Thầy Minh’s Education Studio

Reading

Practice Test 5
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For the next few days Alexander was very 1

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busy. He took a desk in the office of a Scottish As used in the text, what does the word
engineering firm on Henrietta Street, and was "constantly" most nearly means?
at work almost constantly. He avoided the
clubs and usually dined alone at his hotel. A) Hastily
B) Carefully
C) Nonstop
D) Enough

Radiocarbon dating can help scientists 2

determine whether the extinction of the giant Which choice completes the text with the
short-faced bear around 8000 BCE ________ most logical and precise word or phrase?
the arrival of humans in the same region of the
Americas. If instead the giant short-faced bear A) compensated for
died out before humans could have altered its B) coincided with
habitat. that suggests, that its extinction was the
C) developed into
result of some other factor, such as change in
sea levels as a result of glaciers retreating. D) clashed with

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Economists often assert that countries 3

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looking to increase their reliance on solar Which choice completes the text with the
energy should expand their capacity for most logical and precise word or phrase?
storage: having an ample reserve of stored
energy can mitigate the effects of ________ A) calibrations with
solar energy collection caused by unpredictable B) developments of
shifts in cloud cover and haze. C) fluctuations in
D) incentives for

Few religious buildings can be said to 4

________ the astonishing size of Sultan Which choice completes the text with the
Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Mosque in Malaysia, most logical and precise word or phrase?
which, with the capacity to accommodate
approximately 24,000 people at once, is one of A) conceal
the largest mosques in the world. B) symbolize
C) minimize
D) match

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In the United States, historians of the 5

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American Revolution once had a tendency to Which choice completes the text with the
approach their subject with ________: they had most logical and precise word or phrase?
so much admiration for the people who carried
out the revolution that they were far from A) curiosity
objective in their scholarship. B) candor
C) reverence
D) prudence

The following text is from the 1895 poem 6

"Marshlands" by Emily Pauline Johnson, a Which choice best describes the overall
Kanienkahagen (Mohawk) writer also known as structure of the text?
Tekahionwake.
A) It identifies a location, then refer to a
Among the wild rice in the still lagoon, person living there.
In monotone the lizard shrills his tune. B) It sketches a setting by presenting a
The wild goose, homing, seeks a sheltering, series of images of nature.
Where rushes grow, and oozing lichens cling. C) It makes an extended comparison of
Late cranes with heavy wing, and lazy flight, nature to human emotions.
Sail up the silence with the nearing night.
And like a spirit, swathed in some soft veil, D) It names animal species found in a place,
Steals twilight and its shadows o'er the swale. then names plant species there.
Hushed lie the sedges, and the vapours creep,
Thick, grey and humid, while the marshes
sleep.

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President Richard Nixon is most famous for 7

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his participation in the 1970s Watergate Winch choice best states the main purpose of
political scandal, a convoluted tale of the text?
Line criminality and eroded ethics involving a
5 constellation of associates such as Attorney A) It catalogs the most notable achievements
General Richard Kleindienst and Republican of a historical figure.
Party official Robert Mardian. But Nixon's B) It argues that the seeming prominence of
legacy is complex: he has been praised for his a figure is largely due to the actions of
role in opening relations between the United others.
10 States and China, and he once made an attempt C) It assesses a historical figure's significance
at reforming United States health care policy by considering both his achievements
that is arguably a precursor to the Affordable and failings.
Care Act, which became law during the Barack
Obama administration. D) It explains how a historical figure's
reputation has improved significantly
with the passage of time.

The following text is from Julia Alvarez's 8

2000 novel In the Name of Salome. Salome, a Based on the text, what most likely motivates
poet, is hosting guests in the front parlor of her Tia Ana's behavior during Salome's salon?
family home, and Ramona is her sister. A salon
is a social gathering for the exploration of A) She considers the guests to be
intellectual ideas. uninteresting and is trying to convince
them to leave.
It was evening when the two men got up to B) She is anxious for the gathering to
leave. Tia Ana had already come into the room disperse so that she can ready the space
several times to see if these guests had departed for her own needs.
Line yet. The front parlor had always been her
C) She is impatient to share her plans to
5 special province, as she used it for her little
start a new school with the guests and
school. Now, every evening, it turned into
hopes they will support her.
Salome's salon, as Ramona called it, and it was
never in order for its transformation back to a D) She is frustrated because she needs
classroom the following morning. assistance elsewhere in the house, but
Salome is unavailable while entertaining
the guests.

