SCIENCE: Q2 ➢ Different electromagnetic waves

- Shows the different electromagnetic waves arranged in

Chapter 4: order of frequency and wavelength.
Lesson 4.1: Electromagnetic Wave ○ How is frequency related to the energy of an
electromagnetic wave?
- Transverse wave that carries energy and can - High frequency = High energy
pass through or propagate even in a vacuum. ○ How is frequency related to wavelength?
- Produced by accelerating charged particles - High frequency = Short wavelength
or particles oscillating about an equilibrium
position, with the electric or magnetic field ➢ Two types of wave based on medium
vibrating perpendicularly to each other. 1. Mechanical wave
○ Electric field: up and down - Being transferred to solid, liquid, and gas.
○ Magnetic field: left and right - Ex. Sound wave

2. Electromagnetic wave
- A wave that can pass through even without a
➢ We describe them by: medium or can transmit in a vacuum.
- Ex. Light wave

Name Symbol Unit

Frequency f Hz
Wavelength λ m
Energy E J
➢ Movement of particles where it transmit
1. Longitudinal wave
- Like a spring that moves back and forth.
(compress and expand).
○How to measure Frequency?
- Number of waves passing through a single
point . 2. Transverse wave
- Like a wave that moves up and down.

- Lesson 4.2: Electromagnetic Spectrum

○How to measure Wavelength? 1. Radio waves
- From crest to crest and from trough to - Lowest energy
trough. - Longest wavelength
- Radar: Radio Detection and Ranging
- Heinrich Hertz in 1887

-
2. Microwaves
- Communication
 - James Clerk Maxwell in 1864 3. Reflected Ray
3. Infrared waves - The ray that rebounds from the surface.
- “Below red” 4. Normal
- Can’t be seen, can be felt (Heat) - A line perpendicular to the surface at the point of
- Used for most electronics incidence.
- William Herschel in 1880 5. Angle of Incidence Өi
4. Visible light - The angle between the incident ray and the
- Only ones seen by the naked eye normal.
- Isaac Newton 6. Angel of Reflection Өr
- Range: - The angle between the reflected ray and the
○ Red - 760 normal.
○ Orange - 610
○ Yellow - 590 ➢ Two laws of Reflection
○ Green - 550 1. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
○ Blue - 470 that is Өi = Өr
○ Violet - 410 2. The incidence ray, the normal, and the reflected ray all
5. Ultraviolet radiation lie on one plane.
- UV lights: “Black light”
- UVA: 315 - 400 ➢ Two types of Reflection
- UVB: 280 - 314 1. Regular/specular Reflection
- UVC: 60 - 279 - When a group of parallel rays strikes a smooth
- Johann Wilhelm Ritter flat surface.
6. X-rays
- Roentgen ray
- Medical imaging and Airport security scans
- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1901
7. Gamma rays 2. Diffuse Reflection
- Shortest wavelength - When a group of parallel rays strikes a rough
- Radioactive elements surface.
- Cancer treatment, Sterilization, and - Not parallel
Astrophysics
- Paul Villard in 1900

Chapter 5:
Lesson 5.1: Reflection of light
➢ The ray model of light
➢ Definition of terms - Light travels in straight lines called rays.
1. Reflection - Rays: Have arrows to indicate the direction of travel of
- Bouncing back of light into the same medium it light and it travels in a straight line until it hits
has been traveling after striking a surface. something.
- Ex. the beam of light from a laser.
2. Incident Ray
- The ray that strikes the surface. - When light rays encounter an object, they can be…
 1. Reflection - Curves inward in the direction of
- Occurs when light bounces off a surface. the incident ray.
- Ex. Dental mirrors

2. Absorption
- Happens when materials take in light, b. Convex Mirror
often converting to heat. - Bulges outward to the incident
ray.
- Ex. Mirrors of the cars

3. Transmission
- When light passes through a transparent
material, like glass or water. Lesson 5.3: Plane Mirror Images
1. Real Image
- Formed by the actual image.

- Ray diagram: Using this, we can represent how light

interacts with materials. It also represents the
possible paths of light can take from a source or
and object to an observer or a screen.

2. Virtual Image
- Formed inside the mirror.
- No intersection

*P.71 understand the problem solving part*

Lesson 5.2: What are Mirrors?

