Helwan university Faculty of Engineering

Electric Power System 2

Lecture 3
Dr. Mariem Yacoub Yousef
Electrical power and machine Department
Faculty of Engineering – Helwan university

1
Load Flow Analysis

 Introduction
 Bus Classification
 Bus Admittance Matrix
 Solution of Non linear Algebraic Equations
•Gauss Elimination Method
•Node Elimination Method
•Lower [L] Upper [U] Triangle Matrix
 Bus Impedance Matrix

2
 Bus Impedance Matrix
In order to form the impedance matrix, there are three main methods:
• [ Zbus ]= Y𝐵𝑢𝑠 −1

• Step by Step Method

• Lower [L] Upper [U] Triangle Matrix
Zbus Ibus = Vbus

Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14 I1 V1

Z21 Z22 Z23 Z24 I2 V
= 2
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z34 I3 V3
Z41 Z42 Z43 Z44 I4 V4
For example, if we have four buses network

3
 Impedance Matrix Modification
A new branch was added to a new bus bar
Transmission line is connected between two buses one of them old and the other new bus.
For example, as shown in the figure, add new bus 4 with a new branch between bus 2 and bus 4
Z11 Z12 Z13
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 = Z21 Z22 Z23 Bus 1 Bus 2 Bus 4
Z31 Z32 Z33
Z11 Z12 Z13 Z12
Z Z22 Z23 Z22
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤
= 21
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z32
Z12 Z22 Z23 Z22 + Z24
Bus 3

4
 Impedance Matrix Modification
A new branch was added to two existing bus bars
For example, as shown in the figure, add a new branch between bus 1 and bus 2
Z11 Z12 Z13
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 = Z21 Z22 Z23 Bus 1 Bus 2
Z31 Z32 Z33
Step 1
Create new bus(4)
Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14
Z Z22 Z23 Z24 Bus 3
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 21
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z34
Z14 Z24 Z34 Z44
Where:
Z14 = Z11 − Z12 ; Z24 = Z21 − Z22 ; Z34 = Z31 − Z32 ; Z44 = Z14 − Z24 + Z𝑎𝑑𝑑
For removing branch between bus 1 and bus 2, the solution is the same except Z44
Z44 = Z14 − Z24 − Z𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒
5
 Impedance Matrix Modification
Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14
Z Z22 Z23 Z24
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤
= 21
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z34
Z14 Z24 Z34 Z44 Bus 1 Bus 2
Step 2
Eliminate bus(4) by using gauss elimination method
1 1 1
Z11 Z12 Z13
𝑁𝑒𝑤 1 1 1
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = Z21 Z22 Z23
Bus 3
1 1 1
Z31 Z32 Z33
Where:
1 Z14 Z41 Z14 Z24 Z Z
Z11 = Z11 −
Z44
, Z121 = Z12 − Z44
, 1
Z13 = Z13 − 14 34
Z44
1 Z24 Z42 1 Z24 Z43 1 Z Z
Z22 = Z22 − , Z23 = Z23 − , Z33 = Z33 − 34 43
Z44 Z44 Z44

6
 Impedance Matrix Modification
A new branch was added/removed between bus and ground
For example, as shown in the figure, add a new branch between bus 2 and ground
Z11 Z12 Z13 Bus 1 Bus 2
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑙𝑑 = Z21 Z22 Z23
Z31 Z32 Z33
Step 1
Create new bus(4)
Bus 3
Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14
Z Z22 Z23 Z24
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 21
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z34
Z14 Z24 Z34 Z44
Where:
Z14 = Z12 ; Z24 = Z22 ; Z34 = Z32 ; Z44 = Z24 + Z𝑎𝑑𝑑
For removing branch between bus 2 and ground Z44 will change only
Z44 = Z24 − Z𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒
7
 Impedance Matrix Modification
Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14
Z Z22 Z23 Z24 Bus 1 Bus 2
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤
= 21
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z34
Z14 Z24 Z34 Z44
Step 2
Eliminate bus(4) by using gauss elimination method
1 1 1 Bus 3
Z11 Z12 Z13
𝑁𝑒𝑤 1 1 1
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = Z21 Z22 Z23
1 1 1
Z31 Z32 Z33
Where:
1 Z14 Z41 Z14 Z24 Z Z
Z11 = Z11 −
Z44
, Z121 = Z12 − Z44
, 1
Z13 = Z13 − 14 34
Z44
1 Z24 Z42 1 Z24 Z43 1 Z Z
Z22 = Z22 − , Z23 = Z23 − , Z33 = Z33 − 34 43
Z44 Z44 Z44