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Mexican textile artist Victoria Villasana 9

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weaves stories of triumph, using her unique Which choice best states the main idea of the
method of applying colorful yarn to text?
Line photographs of people. In some works,
5 Villasana focuses on celebrating cultural icons A) Villasana's portrayal of a young girl
who are people of color, as she does in her sitting on a sidewalk focuses more on
depiction of musician and composer Prince. human connection than it does on
However, in other works, Villasana honors human resilience.
ordinary people, as she does in her captivating B) Villasana began her artistic career by
10 portrayal of a young girl sitting on a sidewalk. painting portraits of famous people and
Villasana sees both of these approaches as ways then transitioned to depicting everyday
of depicting the power and interconnectedness people instead.
of all people. C) Villasana's works focus on recognizing
both famous and everyday examples of
human strength and connection.
D) Villasana's depiction of Prince receives
more attention from scholars than her
depiction of a young girl sitting on a
sidewalk does.

Rue du Petit-Champlain in Quebec City, 10

Canada, is a pedestrianized street— it is closed Which quotation from a survey respondent
to car traffic except in special circumstances. would best illustrate the students' claim?
Line Students in Quebec City surveyed residents
5 about a proposal to increase the amount of car A) "I think Quebec City needs more streets
traffic allowed on Rue du Petit-Champlain. like Rue du Petit-Champlain, not more
The survey results suggest that residents are streets full of loud cars spewing exhaust
generally against the proposal, and the students fumes into the air."
claim that much of the survey respondents' B) “Rue du Petit-Champlain is one of the
10 opposition stems from concerns that allowing most unusual streets in Quebec City. I
more car traffic would diminish the distinctive would hate to see it become just like any
character of the street. other street."
C) “A lot of the businesses on Rue du Petit-
Champlain depend on foot traffic. If
fewer people walk on the street because
there are more cars, those businesses
might struggle."
D) "People behind this idea hardly consulted
any of us who work or live around Rue du
Petit-Champlain. This proposal doesn't
reflect our opinions."

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A number of recording artists combine 11

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Indigenous music with other musical styles. Which choice completes the text with the
Choctaw singer-songwriter Samantha Crain most logical and precise word or phrase?
masterfully incorporated elements of Choctaw
hymns into folk-pop on her single “When We A) confused
Remain." Similarly, Wayuu singer-songwriter B) compared
Lido Pimienta ________ Afro-Indigenous C) blended
music from Colombia with Latin pop on her
D) replaced
album Miss Colombia.

Whether the reign of a French monarch such 12

as Charles VIII or Henry I was considered Which choice completes the text with the
historically significant or, conversely, relatively most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line ________, its trajectory was shaped by
5 questions of legitimacy and therefore cannot be A) momentous
understood without a corollary understanding B) inconsequential
of the factors that allowed the monarch to
C) benevolent
assert a claim to the throne successfully.
D) genuine

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Barring major archaeological discoveries, we 13

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are unlikely to ever have ________ account of Which choice completes the text with the
ancient Egypt under the female pharaoh most logical and precise word or phrase?
Hatshepsut, as much of the evidence of her
reign was deliberately destroyed by her A) an exhaustive
successors. B) a superficial
C) an imaginative
D) a questionable

The Roc-aux-Sorciers frieze—a group of 14

relief carvings of animals found in what is now
Which choice completes the text with the
France and dating from around 14,000 years
most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line ago—is sometimes said to be emotionally
5 powerful despite its age, but in fact the frieze is A) ingenious
________ precisely because of its age. It is the B) pristine
link of shared humanity with the artist across so
C) meticulous
many centuries that gives the Roc-aux-Sorciers
frieze such resonance. D) affecting

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Amsterdam has high pedestrian traffic, but 15

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simply replicating a feature of Amsterdam Which choice best describes the function of
associated with walkability—e.g., its high the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line number of relatively short blocks—may be
5 insufficient to induce increased walking in A) It illustrates a scholarly disagreement
other cities. As urbanist Mariela Alfonzo described earlier in the sentence.
argues, our understanding of individuals’ B) It summarizes the findings of studies
decision-making about whether to walk is whose methods are discussed earlier in
insufficiently robust: some studies emphasize the sentence.
10 the role of climate conditions, others the role of C) It acknowledges a potential objection to
recreational amenities, and so on, but walking the argument presented earlier in the
decisions are made in complex contexts in sentence.
which multiple conditions and needs inform
D) It elaborates on a claim presented earlier
individuals' choices.
in the sentence.

Text 1 16
Based on the texts, how would the author of
Scholarship today over-represents formal Text 2 most likely regard the emphasis that
experimentation, such as William Carlos Text 1 places on poetic form during the
Williams's use of minimalistic, image-based modernist period?
Line structures, well beyond the degree to which it
5 actually influenced US poetry during the A) As having the effect of forestalling
modernist period (roughly 1900-1945). consideration of the full stylistic
Meanwhile, the work of Countee Cullen, who dimensions of poetry written in the
relied on conventional poetic forms associated period
with previous literary periods, attracts woefully B) As overestimating the impact that poetic
10 little attention from scholars of modernism. form, whether experimental or
conventional, has on the reading
Text 2 experience
C) As being founded on a misconception
Distant reading, or computer assisted about modernist poetry that has been
quantitative analysis of massive collections of called into question by distant reading
digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that
D) As complementing the study of other
have heretofore escaped notice, despite being
stylistic features that distinguish thr
15 shared by numerous texts from the modernist
modernist period
period. For too long, scholars have focused on
experimental versus conventional poetic forms,
inhibiting inquiry into other points of stylistic
correspondence among poems that would
20 enrich our understanding of the modernist
canon.