- Not a silver plate of glass but it is any surface that is
Types of image Virtual
smooth enough to produce a regular reflection of
light incident upon it. Orientation Upright

Magnification Same size (1)

- Two types: - (1.1) if bigger, (0.9) if
1. Plane Mirror shrinked

- One with a flat surface. Distance Same distance

- Ex. Ordinary mirrors = exact image of yourself.
Other Characteristics Laterally reverse

*P.73-74, understand the problem solving part*

2. Spherical Mirrors
a. Concave Mirror
Lesson 5.4 - 5.5: Spherical Mirror and Images
1. Center of Curvature (C)
 - Center of sphere distance of
2. Vertex (V) object
- Center of mirror
3. Radius of curvature (R) ➢ Characteristics of Images formed by concave mirrors at
- Radius of sphere different object position
4. Principal axis/optical axis
- A straight line joining the C and V Location of object Location of Characteristics of
5. Aperture (AB) image image
Very far (at infinity) At F Real, Inverted,
- Width of the mirror Very small (almost
6. Principal focus/focal point (F) a point)
- Concave: Point where reflected rays meet in Beyond C Between C and F Real, Inverted,
Smaller than the
a converging mirror. object
- Convex: Point where reflected rays seem to At C At C Real, Inverted,
Same size as the
come from behind a diverging mirror. object
7. Focal Length(f) Between C and F Beyond C Real, Inverted,
- Distance from vertex to principal focus. Bigger than the
object
At F At infinity No image formed
because all reflected
rays are parallel
Between F and V Back of mirror Virtual, Upright,
Bigger than the
object

○ Concave mirror: Converging and inward.

Chapter 6:
Lesson 6.1:Refraction of Light
○ Convex mirror: Diverging and outward. - Change in the direction of light as it cross the
boundary of materials with varying optical
density.
- Cause by the change in speed of the wave.

Type of Image Orientatio Size Other

Mirror formed n Characteris
tics

Convex Virtual Upright Smaller

Mirror

Concave Real or Upright or Larger, Image

Mirror Virtual Inverted Same size, formed
Smaller depends on 1. Optical density
 - Transparency of a material/substance to
light.
- Quantity of how much a material reduces
the transmission of light that passes through it.

2. Index of Refraction
2. When light passes through from one medium
- “Refractive index”
to the next with varying optical density, it is
- Ratio between speed of light in a vacuum,
redirected/ refracted.
and in a given medium.
○ In Equation form: n = c/v

n = Refractive index
c = Speed of light in a vacuum (3x10^8 m/s)
v = Speed of light in a given medium

Material Index of Refraction (n)

- From Denser to Less dense = Away
Vacuum 1.000 from normal (Light is faster)
Air 1.000277 - From less dense to denser = Towards
normal (Light is slowed)
Water 1.333333
- Perpendicular = No directional
Ice 1.31 change, wavelength and wave speed
changes but frequency doesn’t.
Glass About 1.5

Diamond 2.417 3. Relationship of the refractive indices of the

Air at STP 1.00029 mediums and the angle at which the light is
Ethyl alcohol 1.36 incident and is refracted is shown by the
Sellaite 1.37 - 1.39
Quartz 1.46
equation:
Sapphire 1.77 ○ n1 sinθ1= n2 sinθ2 (Snell’s law)
n1 = refractive index of the 1st medium
n2 = refractive index of the 2nd medium
➢ Law of Refraction θ1 = angle of incidence
- Discovered by Dutch mathematician, Willebrord θ2 = angle of refraction
Snell, in 1621
*P.88-89, understand the problem solving part*
- First described by Persian Physicist, Ibn Sahl, about
600 years earlier.
Lesson 6.2: Lenses
- Piece of transparent material
- Can be described in three parts…
- Concentrates or disperses light rays when passes
1. Incident ray, normal, and refracted ray all
through them by refraction.
lie on the same plane.

➢ Spherical lens
- Glass or transparent materials with at least one
spherical surface.
1. Concave lens
- Thinner in the middle and thicker at
edges.
- Uses: Eyeglasses for nearsightedness,
Peephole door, and Flashlight 3. Concavo- Convex
1. Double Concave - One surface is curved inward,
- Both surfaces are curved and the other is curved outward.
inward, making it thinner in the
center.

➢ Lens Terminology
2. Plano-Concave 1. Optical Center (P)
- One surface is flat, and the other - The point through which all light rays pass
is curved inward. without being bent.

3. Convexo- Concave
- One surface is curved outward, 2. Principal focus (F)
and the other is curved inward. - Where parallel light rays converge after passing
through a convex lens or appear to diverge from a
concave lens.

2. Convex lens
- Thicker in the middle and thinner at
edges.
- Uses: Magnifying glass, Projector,
Microscope 3. Secondary Focus (F’)
1. Double Convex - Points where non-parallel light rays converge
- Both surfaces are curved or appear to diverge after passing through a lens,
outward, making them thicker in typically located on either side of the lens.
the center. 4. Focal length (f)
- The distance from the optical center of the lens
to the principal focus.

