Reading and Writing
Textual Aids – provides support and facilitate understanding.
2 types:
Linear Text – traditional text that needs to be read from beginning to end.
- Novels
- Poems
- Letters
- Textbooks
- Educational textbooks
Non-Linear Text – text combined with visual elements
- Brainstorming
- Graphic Organizers
- Outlining
Its purpose is to direct readers’ attention to important ideas in the text. It proves and gives
more information as a supplement to what is already written.
Brainstorming – group creative technique by which efforts are made to find a conclusion for
a specific problem by gathering a list of ideas separately, contributed by its members.
Graphic Organizers – visual tools that help you organize and represent information by
showing relationships between ideas, concepts, or facts.
Types of GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS
1. Cause and Effect Diagram – connections and possible cause of a certain effect and
vise-versa.
2. Flow Chart – shows a series of events in order. A representation of a process. Linked
together with arrows.
3. Venn Diagram – Identify, classify, categorize, and recognize SIMILARITIES and
DIFFERENCES of two or more concepts.
4. Concept Maps – organizes the central thought. Categorizes like a root of a tree. Can
be used to rank the relationship of ideas from the most to the least significant.
5. Pie Chart – circular chart that is divided into slices or portions to illustrate
proportions. Displays the relationship between numerical data. Divides from 100
percent.
6. Line Graph – series of data points called ‘markers’ connected by a line. AKA ‘curve
chart’. Uses to track changes over a period.
7. Bar Graph – presented by rectangular bars or strips with height or length. Two axis:
1= numerical; 2=categorical data
Outlining
Provides a rapid grasp of the parts or aspects of an entire expository piece. It shows how
these parts relate to each other as sections of equal importance. It illustrates the main
headings under which they are classified.
Different Kinds:
1. Topic Outline – a structured plan that organizes the main ideas and subtopics of a
piece such as an essay. It serves as a blueprint, arranging the plan.
2. Sentence Outline – presents the main ideas and supporting details in complete
sentences. This is useful for writers as it helps clarify thoughts and ensures each
idea is fully developed before writing.
Patterns of Development
It refers to the particular strategy of writers used to develop ideas
Types:
1. Narration – a narrative paragraph or essay that tells the story and how something
happened
2. Description – describes a person, thing, place, situation or detail. Can be paired
with a narrative.
- Objective Description – looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what
is being described.
- Subjective Description – used to ‘paint a picture’ of how the author sees a
character, or how he wants the reader to see it.
3. Compare and contrast – explains how objects are similar or different.
4. Cause and Effect – explains the reason (cause) why something happened and
describe the result (effect) or an event, action, or condition.
5. Definition – a paragraph that defines what something is.
6. Classification – a paragraph that classifies how a subject is divided into types and
categories.
7. Problem-Solution - paragraphs that identify a problem and propose a solution.
8. Persuasive - paragraphs that persuade the reader to accept your point of view.
Text as Connected Discourse
Text – written material; group of ideas put together to make a point/idea.
- Books
- Letters
- Newspapers
Discourse – how language is used to convey meaning. Came from the Latin “discursus”
which means conversation or speech.
- Journal Diary
- Procedures
- Critiques
- Opinion Piece
- Research Articles
Purpose:
1. To inform
2. To persuade
3. To entertain
Critical Reading – it involves analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating. It requires critical
thinking skills, both considering the content of the text and your own understanding. Create
using the evidence from the text, their prior knowledge, and the inferences they draw.
Steps to follow Critical Reading:
1. Self-reflect
2. Read and Understand
a. Examine the Text and Context
b. Skim the Text
c. Resolve Confusion
Evaluative Assessment – making judgments about the strengths and weaknesses.
Assertion – technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive
statement regarding a belief or a fact.
1. Basic Assertion – feelings, beliefs, and opinions directly
2. Empathetic Assertion – express empathy of how a person understands the
feelings and emotions.
3. Language Assertion – preference of the writer. Used to express negative feelings
or opinions.
Types of Assertion according to Degree
1. Fact – a true statement
2. Convention – traditions, culture, historical precedents, rules.
3. Opinions – subjective facts
4. Preferences – personal choice, cannot be proven since they are highly subjective.
Types of Claims:
a. Claim of Fact – uses facts, statistics, testimonies, examples, references.
b. Claim of Value – appraises or judges a concept: Abortion is morally wrong
c. Claim of Policy – followed by order. A thing should be taken action.