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In her 1998 book Blues Legacies and Black 17

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Feminism, Angela Y. Davis bases her analysis in What does the text most strongly suggest
part on recordings or songs sung in the 1920s about the songs sung by Rainey and Smith?
Line by Gertrude "Ma" Rainey and Bessie Smith.
5 Davis focuses on how Rainey and Smith A) The songs have grown in popularity since
improvised the lyrics—replacing the original Rainey and Smith first sang them.
lines with mischievous jokes and wordplay. B) According to Davis, the songs sung by
Davis's work was particularly labor intensive Rainey were more musically innovative
because in order to transcribe, or write down, than those sung by Smith typically were.
10 the lyrics as Rainey and Smith sang them, Davis C) There were more recordings made of
had to listen repeatedly to the vinyl recordings, Rainey's songs than there were of Smith's.
which weren’t very clear.
D) There were few, if any, reliable
transcriptions of Smith's and Rainey's
improvised lyrics when Davis began her
research.

Rafael Nünez and colleagues studied how 18

members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Which finding, if true, would most directly
Papua New Guinea, conceptualize time. The weaken the student's claim?
Line researchers recorded Yupno speakers
5 explaining certain temporal words and phrases, A) Some Yupno grammatical structures used
such as abjuk, a present-oriented expression when talking about time are also used in
that translates to “now," and coded each English.
speaker's manual gestures. Previous research B) When Yupno speakers who are outdoors
has found a tendency in many cultures to make use gestures to refer to the past, they
10 temporal distinctions using spatial concepts point downhill from their current
and gestures, particularly along egocentric axes location regardless of which way they are
(i.e., relative to the orientation of the speaker): facing.
for instance, English speakers often refer to the C) A Yupno speaker points in opposite
front/back axis to describe events in time. In an directions when indicating a past event
15 anthropology paper, a student claims that the versus a future event.
tendency toward ego-based conceptualizations
of time is universal. D) Although Yupno speakers and English
speakers both use gestures to indicate
orientation in time, Yupno speakers tend
to use fewer gestures overall when
speaking than English speakers do.

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Neurobiologists Lauro Cuaya, Raúl 19

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Hernández-Perez, and colleagues investigated Which finding from the study, if true, would
the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs. most directly support the team’s conclusion?
Line The researchers monitored the brain activity of
5 Bran (a border collie), Alma (a mixed breed), A) The pattern of brain activity that long-
and other dogs while the animals listened to headed dogs showed when hearing the
three recordings: one of The Little Prince being scrambled recording was different from
read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a the pattern of brain activity that short-
third made up of short, randomly selected headed dogs showed when hearing the
10 fragments of the first two, scrambled so that language they were accustomed to.
they didn’t resemble human speech. Eath dog B) Long-headed dogs accustomed to hearing
was familiar with either Spanish or Hungarian, Spanish tended to show more brain
but not both. The team concluded that activity when hearing Spanish than long-
differences in dogs’ anatomical features may headed dogs accustomed to hearing
15 affect then ability to distinguish speech from Hungarian showed when hearing
nonspeech. Hungarian.
C) Compared with longer-headed dogs,
shorter-headed dogs showed less
difference in brain activity when hearing
either Spanish or Hungarian than when
hearing the scrambled recording.
D) Compared with longer-headed dogs,
shorter-headed dogs showed a greater
difference in brain activity when hearing
the language they were accustomed to
than when hearing the other language.
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The onsets of growing seasons in Alaska have 20

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been shifting earlier, potentially enabling Which finding from the researchers' study, if
increased carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption true, would most directly support the
Line through greater productivity of mooseberry researchers’ conclusion?
5 (Viburnum elude) plants and other vegetation,
but also potentially enabling increased CO2 A) Higher average heterotrophic respiration
output through greater heterotrophic rates were found for summer months
respiration (CO2 generated by the activity of soil than for winter months when modeled
microorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi and using either a grid of 1 km2 cells or a grid
10 her colleagues modeled seasonal changes in net of 10 km2 cells.
CO2 in Alaska in a landscape grid of 1 square B) No correlations between seasonal
kilometer (km2) cells and again in a grid of 10 variations in average heterotrophic
km2 cells, which are finer resolutions than most respiration and CO2 absorption by V.
models of net CO2 have achieved. The elude and other plant species were found
15 researchers concluded that variations in the when modeled using either a grid of 1
landscape affect net CO2 in ways that most km2 cells or a grid of 10 km2 cells.
models are too coarse to capture. C) Lower average heterotrophic respiration
rates were found for autumn months
when modeled using a grid of 1 km2 cells
than when modeled using a grid of 10
km2 cells.
D) When seasonal fluxes in average CO2
absorption and heterotrophic respiration
were modeled using a grid of 1 km2 cells,
much more data were generated than
when seasonal fluxes were modeled using
a grid of 10 km2 cells, though the two
models reported identical net CO2.

