HTML Basics
HTML, Text, Images, Tables
How the Web Works?
WWW use classical client / server architecture
HTTP is text-based request-response protocol
HTTP
Page request
HTTP
Server response
Server running Web
Client running a
Server Software
Web Browser
(IIS, Apache, etc.)
2
What is a Web Page?
Web pages are text files containing HTML
HTML – Hyper Text Markup Language
A notation for describing
document structure (semantic markup)
formatting (presentation markup)
Looks (looked?) like:
A Microsoft Word document
The markup tags provide information about
the page content structure
3
Creating HTML Pages
An HTML file must have an .htm or .html file
extension
HTML files can be created with text editors:
NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad
Or HTML editors (WYSIWYG Editors):
Microsoft FrontPage
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Netscape Composer
Microsoft Word
Visual Studio 4
HTML Structure
HTML is comprised of “elements” and “tags”
Begins with <html> and ends with </html>
Elements (tags) are nested one inside another:
<html> <head></head> <body></body> </html>
Tags have attributes:
<img src="logo.jpg" alt="logo" />
HTML describes structure using two main sections:
<head> and <body>
5
HTML Code Formatting
The HTML source code should be formatted to
increase readability and facilitate debugging.
Every block element should start on a new line.
Every nested (block) element should be indented.
Browsers ignore multiple whitespaces in the page
source, so formatting is harmless.
For performance reasons, formatting can be
sacrificed
6
First HTML Page
test.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>My First HTML Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>This is some text...</p>
</body>
</html>
7
Some Simple Tags
Hyperlink Tags
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/"
title="Telerik">Link to Telerik Web site</a>
Image Tags
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
Text formatting tags
This text is <em>emphasized.</em>
<br />new line<br />
This one is <strong>more emphasized.</strong>
8
Some Simple Tags – Example
some-tags.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Simple Tags Demo</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="http://www.telerik.com/" title=
"Telerik site">This is a link.</a>
<br />
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
<br />
<strong>Bold</strong> and <em>italic</em> text.
</body>
</html>
9
Tags Attributes
Tags can have attributes
Attributes specify properties and behavior
Example: Attribute alt with value "logo"
<img src="logo.gif" alt="logo" />
Few attributes can apply to every element:
id, style, class, title
The id is unique in the document
Content of title attribute is displayed as hint
when the element is hovered with the mouse
Some elements have obligatory attributes
10
Headings and Paragraphs
Heading Tags (h1 – h6)
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
Paragraph Tags
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
Sections: div and span
<div style="background: skyblue;">
This is a div</div>
11
Headings and Paragraphs –
Example
headings.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
<div style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
12
Headings and Paragraphs –
Example (2)
headings.html
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head><title>Headings and paragraphs</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Sub heading 2</h2>
<h3>Sub heading 3</h3>
<p>This is my first paragraph</p>
<p>This is my second paragraph</p>
<div style="background:skyblue">
This is a div</div>
</body>
</html>
13
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration
HTML documents must start with a document
type definition (DTD)
It tells web browsers what type is the served code
Possible versions: HTML 4.01, XHTML 1.0
(Transitional or Strict), XHTML 1.1, HTML 5
Example:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
See http://w3.org/QA/2002/04/valid-dtd-list.html for a list
of possible doctypes
14
The <head> Section
Contains information that doesn’t show
directly on the viewable page
Starts after the <!doctype> declaration
Begins with <head> and ends with </head>
Contains mandatory single <title> tag
Can contain some other tags, e.g.
<meta>
<script>
<style>
<!–- comments --> 15
Comments: <!-- --> Tag
Comments can exist anywhere between the
<html></html> tags
Comments start with <!-- and end with -->
<!–- Telerik Logo (a JPG file) -->
<img src="logo.jpg" alt=“Telerik Logo">
<!–- Hyperlink to the web site -->
<a href="http://telerik.com/">Telerik</a>
<!–- Show the news table -->
<table class="newstable">
...