8
 Example 1:Bus Impedance Matrix Modification

The Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 for the network in the figure is given, find the Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 after removing the line between
buses 1 and 3 with impedance Z13 =0.56j by the simultaneous opening of breakers at both ends of
the line.
𝑗0.183 𝑗0.078 𝑗0.141
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑗0.078 𝑗0.148 𝑗0.106
𝑗0.141 𝑗0.106 𝑗0.267

Solution
Step 1
Create new bus(4)

Z11 Z12 Z13 Z11 − Z13 𝑗0.183 𝑗0.078 𝑗0.141 𝑗0.042

Z Z22 Z23 Z21 − Z23 𝑗0.078 𝑗0.148 𝑗0.106 −𝑗0.028
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤
= 21 =
Z31 Z32 Z33 Z31 − Z33 𝑗0.141 𝑗0.106 𝑗0.267 −𝑗0.126
Z14 Z24 Z34 Z14 − Z34 − Z𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑗0.042 −𝑗0.028 −𝑗0.126 −𝑗0.392
9
 Example 1:Bus Impedance Matrix Modification
Solution
𝑗0.183 𝑗0.078 𝑗0.141 𝑗0.042
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑗0.078 𝑗0.148 𝑗0.106 −𝑗0.028
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 =
𝑗0.141 𝑗0.106 𝑗0.267 −𝑗0.126
𝑗0.042 −𝑗0.028 −𝑗0.126 −𝑗0.392
Step 2
Eliminate bus(4) by using gauss elimination method
1 1 1
Z11 Z12 Z13
𝑁𝑒𝑤 1 1 1
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = Z21 Z22 Z23
1 1 1
Z31 Z32 Z33
Where:
1 Z14 Z41 j0.042∗j0.042 1 Z14 Z24 j0.042∗−j0.028
Z11 = Z11 − = j0.183 − = j0.1875, Z12 = Z12 − = j0.078 − =j0.075
Z44 −j0.392 Z44 −j0.392
1 Z Z j0.042∗−𝑗0.126 1 Z Z −𝑗0.028∗−𝑗0.028
, Z13 = Z13 − 14 34 = 𝑗0.141 − = 𝑗0.1275, Z22 = Z22 − 24 42 = 𝑗0.148 − = 𝑗0.15,
Z44 −j0.392 Z44 −j0.392
1 Z Z −𝑗0.028∗−𝑗0.126 1 Z34 Z43 −𝑗0.126∗−𝑗0.126
Z23 = Z23 − 24Z 43 = 𝑗0.106 − = 𝑗0.115, Z 33 = Z 33 − = 𝑗0.267 − = 𝑗0.3075
44 −j0.392 Z44 −j0.392
10
 Example 1:Bus Impedance Matrix Modification
Solution
j0.1875 j0.075 𝑗0.1275
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = j0.075 𝑗0.15 𝑗0.115
𝑗0.1275 𝑗0.115 𝑗0.3075

11
 Example 2:Bus Impedance Matrix
Construct the bus impedance matrix for the network by using step by step method.

Solution
Step 1
Take the bus 1 reference and add the impedance
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 1 = Z11 = Z10 = 𝑗0.2

12
 Example 2:Bus Impedance Matrix

Step 2
Add branch between bus 1 and bus 2
2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 + 𝑗0.8 𝑗0.2 𝑗1
Step 3
Add branch between bus 1 and bus 3
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 3 = 𝑗0.2 𝑗1 𝑗0.2 = 𝑗0.2 𝑗1 𝑗0.2
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 + 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6