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Indigenous songs can be repositories of 21

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ecological information, from Yi songs about the Which choice most logically completes the
natural environment to Tlingit songs about text?
Line wildlife encounters. Kwakwaka'wakw song
5 keeper Kwaxsistalla Wathl'thla aided research A) the Kwakwaka'wakw people encouraged
by ethnobiologist Dana Lepofsky et al. by the health of clam gardens and reduced
contributing songs that reference creating pressure on them by periodically
terraced intertidal gardens to foster the healthy increasing their reliance on other sources
development of clams, a staple in the of sustenance.
10 Kwakwaka’wakw people's diet. Such structures B) the practical approach described in the
date as far back as 3,500 years ago. Intriguingly, Kwakwaka'wakw songs effectively
analysis of local paleoecological marine bivalve maintained clams as a sustainable food
records has revealed significant increases in source.
clam size and productivity as clam garden C) the Kwakwaka'wakw people initially
15 practices became more prevalent and harvesting adapted their clam garden practices from
pressure increased—a finding that bolsters the similar methods observed among other
notion that ________. Indigenous peoples in neighboring areas.
D) contemporary Kwakwaka'wakw people
have only minimally deviated from the
clam-gardening practices described in the
people's songs.

Saeed M.Z.A. Tarabieh conducted a study of 22

consumer attitudes toward Jordanian food and Which choice most logically completes the
beverage companies and found that for text?
Line consumers who value environmental
5 conservation, their likelihood of purchasing a A) the new TV is more appealing to rural
product decreased when their perception of the residents than other similar products on
product’s risk of causing environmental harm the market are.
increased. Subsequently, other researchers B) rural residents likely prioritize other
conducted a study of various demographic factors over a product's environmental
10 groups in China, investigating participants’ sustainability when making purchasing
intentions to purchase a new television, and decisions.
found that, on average, rural residents had the C) there is not a meaningful difference in the
highest perception among all the demographic average likelihood of purchasing
groups in the study of the environmental risks of environmentally friendly products among
15 the TV. Assuming that the results of Tarabieh’s the demographic groups included in the
study are broadly applicable, this finding study.
suggests that ________
D) rural residents might be less likely than
participants in the other demographic
groups to purchase the TV.

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Quasars—such as APM 08279*5255, located 23

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in the Lynx constellation—are extremely Which choice most logically completes the
luminous galactic nuclei powered by text?
Line supermassive black holes, some of which are
5 known to have developed within the first billion A) future models of the early universe may
years of the formation of the universe. Based on not need to include conditions that
simulations they conducted, astrophysicists explain early quasars since those quasars
Daniel Whalen, Muhammad Latif, and may not have actually existed at the time.
colleagues concluded that these early quasars B) it may be possible to develop models of
10 developed partly as a result of rare convergences the early universe that rest on more
of gases in space without the need for ultraviolet credible assumptions than previous
backgrounds or other extreme and implausible models have.
C) factors that previous models of the early
environmental conditions that models of the
universe assumed were necessary for the
early universe have included to account for the
formation of quasars may have actually
15 presence of these quasars. If this conclusion is
been consequences of the formation of
correct, it suggests that ________
quasars.
D) previous models of the early universe
may have underemphasized the
importance of ultraviolet backgrounds to
quasar formation.

The swordfish can swim very fast—up to 97 24

kilometers per hour (km/h)— but it is Which choice completes the text with the
significantly slower than the golden eagle, which most logical and precise word or phrase?
can fly at speeds up to 320 km/h. The ________
between these two speeds is not surprising, A) competition
however, because the features that are most B) equivalence
useful for swimming through water tend to be C) interaction
more limiting on top speeds than the features
D) disparity
that are best suited for flying through the air.

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The early British postal system required the 25

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cost of mail delivery to be paid upon receipt, a Which choice completes the text with the
system which encouraged inventive strategies most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line by the intended recipient to avoid payment. To
5 improve this system, ________ were proposed A) investigations
in 1837, including the use of a postage stamp, a B) expansions
small receipt pasted to the mail indicating that C) reforms
delivery costs had been paid by the sender.
D) possessions

Consumers usually ________ rising prices 26

of nonessential products, such as video games Which choice completes the text with the
or jewelry, by purchasing fewer of those most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line products. When the prices fall, consumers
5 usually react the opposite way, by purchasing A) differ from
more of those products. B) think of
C) respond to
D) agree with

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Cuttlefish appear to be surprisingly 27

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________ at exercising self-control: in a 2021 Which choice completes the text with the
study conducted by behavioral ecologist most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line Alexandra Schnell, these cephalopods routinely
5 demonstrated restraint by delaying A) awkward
gratification, waiting for a favorite treat instead B) imaginative
of instantly devouring a readily available meal. C) manageable
D) competent

Baleen whales eat up to 30 percent of their 28

total body mass in krill (tiny shrimplike Which choice best describes the function of
creatures) per day. So in one day, a humpback the underlined sentence in the text as a
Line whale weighing 30,000 kg could eat 9,000 kg, whole?
5 while a blue whale weighing 150,000 kg could
ingest a whopping 45,000 kg. Over the last A) It presents instances that seem to refute a
century, baleen whale populations have claim presented earlier in the text.
declined, and contrary to some scientists’ B) It provides examples of a phenomenon
expectations, so have krill populations. described earlier in the text.
10 Matthew S. Savoca and colleagues resolve this C) It introduces a surprising series of events
apparent discrepancy by pointing out that that is explained later in the text.
baleen whales cycle iron in the ocean, helping D) It describes a long-standing belief about
support phytoplankton populations, which, in baleen whales that the text goes on to
turn, sustain krill populations. refute.

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Text 1 29

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Based on the texts, how would the author of
In 2015 Gaziantep, Turkey, was named a Text 2 most likely respond to the underlined
City of Gastronomy by UNESCO in recognition claim in Text 1?
of the city’s unique food culture. The honor is
Line well known among both residents of the city A) By suggesting that Gaziantep’s status as a
5 and tourists who visit. It’s obvious that the City of Gastronomy may not be well
selection of Gaziantep by UNESCO has brought known outside of Turkey
awareness to local recipes, cooking practices, B) By arguing that UNESCO’s recognition
and chefs and has provided a boost to the city’s of Gaziantep was well deserved because
tourism industry. of the city’s delicious food
C) By noting that there are other benefits to
Text 2 being named a City of Gastronomy
besides increased tourism
10 Many residents of Gaziantep hoped that food
D) By claiming that Gaziantep's chefs were
tourism would increase after the city was
mainly responsible for the city’s
chosen as a City of Gastronomy in 2015.
recognition by UNESCO
However, as researcher Eerang Park and
colleagues argue, cities must still create effective
15 marketing strategies to benefit fully from being
named a City of Gastronomy. Without an
intentional effort to promote the city's food
scene, many current and potential visitors to
Gaziantep may not even be aware that it’s home
20 to uniquely delicious food.

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The following text is from Yung Wing's 1909 30

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memoir My Life in China and America. Based on the passage, how does Yung
perceive New York to have changed between
We landed in New York on the 12th of 1847 and 1909?
April, 1847, after a passage of ninety-eight days
of unprecedented fair weather. The New York A) The city has become more developed and
Line of 1847 was altogether a different city from the populated.
5 New York of 1909. It was a city of only 250,000 B) The architecture of the city has become
or 300,000 inhabitants; now it is a metropolis more practical and less appealing.
rivaling London in population, wealth and C) The city's residents have become more
commerce. The whole of Manhattan Island is politically active.
turned into a city of skyscrapers, churches and
D) The city’s population has become much
10 palatial residences.
more diverse than London's.

Tanya Tagaq is a writer and musician and a 31

member of the Inuit community of Cambridge Which choice best states the main idea of the
Bay in northern Canada. Critics and fellow text?
Line writers have praised her work for combining
5 traditional Inuit stories with popular genres of A) Non-Indigenous authors should consider
literature, such as fantasy fiction. But Tagaq is the expectations of Indigenous readers.
not the only Indigenous writer to blend B) Several famous Indigenous writers
traditional stories with popular literature. In the increased their book sales when they
2020 novel The Only Good Indians, Stephen began incorporating traditional stories.
10 Graham Jones successfully blended the oral
C) Recent Indigenous fiction writers are
storytelling tradition of his tribe, the Blackfeet mixing traditional stories with popular
Nation, with horror fiction. literary genres.
D) The success of Tanya Tagaq has
influenced non-lndigenous authors who
write in popular literary genres.

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Researchers Narelle Haworth and Amy 32

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Schramm studied bicycling behavior in Which survey response from a bike rider in
Queensland, Australia. Haworth and Schramm Queensland would best support the
Line asked adult bike riders questions about their underlined claim?
5 level of experience, reasons for riding a bike, and
route preferences. The researchers claim that A) "I have a bike, but I don’t ride it very
experienced riders who mainly bike to work often. When the weather is nice, I
tend to prefer routes that reduce their travel sometimes use my bike to go into town
time. to do some shopping.”
B) “I usually bike to work, but I'm taking the
bus now because my bike has a broken
part that needs to be fixed.”
C) "I just got a new bike, and I'm looking
forward to going on rides with my
friends soon.”
D) "I bike to my job every day. There's a nice
bike path that goes through a park, but I
use the bike lane on the main road
because it's faster."

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in Four 33

Acts is on 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, Which quotation from a translation of Uncle
originally written in Russian. In the play, Vanya most effectively illustrates the claim?
Line Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have
5 come to stay at their country estate, which Vanya A) Helena says to Vanya, “I am absolutely
manages with the help of Soniaa, the professor's exhausted by Professor Serebrakoff and
daughter from a previous marriage. Chekhov can hardly stand."
portrays Helena as trying to ease tensions B) Helena says to Vanya, "You all abuse my
between Vanya and the professor, as is evident husband and look on me with
when ________ compassion: you think, 'Poor woman, she
is married to an old man.' How well I
understand your compassion!"
C) Helena says to Vanya. “You are cultured
and intelligent, [Vanya], and you surely
understand that the world is not
destroyed by villains and conflagrations,
but by hate and malice and all this spiteful
tattling. It is your duty to make peace
[with Professor Serebrakoff], and not to
growl at everything."
D) Helena says to Sonia, "When you come to
think of it, Sonya, I am really very, very
unhappy."
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Research such as the 2015 study of mammals 34

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by Jessie Patrice Bunkley and Jesse Rex Barber Which choice most logically completes the
has shown that noise from human activity, like text?
Line traffic on a busy highway, has significant effects
5 on animals, and many governments require A) the effects of noise on birds have been less
studies of the potential noise effects on wildlife extensively documented than the effects
before approving highway construction on mammals have.
projects. A report on one such study proposed B) the severity of the effects of noise on
many more actions to mitigate the effects on different species of birds can differ
10 birds in the area than it did to mitigate the significantly.
effects on mammals in the area. Despite the C) the measures intended to protect birds can
lack of focus on measures specifically for sometimes have adverse effects on
mammals, conservationists were satisfied that mammals.
the proposed mitigations were sufficient to D) the measures aimed at protecting birds
15 protect all the wildlife in the area because will likely also minimize most of the
________ effects on mammals.

Ships in the British Royal Navy during the 35

Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) were ranked Which choice most logically completes the
based on military strength. The system text?
Line considered the number of a ship's cannons and
5 decks. “First-rate" was the highest ranking, and A) the Temeraire had between 850 and 875
“sixth-rate" was the lowest ranking, followed by crewmen, but the Waterloo and the
unranked ships. The size of a ship’s crew was Caledonia each had fewer than 850
based on this ranking: first-rate ships had crewmen.
between 850 and 875 crewmen, while lower- B) the Walerloo had a smaller crew than the
10 ranked ships had fewer. Three of the ships in Caledonia.
the British Royal Navy were the Waterloo (80 C) all ships with three decks were ranked as
cannons and two decks), the Temeraire (98 first-rate ships.
cannons and three decks), and the Caledonia D) the Caledonia needed a crew larger than
(120 cannons and three decks). Among these, 875 people in order to operate efficiently.
15 only the Caledonia was a first-rate ship. It can
therefore be concluded that ________

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In a paper for an art history class, a student 36

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claims that Grace Hartigan's 1954 painting Which quotation front an art history
Grand Street Brides marks a significant change textbook would most effectively support the
in Hartigan's artistic development. student’s claim?

A) “Grand Street Brides has been analyzed

extensively since it was first exhibited, as
no two viewers seem to agree about
exactly what the painting means."
B) “Of all Hartigan's paintings, none so
clearly represents her abilities and ideas
as Grand Street Brides."
C) “Although Hartigan was clearly
influenced by other artists of her time,
she was also an artist ahead of her time,
as Grand Street Brides demonstrates.“
D) “The paintings that Hartigan produced
before Grand Street Brides can be thought
of as belonging to her earlier style, to
which she never returned."

In a 2017 study, Nitika Sharma and Rekha 37

Dayal found that for consumers who value Which choice most logically completes the
environmental conservation, their likelihood of text?
Line purchasing a product increased when their
5 perception of the product's effectiveness at A) college students likely prioritize other
addressing an environmental issue increased— factors over a product’s environmental
in other words, the more environmentally sustainability when making purchasing
friendly a product is perceived to be by a decisions.
consumer, the more likely that consumer is to B) the new piece of furniture is less
10 buy it. Subsequently, another research team appealing to college students than other
conducted a study of various demographic similar products on the market are.
groups in South Korea, investigating C) college students might be more likely than
participants' intention to purchase a new piece participants in the other demographic
of furniture, and found that, on average, groups to purchase the piece of furniture.
15 college students gave the piece of furniture a
D) there is not a meaningful difference in the
higher environmental effectiveness rating than
average likelihood of purchasing
any other demographic group did. Assuming
environmentally friendly products among
that the results of Sharma and Dayal's study are
the demographic groups included in the
broadly applicable, this finding suggests that
study.
________

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Although the literary works of David Malo 38

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and Lee Cataluna have universal appeal, they Which choice completes the text with the
are also ________ the Hawaiian literary most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line tradition in which both authors work and that
5 stretches back to the traditional stories of the A) inextricable from
Kanaka Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people. B) subverted by
C) presaged by
D) incongruous with

The following text is from Anne Spencer’s 39

1922 poem “Translation." Which choice best describes the function of
the reference to “anvil and strife” in the text
We trekked into a far country, as a whole?
My friend and I.
Our deeper content was never spoken, A) It illustrates how the speaker and her
Line But each knew all the other said. friend can feel a close connection even
5 He told me how calm his soul was laid though they do not talk about their
By the lack of anvil and strife. feelings.
"The wooing kestrel," I said, “mutes his B) It represents a strong contrast to the
mating-note speaker's friend's current experience of
To please the harmony of this sweet silence." tranquility.
C) It symbolizes the speaker's friend's view
that meaningful work and social
engagement are core components of a
fulfilling life.
D) It emphasizes an opposition between
nature and the relationship of the speaker
and her friend.

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Like all species of baleen whales, the 40

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common minke whale feeds on tiny creatures Based on the text, what can most reasonably
known as krill by filtering water through be concluded about krill consumption among
Line bristlelike keratin structures called baleen common minke and blue whales?
5 plates. In this way, baleen whales can eat up to
30 percent of their total mass per day. And A) Most baleen whales include krill in their
while no one would call the common minke diets, but the common minke whale is
whale small—it can have a mass as high as less likely than the blue whale to do so.
4,000 kg—it is one of the smaller baleen whales B) The quantities of krill consumed by blue
10 and is much smaller than the blue whale, which whales has made it difficult for common
can weigh a whopping 150,000 kg and consume minke whales to find sufficient food.
as much as 45,000 kg of krill per day.
C) The blue whale is able to eat more krill
per day than the common minke whale
is.
D) Both the common minke whale and the
blue whale can eat as much as 45,000 kg
of krill per day.

Many contemporary Indigenous painters 41

practice a specifically Indigenous mode of Which choice most logically completes the
abstraction: for example, Linda Lomahaftewa text?
Line often assembles compositions out of motifs
5 common in the ceramics and other traditional A) depend not on stylistic details but instead
arts of the Hopi Tribe. In contrast, the on an awareness of the artist's identity.
prominent Indigenous practitioners of abstract B) place a greater emphasis on the artist's
painting during the mid-twentieth century, biography than on the aesthetic merits of
such as the Kiowa artist T.C. Cannon, typically the painting.
10 aligned their compositional strategies with C) obscure the Indigenous origins of certain
Abstract expressionism—a school of painting motifs associated with Abstract
dominated by European American artists— Expressionism.
instead of with traditionally
D) deny the extent to which cultural identity
nonrepresentational forms of Indigenous art.
influences an artist’s work.
15 Thus, in the case of Cannon's generation, the
identification of an abstract painting as
Indigenous art tends to ________

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It is hardly an exaggeration to characterize 42

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modern Hawaiian literature as having Which choice completes the text with the
________ the traditional stories of the Kanaka most logical and precise word or phrase?
Line Maoli, the Native Hawaiian people. In a variety
5 of ways, Samuel Kamakau, Kristiana A) brooded on
Kahakauwila, and other acclaimed writers have B) supplanted
drawn on these stories to craft a rich portrait of
C) anticipated
the Hawaiian Islands and their people.
D) derived from

Shedding light on the thermal biology of 43

fungi, research by Radames Cordero et al. Which choice best describes the function of
indicates that certain mushrooms (including the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
Line Marasmius capillaris and species from the
5 genus Russula) can achieve a hypothermic state A) It presents a tangential finding about
through evaporative cooling. Effects of this thermoregulation in certain fungal
thermoregulation were not limited to the species that the experiment described
fungi’s fruiting bodies and root like hyphae: later in the text was designed to explain.
temperature reductions were observed in the B) It provides empirical evidence to bolster
10 air immediately surrounding the mushrooms. the claim made earlier in the text that
Though slight, the reductions inspired an air certain fungal species maintain a
cooling device; using approximately 400 grams hypothermic state.
of mushrooms, the team's prototype lowered C) It identifies an unexpected observation
the air temperature in a controlled that motivated the study of evaporative
15 environment by 10°C in forty minutes. cooling in fungi that is discussed earlier
in the text.
D) It establishes a finding central to the text’s
discussion of a practical application
resulting from the team’s study of fungal
thermal biology.

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Animals use many objects as tools to achieve 44

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goals more easily. Such goals include grooming, Which choice best states the main purpose of
finding food, and protecting themselves. For a the text?
Line long time, people thought tool use was unique
5 to primates. Elephants and other animals, A) To establish that tool use doesn't indicate
though, have busted the myth that tool use intelligence
requires hands. Inventively, elephants use B) To compare tool use in humans with tool
branches to scratch themselves. Woodpecker use in woodpecker finches
finches also get creative. They use cactus spines
C) To question the belief that birds are
10 to pry insects from hiding places.
intelligent
D) To argue that a variety of animals use
tools

Founded in Denver in 1991, the Museo de 45

Las Americas is dedicated to art from Latin Which choice best describes the overall
America, including the art of lndigenous structure of the text?
Line peoples. Since its founding, it has acquired
5 more than 4,800 objects for its permanent A) It explains how one cultural institution
collection. More recently founded US-based was founded, then explains its plans to
institutions devoted to Latino cultures include expand further.
the Latino Cultural Center. Located in Dallas, it B) It describes a trend among cultural
focuses on Latino cultures and art in the United institutions in the United States, then
10 States. identifies an institution that rejects that
trend.
C) It defines a certain type of cultural
institution, then argues that this type of
institution decisively influences society.
D) It discusses one cultural institution, then
discusses a more recently founded
cultural institution.

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The following text is from Virginia Woolf’s 46

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1919 novel Night and Day. The text describes a Which choice best describes the function of
gathering of young artists and intellectuals. the underlined portions in the text as a whole?

One person after another rose, and, as with A) To reveal individuals’ uncertainty about
an ill balanced axe, attempted to hew out his the meaning of a particular artwork
conception of art a little more clearly, and sat B) To emphasize the extent of individuals'
Line down with the feeling that, for some reason struggles to articulate thoughts on art
5 which he could not grasp, his strokes had gone
C) To highlight the physical effort involved
awry. As they sat down they turned almost
in individuals’ construction of large-scale
invariably to the person sitting next them, and
works of art
rectified and continued what they had just said
in public. D) To draw attention to individuals'
discontent with the group’s conversation
about art

Uncle Vanya: Scenes from Country Life in 47

Four Acts is an 1898 play by Anton Chekhov, Which quotation from a translation of Uncle
originally written in Russian. In the play, Vanya most effectively illustrates the claim?
Line Professor Serebrakoff and his wife Helena have
5 come to stay at their country' estate, which A) Vanya says to himself, "I was proud of
Vanya manages with the help of Sonia, the [Professor Serebrakoff] and of his
professor's daughter from a previous marriage. learning; I received all his words and
Chekhov portrays the professor as being unable writings as inspired and now? Now he
to adjust to living at the country estate, as is has retired, and what is the total of his
10 evident when ________ life? A blank!”
B) Professor Serebrakoff says to Helena,
“Ever since I have been old I have been
hateful to myself, and I am sure, hateful
to you all as well.”
C) Professor Serebrakoff says, “I am a book-
worm and a scholar, and am unfamiliar
with practical affairs. I cannot, I find,
dispense with the help of well-informed
people.”
D) Professor Serebrakoff says to Helena, “I
am used to my library and the lecture hall
and to the esteem and admiration of my
colleagues. Now I suddenly find myself
plunged into this wilderness [the estate],
condemned to see the same stupid people
from morning till night and listen to their
futile conversations."
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 1 1
Gottfried Schlaug et al. established that 48

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musical training is associated with physical Which choice most logically completes the
alterations in the brain. Noting that such text?
Line alterations may affect how sonic stimuli
5 engender a hedonic response (a feeling of A) previous research may have overstated
satisfaction and pleasure), Antonia Olivia the effects of the physical differences
Dolan et al. recently had musicians and between musicians' brains and
nonmusicians listen to recordings--Led nonmusicians' brains.
Zeppelin's “Whole Lotta Love," Jose Gonzalez’s B) physical aspects of musicians' brains may
10 “Heartbeats," and others--and adjust the suppress the hedonic response to music
volume to the most pleasurable level for each at volumes that provoke the hedonic
recording. Although musicians and response in nonmusicians.
nonmusicians were clinically comparable in
C) characteristics of musicians’ brain
terms of their ability to detect sounds, anatomy that are not shared with
15 musicians preferred to hear the recordings at a nonmusicians result in musicians
higher volume than nonmusicians did, leading experiencing the hedonic response due to
Dolan et al. to conclude that ________ characteristics of music other than its
volume.
D) musical training may alter musicians’
brains such that they have a reduced
ability to detect sounds that are unlikely
to incite the hedonic response.

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