16
<body> Section: Introduction
The <body> section describes the viewable
portion of the page
Starts after the <head> </head> section
Begins with <body> and ends with </body>
<html>
<head><title>Test page</title></head>
<body>
<!-- This is the Web page body -->
</body>
</html>
17
Text Formatting
Text formatting tags modify the text between
the opening tag and the closing tag
Ex. <b>Hello</b> makes “Hello” bold
<b></b> bold
<i></i> italicized
<u></u> underlined
<sup></sup> Samplesuperscript
<sub></sub> Samplesubscript
<strong></strong> strong
<em></em> emphasized
<pre></pre> Preformatted text
<blockquote></blockquote> Quoted text block
<del></del> Deleted text – strike through
18
Text Formatting – Example (2)
text-formatting.html
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Notice</h1>
<p>This is a <em>sample</em> Web page.</p>
<p><pre>Next paragraph:
preformatted.</pre></p>
<h2>More Info</h2>
<p>Specifically, we’re using XHMTL 1.0 transitional.<br />
Next line.</p>
</body>
</html>
19
Hyperlinks: <a> Tag
Link to a document calledform.html on the
same server in the same directory:
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a>
Link to a document calledparent.html on
the same server in the parent directory:
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a>
Link to a document calledcat.html on the
same server in the subdirectory stuff:
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a>
20
Hyperlinks: <a> Tag (2)
Link to an external Web site:
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
Always use a full URL, including "http://", not
just "www.somesite.com"
Using the target="_blank" attribute opens
the link in a new window
Link to an e-mail address:
<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Bug+Report">
Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
21
Hyperlinks and Sections
Link to another location in the same document:
<a href="#section1">Go to Introduction</a>
...
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
Link to a specific location in another document:
<a href="chapter3.html#section3.1.1">Go to Section
3.1.1</a>
<!–- In chapter3.html -->
...
<div id="section3.1.1">
<h3>3.1.1. Technical Background</h3>
</div>
22
Hyperlinks – Example (2)
hyperlinks.html
<a href="form.html">Fill Our Form</a> <br />
<a href="../parent.html">Parent</a> <br />
<a href="stuff/cat.html">Catalog</a> <br />
<a href="http://www.devbg.org" target="_blank">BASD</a>
<br />
<a href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Bug
Report">Please report bugs here (by e-mail only)</a>
<br />
<a href="apply-now.html"><img src="apply-now-button.jpg”
/></a> <br />
<a href="../english/index.html">Switch to English
version</a> <br />
23
Links to the Same Document –
Example (2)
links-to-same-document.html
<h1>Table of Contents</h1>
<p><a href="#section1">Introduction</a><br />
<a href="#section2">Some background</A><br />
<a href="#section2.1">Project History</a><br />
...the rest of the table of contents...
<!-- The document text follows here -->
<h2 id="section1">Introduction</h2>
... Section 1 follows here ...
<h2 id="section2">Some background</h2>
... Section 2 follows here ...
<h3 id="section2.1">Project History</h3>
... Section 2.1 follows here ...
24
Images: <img> tag
Inserting an image with <img> tag:
<img src="/img/basd-logo.png">
Image attributes:
src Location of image file (relative or absolute)
alt Substitute text for display (e.g. in text mode)
height Number of pixels of the height
width Number of pixels of the width
border Size of border, 0 for no border
Example:
<img src="./php.png" alt="PHP Logo" />
25
Miscellaneous Tags
<hr />: Draws a horizontal rule (line):
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center></center>: Deprecated!
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font></font>: Deprecated!