2. Plano-Convex
- One surface is flat, and the other
is curved outward.
 5. Principal axis
- The line joining the optical center and principal
focus
➢ Convex Lens Images

Object position Image position Characteristics

➢ The dazzling dance of light through a lens At infinity At F Real, Inverted,
Very small (almost
a point)
Beyond 2F’ Between F and 2F Real, Inverted,
Smaller
At 2F’ At 2F Real, Inverted,
Same
Between F’ and 2F’ Beyond 2F Real, Inverted,
Bigger
At F’ At infinity No image
Parallel Rays Converging to a Focal Point Between F’ and lens In front of lens Virtual, Upright,
Bigger
- When sunlight or other parallel light rays pass
through a convex lens, they refract inward
and converge at the principal focus (F), which
is located on the opposite side of the lens.
- Determined by the curvature and material of
the lens.

Lesson 6.3: Image Formation in Spherical Lenses

➢ Ray Diagrams

1. A ray parallel to the principal axis passes through, or

when extended, appears to pass through, the principal
focus (ray 1).
2. A ray passing through the secondary focus of a
converging lens, or when extended, appears to pass
through the secondary focus of a diverging lens, is
refracted parallel to the principal axis (ray 2). ➢ Concave Lens Images
3. A ray passing through the optical center of the lens is not
deviated (ray 3). - For any object distance from the lens, the image
formed by a concave lens is virtual, upright, smaller
than the object, and located at the same side of
the lens as the object.
 - It should be noted that the convex lenses form the - Transmits visual information from the
same type of images as convex mirrors. retina to the brain.

➢ Brain
Chapter 7:
- Where images are interpreted
Lesson 7.1: The Physics of Sight
- Visual cortex: Part of the brain where lights are
interpreted as image.
➢ Eye
- Opaque ball around 2.3cm in diameter.
➢ How do eyes perceive light and form an image?
- Complex sensory organ
1. Light Enters the Eye: Cornea
- Captures and processes visual information.
2. Control of Light Entry: Pupil
1. Cornea
3. Fine-Tuning Focus with the Lens
- Transparent front part of the eye
4. Image Formation on the Retina
- Refracts light
5. Transmission of Signals through the Optic Nerve
- Controls and focuses entry of light into the
6. Image Interpretation in the Brain
eye.
2. Pupil
- Small, black circular opening
- Controls the amount of light entering the
eye.
3. Crystal lens
- Transparent, flexible structure
- Further focuses light onto the retina
- Adjusts it shape to focus on objects at
different distances.
➢ Visual problems
4. Ciliary
- Near Point: 25cm
- Ring of muscles attached to the lens
- Far Point: Infinity
- Adjusts lens shape to help focus on near or
distant objects.
1. Myopia (Nearsightedness)
- Contracting: Near
- Near objects: Clear
- Relaxing: Distant
- Distant objects: Blurry
5. Retina
- Lens needed: Convex (Converging) lens
- Light-sensitive layer where images are
formed.
2. Hyperopia/Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)
- Converts light into electrical signals.
- Near objects: Blurry
6. Optic nerves
- Distant objects: Clear
- Thick, cable-like structure.
- Lens needed: Concave (Diverging) lens
 - Converging lens that produces virtual,
3. Presbyopia (“Aging eyes” or “old eyes”) upright, and enlarged image of an object
- Normal consequence of growing older placed at a distance less than its focal length.
- Near objects: Blurry
- Distant objects: Clear 3. Compound microscope
- Lens needed: Convex (Converging) lens or - 2 converging lens
Bifocal lens - Lens near object: Objective
- Lens near eye: Eyepiece
Lesson 7.2: Other Optical Instruments - Hans and Zacharias Janssen in 1590

➢ Optical instrument
- Devices that process light waves to produce or
enhance images for a better view.
- Enables the naked eye to perceive objects it would
not normally be able to.
4. Telescope
1. Camera obscura
- Enables people to see distant objects
- “Mechanical eye”
a. Refracting telescope
- First iteration of the camera
- First type of telescope invented
- Obscura: “Dark chamber”
- Lenses as objective and eyepiece
- Pioneered by Hasan Ibn Al-Haytham in
○ Looker
1000 AD
- Hans Lippershey in 1608
- Modified with application of lenses by Joseph
- 2 converging lenses
Nicephorr Niepche
○ Far looker
- First photographic camera: 1826/7
- Galileo
- Objective: Converging lens
Function Eye Camera
- Eyepiece: Diverging lens
Opening for light to Pupil aperture b. Reflecting telescope
enter - Works in the same way as
compound microscope
Regulation of size Muscles of the iris diaphragm
of opening - Instead of a converging lens, a
concave mirror was used as an
Refracting system Cornea and lens Biconvex lens
objective.
Where image is Retina Film, chip, or - Isaac Newton in 1668
formed memory card

Regulation of time Eyelid Shutter

of exposure to light Good luck and we hope this will help you! :)
- Zeeker and Avril
Focusing Contraction or Adjustment in lens-
mechanism relaxation of ciliary to-object distance
muscles to change
the shape of lens

2. Magnifying glass