13
 Example 2:Bus Impedance Matrix
Step 4
Add branch between bus 2 and bus 3
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 0 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 0
4 𝑗0.2 𝑗1 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.8 𝑗0.2 𝑗1 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.8
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 −𝑗0.4 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 −𝑗0.4
0 𝑗0.8 −𝑗0.4 𝑗0.8 − −𝑗0.4 + 𝑗0.4) 0 𝑗0.8 −𝑗0.4 𝑗1.6
Eliminate bus(4) by using gauss elimination method
1 1 1
Z11 Z12 Z13
𝑁𝑒𝑤 1 1 1
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = Z21 Z22 Z23
1 1 1
Z31 Z32 Z33
Where:
1 0∗0 1 0∗𝑗0.8 1 0∗−𝑗0.4
Z11 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.2 , Z12 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.2, Z13 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.2
𝑗1.6 𝑗1.6 𝑗1.6
1 𝑗0.8∗𝑗0.8 1 𝑗0.8∗−𝑗0.4 1 −𝑗0.4∗−𝑗0.4
Z22 = 𝑗1 − = 𝑗0.6 , Z23 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.4, Z33 = 𝑗0.6 − = 𝑗0.5
𝑗1.6 𝑗1.6 𝑗1.6
14
 Example 2:Bus Impedance Matrix
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2
𝑁𝑒𝑤
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 𝑗0.4
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.5

Step 5
Add branch between bus 2 and ground
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.2
5 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.6 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.6
Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 = =
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.5 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.5 𝑗0.4
𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.6 + 𝑗0.4 𝑗0.2 𝑗0.6 𝑗0.4 𝑗1
Eliminate bus(4) by using gauss elimination method
Where:
1 𝑗0.2∗𝑗0.2 1 𝑗0.2∗𝑗0.6 1 𝑗0.2∗𝑗0.4
Z11 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.16 , Z12 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.08, Z13 = 𝑗0.2 − = 𝑗0.12
𝑗1 𝑗1 𝑗1
1 𝑗0.6∗𝑗0.6 1 𝑗0.6∗𝑗0.4 1 𝑗0.4∗𝑗0.4
Z22 = 𝑗0.6 − = 𝑗0.24 , Z23 = 𝑗0.4 − = 𝑗0.16, Z33 = 𝑗0.5 − = 𝑗0.34
𝑗1 𝑗1 𝑗1

15
 Example 2:Bus Impedance Matrix

𝑗0.16 𝑗0.08 𝑗0.12

Z𝐵𝑢𝑠 𝑁𝑒𝑤 = 𝑗0.08 𝑗0.24 𝑗0.16
𝑗0.12 𝑗0.16 𝑗0.34

16
 Example 3
1. Construct the bus admittance matrix for the network
2. Use [L]&[U] Triangle matrix
3. Find the second column of Impedance matrix

Solution
All the values are per unit at base power 100MVA
I𝑏𝑢𝑠 = Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
=
0 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
0 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4