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>
26
Miscellaneous Tags – Example
misc.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Miscellaneous Tags Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<hr size="5" width="70%" />
<center>Hello World!</center>
<font size="3" color="blue">Font3</font>
<font size="+4" color="blue">Font+4</font>
</body>
</html>
27
Ordered Lists: <ol> Tag
Create an Ordered List using <ol></ol>:
<ol type="1">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
Attribute values for type are 1, A, a, I, or i
1. Apple i. Apple
2. Orange ii. Orange
3. Grapefruit iii. Grapefruit
a. Apple
A. Apple b. Orange I. Apple
B. Orange c. Grapefruit II. Orange
C. Grapefruit III. Grapefruit
28
Unordered Lists: <ul> Tag
Create an Unordered List using <ul></ul>:
<ul type="disk">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
Attribute values for type are:
disc, circle or square
• Apple o Apple Apple
• Orange o Orange Orange
• Pear o Pear Pear
29
Lists – Example
<ol type="1"> lists.html
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ol>
<ul type="disc">
<li>Apple</li>
<li>Orange</li>
<li>Grapefruit</li>
</ul>
<dl>
<dt>HTML</dt>
<dd>A markup lang…</dd>
</dl>
30
HTML Special Characters
Symbol Name HTML Entity Symbol
Copyright Sign © ©
Registered Trademark Sign ® ®
Trademark Sign ™ ™
Less Than < <
Greater Than > >
Ampersand & &
Non-breaking Space
Em Dash — —
Quotation Mark " "
Euro € €
British Pound £ £
Japanese Yen ¥ ¥
31
Special Chars – Example (2)
<p>[>> Welcome special-chars.html
<<]</p>
<p>►I have following cards:
A♣, K♦ and 9♥.</p>
<p>►I prefer hard rock ♫
music ♫</p>
<p>© 2006 by Svetlin Nakov & his
team</p>
<p>Telerik Academy™</p>
32
Block and Inline Elements
Block elements add a line break before and
after them
<div> is a block element
Other block elements are <table>, <hr>,
headings, lists, <p> and etc.
Inline elements don’t break the text before
and after them
<span> is an inline element
Most HTML elements are inline, e.g. <a>
33
The <div> Tag
<div> creates logical divisions within a page
Block style element
Used with CSS
Example:
div-and-span.html
<div style="font-size:24px; color:red">DIV
example</div>
<p>This one is <span style="color:red; font-
weight:bold">only a test</span>.</p>
34
HTML Tables
Tables represent tabular data
A table consists of one or several rows
Each row has one or more columns
Tables
comprised of several core tags:
<table></table>: begin / end the table
<tr></tr>: create a table row
<td></td>: create tabular data (cell)
Tables should not be used for layout. Use CSS
floats and positioning styles instead
35
Simple HTML Tables – Example (2)
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5">
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture1.ppt">Lecture 1</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="ppt.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2.ppt">Lecture 2</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><img src="zip.gif"></td>
<td><a href="lecture2-demos.zip">
Lecture 2 - Demos</a></td>
</tr>
</table>
36
Complete HTML Tables
Table rows
split into three semantic sections:
header, body and footer
<thead> denotes table header and contains
<th> elements, instead of <td> elements
<tbody> denotes collection of table rows that
contain the very data
<tfoot> denotes table footer but comes
BEFORE the <tbody> tag
<colgroup> and <col> define columns (most
often used to set column widths)
37
Complete HTML Table:
By default, header text Example (2)
<table> is bold and centered. table-full.html
<colgroup>
<col style="width:200px" /><col />
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr><th>Column 1</th><th>Column 2</th></tr>
</thead>
<tfoot>
<tr><td>Footer 1</td><td>Footer 2</td></tr>
</tfoot>
<tbody>
<tr><td>CellAlthough the footer
1.1</td><td>Cell is
1.2</td></tr>
<tr><td>Cell before the data in 2.2</td></tr>
2.1</td><td>Cell the
</tbody> code, it is displayed last
</table>
38
HTML Forms
Forms are the primary method for gathering
data from site visitors
Create a form block with
<form></form>
The “method" attribute tells how
the form data should be sent –
Example: via GET or POST request
<form name="myForm" method="post"
action="path/to/some-script.php">
...
