Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis.
b) Inhibition of bacterial nucleic acid synthesis.
c) Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis.
d) Inhibition of bacterial cytoplasmic membrane function

19) Which of the following antimicrobial agents is most toxic to humans?

a) Bacitracin
b) Cephalosporin
c) Amphotericin B
d) Penicillin
e) Vancomycin

20) Opportunistic pathogens:

a) Are never the cause of a clinical infection
b) Are usually highly pathogenic
c) Are rarely part of the normal flora
d) Are resistant to killing by steam sterilization
e) Cause disease mainly in immunocompromised individuals

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21) What is the most common type of gene transfer?
a) Transduction
b) Conjugation
c) Transformation
d) a & c

22) When a particular bacterial gene is transduced due to a temperate phage, the process is called:
a) Generalized transduction
b) Abortive transduction
c) Specialized transduction
d) None of the above

23) Bacterial conjugation:

a) Requires the presence of sex pili.
b) Is mediated by bacteriophage.
c) Requires contact between the donor and recipient cell
d) a & c

24) phenotypic variation is:

a) Heritable variation.
b) A form of mutation.
c) Reversible.
d) Not affected by environmental changes.
e) Due to gene transfer.

25) Genotypic variation is:

a) Due to gene transfer.
b) Due to mutation.
c) Affected by environmental changes.
d) Nonheritable variation.
e) Both a, b.

26) Resistance of L form to penicillin is due to:

a) Absence of cell wall.
b) Production of enzymes that inactivate the drug.
c) Metabolic inactivity of the organism.
d) All of the above.

27) Selective toxicity of antimicrobial agents means that:

a) The antimicrobial agent is lethal to Gram-positive bacteria only.
b) Its ability to inhibit the growth of fungi only.
c) It is toxic to the microorganism but not toxic to the host.
d) Not acquire resistance from microorganisms.

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28) Virulent microorganisms are NOT one of the following:
a) Produce local colonization without local or systemic toxigenicity or invasion.
b) Produce local colonization with Systemic multi-organ Invasion.
c) Produce local colonization with local toxic action.
d) Produce generalized toxicity.

29) Toxoid is:

a) Toxin lost its antigenicity but not toxicity.
b) Toxin lost its toxicity but is still antigenic.
c) Toxin lost toxicity and antigenicity.
d) None of the above.

30) Carriers are dangerous Source of infection than cases because:

a) They have no clinical symptoms.
b) They never shed the organism outside their bodies.
c) The isolated organism is more virulent.
d) All of the above.

31) Each of the following statements concerning the normal flora is correct EXCEPT:
a) Organisms of the normal flora are permanent residents of the body surface.
b) The presence of normal flora prevents the colonization of certain pathogens.
c) Normal flora never cause infection.
d) Normal flora can provide some important nutrients e.g. Vitamin K.

32) Each of the following statements concerning the surface structure of bacteria is correct EXCEPT:
a) Pili mediate bacteria adherence to the mucosal epithelium.
b) Capsules retard phagocytosis.
c) Bacterial flagella are antigenic.
d) Both Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci have endotoxin in their cell wall.

33) An 86-year-old male with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia is sent to the hospital
from the skilled nursing facility due to fever, confusion, and decreased urine output. Urinalysis
shows 12-18 WBC/hpf with occasional lymphocytes. Urine and blood cultures grow out gram-
negative, motile, urease positive rods. What component in the identified bacteria is primarily
responsible for causing the innate immune response seen in this patient?
a) Teichoic acid in the cell wall
b) outer membrane
c) pilli
d) Polyribosylribitol phosphate
e) All of them

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34) A researcher is performing an experiment where she is using bacteria to clone copies of a
mutated gene that she plans on introducing to cells. In order to perform this, she has created a
small, circular segment of double-stranded DNA that includes the gene of interest as well as a
gene for antibiotic resistance. After introducing this segment of DNA to competent bacteria, she
plates the bacteria on media containing the antibiotic. Which of the following processes was
necessary in order for the bacteria to survive on the plate and contain copies of the
gene of interest?
a) Conjugation
b) Transduction
c) Transformation
d) Transposition

35) A 21-year-old sexually active man complains of fever, pain during urination, and inflammation
and pain in the right knee. A culture of the joint fluid shows a bacteria that does not ferment
maltose and has no polysaccharide capsule. The physician orders antibiotic therapy for the
patient. The mechanism of action of the medication given blocks cell wall synthesis by binding
to penicillin binding proteins. Which of the following was given?
a) Vancomycin
b) Cephalosporin
c) Cyclosporine
d) All of the above

36) The bacterial analogous structures to mitochondria in eukaryotic cells is.

a) Mesosome
b) Cytoplasmic membrane
c) Both are correct

37) Penicillin Which is a cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotic act by which of the following
mechanisms?
a) Interfere with cross linking the chains of N-acetylglycosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl muramic acid
(NAM)
b) Inhibit enzyme in cell membrane called penicillin binding protein
c) Inhibit synthesis of RNA
d) a and b

38) Regarding combining antibiotics, Addition means that the combined action is significantly
greater than the sum of both effects.
a) True
b) False