17
 Example 3
Solution
I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 V1
I2 Y Y22 Y23 Y24 V2
= 21
0 Y31 Y32 Y33 Y34 V3
0 Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 V4
The main diagonal elements
1 1 1 1
Y11 = y10 + 𝑦12 + 𝑦13 + 𝑦14 = 0.3𝑗 + 0.4𝑗 + 0.2𝑗 + 0.1𝑗 = −20.833𝑗
1
Y12 = − y12 = − = 2.5𝑗
0.4𝑗
Y13 = 3.333𝑗
Y14 = 5𝑗
1 1 1 1
Y22 = y20 + 𝑦21 + 𝑦23 + 𝑦24 = 0.3𝑗 + 0.4𝑗 + 0.2𝑗 + 0.1𝑗 = −20.833𝑗
Y21 = 2.5𝑗
Y23 = 5𝑗
Y24 = 3.333𝑗
1 1
Y33 = y30 + 𝑦31 + 𝑦32 + 𝑦34 = 0 + 0.3𝑗 + 0.2𝑗 + 0 = −8.333𝑗
Y34 = 0
1 1
Y44 = y40 + 𝑦41 + 𝑦42 + 𝑦43 = 0 + 0.2𝑗
+ 0.3𝑗 + 0 = −8.333j 18
 Example 3
Solution
−20.833𝑗 2.5𝑗 3.333𝑗 5𝑗
2.5𝑗 −20.833𝑗 5𝑗 3.333𝑗
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
3.333𝑗 5𝑗 −8.333𝑗 0
5𝑗 3.333𝑗 0 −8.333𝑗
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 V𝑏𝑢𝑠 = I𝑏𝑢𝑠
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = L U
Y12 Y13 Y14
1
Y11 0 0 0 Y11 Y11 Y11
1 1
1 Y23 Y24
Y21 Y22 0 0 0 1 1 1
L = 1 2 , U = Y22 Y22
Y31 Y32 Y33 0 2
Y34
1 2 3 0 0 1
Y41 Y42 Y43 Y44 2
Y33
0 0 0 1
Eliminate bus 1
1 Y21 Y12 2.5𝑗∗2.5𝑗 1 Y21 Y13 2.5𝑗∗3.333𝑗
Y22 = Y22 − = −20.833𝑗 − −20.833𝑗 = −20.5329𝑗, Y23 = Y23 − = 5𝑗 − = 5.4𝑗 ,
Y11 Y11 −20.833𝑗
1 Y21 Y14 2.5𝑗∗5𝑗 1 Y31 Y13 3.333𝑗∗3.333𝑗
Y24 = Y24 − = 3.333𝑗 − −20.833𝑗 = 3.933𝑗, Y33 = Y33 − = −8.333𝑗 − = −7.8j
Y11 Y11 −20.833𝑗
1 Y31 Y14 3.333𝑗∗5𝑗 1 Y41 Y14 5𝑗∗5𝑗
Y34 = Y34 − =0− = 0.8j, Y44 = Y44 − = −8.333𝑗 − −20.833𝑗 = −7.1329𝑗 19
Y11 −20.833𝑗 Y11
 Example 3
Solution
−20.833𝑗 2.5𝑗 3.333𝑗 5𝑗
2.5𝑗 −20.833𝑗 5𝑗 3.333𝑗
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 =
3.333𝑗 5𝑗 −8.333𝑗 0
5𝑗 3.333𝑗 0 −8.333𝑗
Eliminate bus 2
1 1
2 1 Y32 Y23 5.4𝑗∗5.4𝑗
Y33 = Y33 − 1 = −7.8j − −20.5329𝑗 = −6.3798j
Y22
1 1
2 1 Y32 Y42 3.933𝑗∗5.4𝑗
Y34 = Y34 − 1 = 0.8j − = 1.83435j,
Y22 −20.5329𝑗
1 1
2 1 Y42 Y24 3.933𝑗∗3.933𝑗
Y44 = Y44 − 1 = −7.1329𝑗 − = −6.3795j
Y22 −20.5329𝑗
Eliminate bus 3
2 2
3 2 Y43 Y34 1.83435j ∗ 1.83435j
Y44 = Y44 − 2
= −6.3798j − = −5.85233𝑗
Y33 −6.3798j
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 1 −0.12 −0.16 −0.24
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 0 1 −0.263 −0.19154
L = , U =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 0 0 1 −0.28752
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 0 0 0 1 20
Example 4:Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
Solution
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 = L U
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 Z𝑏𝑢𝑠 = 1
To find second column of impedance matrix
Z12
Z
2
𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = 22
Z32
Z42
0
2 1
L U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 =
0
0
2
U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = X
0
1
L X = Solve the equations to find the second column
0
0
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 X1 0
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 X 1
∗ 2 =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 X3 0
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 X4 0 21
Example 4:Using [L]&[U] Triangle Matrix
Solution
−20.833𝑗 0 0 0 X1 0
2.5𝑗 −20.5329𝑗 0 0 X 1
∗ 2 =
3.333𝑗 5.4𝑗 −6.3798j 0 X3 0
5𝑗 3.933𝑗 1.83435j −5.85233𝑗 X4 0
−20.833𝑗 X1 = 0 ∴ X1 = 0
2.5j X1 −20.5329𝑗 X2 = 1 ∴ X2 = 0.0487𝑗
3.333𝑗 X1 + 5.4𝑗 X2 − 6.3798j X 3 = 0 ∴ X3 =0.04122j
5𝑗 X1 + 3.933𝑗 X2 +1.83435j X3 − 5.85233𝑗 X4 = 0 ∴ X4 =.04564j

2
U 𝑍𝐵𝑢𝑠 = X
1 −0.12 −0.16 −0.24 Z12 0
0 1 −0.263 −0.19154 Z22 0.0487j
=
0 0 1 −0.28752 Z32 0.04122j
0 0 0 1 Z42 0.04564j
Z42 = 0.04564j
Z32 = 0.05434𝑗
Z22 = 0.07173𝑗
Z12 = 0.0283𝑗

22
23