</form>
The "action" attribute tells where
the form data should be sent
39
Form Fields
Single-line text input fields:
<input type="text" name="FirstName" value="This
is a text field" />
Multi-line textarea fields:
<textarea name="Comments">This is a multi-line
text field</textarea>
Hidden fields contain data not shown to the user:
<input type="hidden" name="Account" value="This
is a hidden text field" />
Often used by JavaScript code
40
Fieldsets
Fieldsets are used to enclose a group of related
form fields:
<form method="post" action="form.aspx">
<fieldset>
<legend>Client Details</legend>
<input type="text" id="Name" />
<input type="text" id="Phone" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset>
<legend>Order Details</legend>
<input type="text" id="Quantity" />
<textarea cols="40" rows="10"
id="Remarks"></textarea>
</fieldset>
</form>
The <legend> is the fieldset's title.
41
Form Input Controls
Checkboxes:
<input type="checkbox" name="fruit"
value="apple" />
Radio buttons:
<input type="radio" name="title" value="Mr." />
Radio buttons can be grouped, allowing only one
to be selected from a group:
<input type="radio" name="city" value="Lom" />
<input type="radio" name="city" value="Ruse" />
42
Other Form Controls
Dropdown menus:
<select name="gender">
<option value="Value 1"
selected="selected">Male</option>
<option value="Value 2">Female</option>
<option value="Value 3">Other</option>
</select>
Submit button:
<input type="submit" name="submitBtn"
value="Apply Now" />
43
Other Form Controls (2)
Reset button – brings the form to its initial state
<input type="reset" name="resetBtn"
value="Reset the form" />
Image button – acts like submit but image is
displayed and click coordinates are sent
<input type="image" src="submit.gif"
name="submitBtn" alt="Submit" />
Ordinary button – used for Javascript, no default
action
<input type="button" value="click me" />
44
Other Form Controls (3)
Password input – a text field which masks the
entered text with * signs
<input type="password" name="pass" />
Multiple select field – displays the list of items in
multiple lines, instead of one
<select name="products" multiple="multiple">
<option value="Value 1"
selected="selected">keyboard</option>
<option value="Value 2">mouse</option>
<option value="Value 3">speakers</option>
</select>
45
Other Form Controls (4)
File input – a field used for uploading files
<input type="file" name="photo" />
When used, it requires the form element to have a
specific attribute:
<form enctype="multipart/form-data">
...
<input type="file" name="photo" />
...
</form>
46
Labels
Form labels are used to associate an explanatory
text to a form field using the field's ID.
<label for="fn">First Name</label>
<input type="text" id="fn" />
Clicking on a label focuses its associated field
(checkboxes are toggled, radio buttons are
checked)
Labels are both a usability and accessibility
feature and are required in order to pass
accessibility validation.
47
HTML Forms – Example
form.html
<form method="post" action="apply-now.php">
<input name="subject" type="hidden" value="Class" />
<fieldset><legend>Academic information</legend>
<label for="degree">Degree</label>
<select name="degree" id="degree">
<option value="BA">Bachelor of Art</option>
<option value="BS">Bachelor of Science</option>
<option value="MBA" selected="selected">Master of
Business Administration</option>
</select>
<br />
<label for="studentid">Student ID</label>
<input type="password" name="studentid" />
</fieldset>
<fieldset><legend>Personal Details</legend>
<label for="fname">First Name</label>
<input type="text" name="fname" id="fname" />
<br />
<label for="lname">Last Name</label>
<input type="text" name="lname" id="lname" /> 48
HTML Forms – Example (2)
form.html (continued)
<br />
Gender:
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gm" value="m" />
<label for="gm">Male</label>
<input name="gender" type="radio" id="gf" value="f" />
<label for="gf">Female</label>
<br />
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="text" name="email" id="email" />
</fieldset>
<p>
<textarea name="terms" cols="30" rows="4"
readonly="readonly">TERMS AND CONDITIONS...</textarea>
</p>
<p>
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send Form" />
<input type="reset" value="Clear Form" />
</p>
</form>
49
HTML Forms – Example (3)
form.html (continued)
50
