Min Merged
Min Merged
BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY:
CLASS-XII
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CONTENTS
SR.NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
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7 Bibliography
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LOKMANYA TILAK INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work depicted in this Project is the
SUBJECT TEACHER
Ms. Jyoti.J.Shiddanagoudar
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Biology teacher Ms. Jyoti. J.
Shiddanagoudar as well as our Principal Madam Ms. Ritu Kapur who gave me the golden
helped me in doing a lot of research and enhanced my analytical and critical thinking skills.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in
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INTRODUCTION
The Laws of Motion, formulated by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th
century, form the foundation of classical mechanics. They describe
the relationship between the forces acting on an object and its
motion. These laws explain everything from the movement of
everyday objects to the motion of planets in space.
Newton published these laws in his famous book, "Philosophiæ
Naturalis Principia Mathematica" (Mathematical Principles of
Natural Philosophy) in 1687. The three laws describe how objects
behave when subjected to forces, providing a framework for
understanding the physical world.
Newton's Three Laws of Motion
1. First Law (Law of Inertia):
o An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion
continues to move in a straight line with constant velocity
unless acted upon by an external force.
o This means that objects naturally resist changes in their
motion, which is called inertia.
o Example: A book on a table remains in place until you
push it. A moving car stops only when brakes or friction
(external forces) act on it.
2. Second Law (Law of Acceleration):
o The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
the force applied and inversely proportional to its mass.
o Mathematically, this is written as: F=ma where F is the
force, m is the mass of the object, and a is the
acceleration.
o This means a heavier object requires more force to
accelerate compared to a lighter object.
o Example: It is easier to push an empty shopping cart than
a full one because the full cart has more mass.
3. Third Law (Action-Reaction Law):
o For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
o This means that whenever an object exerts a force on
another object, the second object exerts a force of equal
magnitude but in the opposite direction.
o Example: When you jump off a boat, the boat moves
backward as you push off. Rockets launch by expelling
gases downward, which pushes the rocket upward.
Importance of Newton’s Laws
These laws are fundamental in physics and engineering. They help us
understand:
• How vehicles move and stop
• How airplanes and rockets function
• How forces act in sports and everyday activities
• The motion of celestial bodies in space
Newton’s Laws remain essential even in modern physics, though at
very high speeds (near the speed of light) or in quantum mechanics,
additional theories like Einstein’s Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
come into play.
Development of the Laws of Motion: From Aristotle to
Newton
The understanding of motion has evolved significantly over time,
with contributions from Aristotle, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton.
Aristotle's ideas on motion were widely accepted for nearly 2000
years until Galileo challenged them with experimental evidence.
Finally, Newton formulated his Three Laws of Motion, which became
the foundation of classical mechanics.
a. When you push the ground backward with your feet, the
ground pushes you forward.
2. Jumping off a Boat:
When you jump forward from a boat, the boat moves
backward.
3. Rocket Propulsion:
a. The rocket pushes gases downward, and the gases push
the rocket upward.
Bird Flying
b. The wings push air downward, and the air pushes the bird
upward.
Real-World Applications: