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Ch-2-Time-dependent-properties-of-signal

This document covers the time-dependent properties of signals in measurement systems, including types of measurement signals, harmonic signals, and Fourier series representation. It distinguishes between static and dynamic signals, explaining their characteristics and classifications. Additionally, it discusses the Fourier analysis method for representing complex signals as a series of sine and cosine functions, with examples provided for better understanding.

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4 views

Ch-2-Time-dependent-properties-of-signal

This document covers the time-dependent properties of signals in measurement systems, including types of measurement signals, harmonic signals, and Fourier series representation. It distinguishes between static and dynamic signals, explaining their characteristics and classifications. Additionally, it discusses the Fourier analysis method for representing complex signals as a series of sine and cosine functions, with examples provided for better understanding.

Uploaded by

santoshpokharel041
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2

Time Dependent Properties of Signal

Shacheendra Kishor Labh


Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering
IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus

ME 553 Instrumentation and Measurement BME/BAME II/II IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus 1


Topics to be covered

a) Types of measurement signals


b) Harmonic Signals
c) Periodic Signals and Fourier Series Representation
d) Determination of Fourier Coefficients Analytical
e) Numerical and FFT Methods

ME 553 Instrumentation and Measurement BME/BAME II/II IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus 2


Types of Measurement Signals
• A signal is the physical information about a measured variable being transmitted between a process and the
measurement system, between the stages of a measurement system, or as the output from a measurement
system.
• The shape and form of a signal are often referred to as its waveform.
• The waveform contains information about the magnitude, amplitude and frequency.
• Mechanical quantities, in addition to their inherent defining characteristics, also have distinctive time amplitude
properties, which may be classified as follows:
1. Static-constant in time
2. Dynamic – varying in time
a. Steady state periodic
b. Non repetitive or transient
i. Single pulse or aperiodic
ii. Continuing or random
ME 553 Instrumentation and Measurement BME/BAME II/II IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus 3
Types of Measurement Signals

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Static and Dynamic Signals
• A static signal does not vary with time. The diameter of a shaft is an example. Many
physical variables change slowly enough in time, compared to the process with which
they interact, that for all practical purposes these signals may be considered static in time.
• A dynamic signal is defined as a time-dependent signal.
• A deterministic signal varies in time in a predictable manner, such as a sine wave, a step
function, or a ramp function.
• A signal is steady periodic if the variation of the magnitude of the signal repeats at regular
intervals in time. Examples of steady periodic behaviors are the motion of an ideal
pendulum.
• A simple periodic waveform contains only one frequency. A complex periodic waveform
contains multiple frequencies and is represented as a superposition of multiple simple
periodic waveforms.

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Static and Dynamic Signals
• Aperiodic is the term used to describe deterministic signals that do not repeat at regular
intervals, such as a step function.
• A non-deterministic signal has no discernible pattern of repetition. A nondeterministic
signal cannot be prescribed before it occurs, although certain characteristics of the signal
may be known in advance.

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Static and Dynamic Signals

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Harmonic Signals
• A function is said to be simple harmonic in terms of a variable when its second
derivative is proportional to the function but have opposite sign.
• Any signal that follows the definition of harmonic function is called harmonic
signal.
• In its most elementary form, simple harmonic motion is defined by the relation.

ME 553 Instrumentation and Measurement BME/BAME II/II IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus 8


Fourier Series
• A key factor in measurement system behavior is the nature of the input signal to the
system.
• A very complex signal, even one that is nondeterministic in nature, can be
approximated as an infinite series of sine and cosine functions.
• The method of expressing such a complex signal as a series of sines and cosines is
called Fourier analysis.
• Nature provides some experiences that support our contention that complex signals
can be represented by the addition of a number of simpler periodic functions.
• For example, combining a number of different pure tones can generate rich musical
sound. And an excellent physical analogy for Fourier analysis is provided by the
separation of white light through a prism.

ME 553 Instrumentation and Measurement BME/BAME II/II IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus 9


Fourier Series
• The representation of complex and nondeterministic waveforms by simple periodic
functions allows measurement system response to be reasonably well defined by
examining the output resulting from a few specific input waveforms, one of which is a
simple periodic.
• Any complex signal can be thought of as made up of sines and cosines of differing
periods and amplitudes, which are added together in an infinite trigonometric series.
This representation of a signal as a series of sines and cosines is called a Fourier
series.
• A periodic function y(t) with a period T = 2π is to be represented by a trigonometric
series, such that for any t,

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Fourier Series

Here, Ao, An and Bn are Fourier coefficients which can be determined as

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Fourier Series

• In terms of sine and cosine only

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Example 1

Find the Fourier series of the square wave

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Example 2

Find the Fourier series of the wave shown below.

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Example 3

Find the Fourier series of the wave shown below.

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Thank you for your time and attention!

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