COLOURED

SOCIAL SCIENCE
A Book With a Difference
Based on New NCERT Textbooks and CBSE Guidelines
Our
Pasts-III
(History)
•
Resources
and
Development
(Geography)
•
Social
and
Political
Life-III
(Civics)

CLASS VIII

• Facts to Remember & Textbook Keywords

• NCERT Textbook Exercises and Intext Questions (Solved)
• Other Important Questions with Answers
• Objective Type Questions with Answers
• Multiple Choice Questions

R K Gupta
&
Muskaan Gupta

NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS

LONDON • NEW DELHI

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 PREFACE

This book Social Science is a step towards achieving excellence and has
been written strictly as per the latest NCERT textbook and CBSE guidelines for students
associated with class VIII.

Special Features of the Book are:

• It has been designed both as a helpbook as well as a textbook.
• The language used is simple and the book is written in a lucid style.
• Each chapter begins with meaning of typical words, indicating glossary and word
origin.
• All exercises of the NCERT textbook and intext questions have been given with
complete answers.
• Each chapter contains additional questions, including very short, short and long
answer type questions.
• Objective Type Questions are given for the benefit of students.
• Multiple Choice Questions, as per CBSE are given in each chapter.

We are confident that Social Science will prove useful for all students. Any
suggestion for the improvement of the book shall be gracefully accepted and appreciated.

—Authors

(v)
 CONTENTS

Preface ... (v)

HISTORY
Our Pasts–III
(1–137)
Pages
1. Introduction: How, When and Where ... 2
2. From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power ... 13
3. Ruling the Countryside ... 35
4. Tribals, Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age ... 51
5. When People Rebel: 1857 and After ... 67
6. Civilising the “Native”, Educating the Nation ... 83
7. Women, Caste and Reform ... 98
8. The Making of the National Movement : 1870s–1947 ... 115

GEOGRAPHY
Resources and Development
(139–223)
1. Resources ... 140
2. Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Resources ... 151
3. Agriculture ... 173
4. Industries ... 192
5. Human Resources ... 211

(vii)

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 (viii)

CIVICS
Social and Political Life–III
(225–351)
Unit One: The Indian Constitution and Secularism
1. The Indian Constitution ... 226
2. Understanding Secularism ... 243

Unit Two: Parliament and the Making of Laws

3. Parliament and the Making of Laws ... 255

Unit Three: The Judiciary

4. Judiciary ... 275
Unit Four: Social Justice and the Marginalised
5. Understanding Marginalisation ... 290
6. Confronting Marginalisation ... 306

Unit Five: Economic Presence of the Government

7. Public Facilities ... 320
8. Law and Social Justice ... 336
 978-81-224-4954-9 5
362 395.00

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Watch me
on
• Facts to Remember
• Glossary and Word Origin
• Solved NCERT Textbook Exercises/ Intext Questions and Activities
• Additional Important Questions with their Answers
• Map Work for Practice
• Test Your Knowledge Exercises for Self Evaluation

LONDON • NEW DELHI

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 1
INTRODUCTION: HOW, WHEN AND WHERE

+ I. FACTS TO REMEMBER
l History has been associated with dates and events. It is about “before”
and “after”.
l Initially, it was an account of battles and big events; about rulers and their
policies. Dates were important because a certain event happened on that
date.
l James Mill wrote a three volume book, A History of British India in 1817.
In this he divided Indian history into three periods: Hindu, Muslim and
British.
l According to Mill, all Asiatic societies were at a lower level of civilization
than Europe. Before British rule, India was dominated by religious
intolerance, caste system and bigotry.
l Historians divide history into—Ancient, Medieval and Modern periods.
This division has been borrowed from the West.
l Modern period is associated with growth of science, reason, democracy
etc. but these features were not visible in India during British rule.
l British considered art of writing as important. All their plans, policies and
instructions were written. They preserved their official documents in record
rooms, archives or museums.
l Surveying was very important during colonial period. These gave details
about British territory and their rule.
l Diaries of people, biographies and autobiographies give details about literate
people of that time.

+ II. GLOSSARY AND WORD ORIGIN

1. Historians: Scholars who write histories.
2. Stretch of time: Duration, period.

Watch me on
INTRODUCTION: HOW, WHEN AND WHERE 3

3. Ancient: Ancient means the earlier period of history or old period of

history.
4. Medieval means the middle period which is described as the period in
which the features of the modern time did not exist.
5. Modern is the period which is associated with the growth of all the
forces of modernity like science, technology, reason, democracy, liberty
and equality.
6. Colonial period was associated with domination of the British, French
and Portuguese. In this period, people did not had equality, freedom and
liberty.
7. Subjugation: Control over a (country’s domination) country.
8. Colonialisation refers to the period when the subjugation of a country
by another leads to political, economic, social and cultural control.
9. Calligraphists: Experts in art of writing.

+ III. NCERT TEXTBOOK EXERCISES

(Page 8)

Let’s imagine
Imagine that you are a historian wanting to find out about how agriculture
changed in a remote tribal area after independence. List the different
ways in which you would find information on this.
Answers:
l Manuscripts (handwritten or original documents).
l Records.
l Documents and letters.
l National Archives.
l Surveys.
l Official documents, letters and memos.
l Interview with old tribal persons.
Let’s recall
1. State whether true or false:
(a) James Mill divided Indian history into three periods—Hindu, Muslim,
Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country
think.
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective
administration.
Answers:
(a) True (b) False (c) True.

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4 OUR PASTS III—HISTORY VIII

Let’s discuss
2. What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James
Mill offers?
Ans. Problem with the periodisation of Indian history:
— It is difficult to refer to any period of history on the basis of faith of
ruler. Many faiths co-exist at a particular time.
Such as, Kabir Panthi, Sikhs, Sufis, in North; and Shaivism, Vaishnavism etc. in
South.
— More so, during Ancient period, not all the rulers followed same faith.
Examples: Hindus in south India, such as Vijaynagar Empire,
Muslims, Sultans in North.
3. Why did the British preserve official documents ?
Ans. The British preserved documents because of the following reasons:
l Any information or proof of any decision can be read/used from the
preserved documents.
l The preserved documents reveal the progress made by a country in the
past.
l Their copies may be made and used in modern times.
l Documents were helpful in understanding social, economical and history
of that times.
4. How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different
from that found in police reports ?
Ans. The information, the historians get from old newspapers is different from
that found in police reports. Reasons:
– Police records are true and pragmatic.
– Information printed in newspapers is affected by the views and thinking
of the correspondents, news editors, etc.
Let’s do
5. Can you think of examples of surveys in your world today? Think about
how toy companies get information about what young people enjoy playing
with or how the government finds out about the number of young people
in school. What can a historian derive from such surveys ?
Answer to be attempted by the students.
Hints:
Surveys are done by government and private companies.
– On demographic changes, employment, incomes, tastes, interests,
possessions, etc.
– Manually or with use of technology.
– At different places like homes, schools, institutions, malls, etc.
Historians may get information about preferences, life style, demographic
changes, political, social, economic life, etc.
INTRODUCTION: HOW, WHEN AND WHERE 5

+ IV. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Match the following:
(i) James Mill (a) The first Governor General of India
(ii) Warren Hastings (b) Scholars who write histories
(iii) Calligraphists (c) A Scottish economist and political leader
(iv) Historians (d) The earlier period of the history
(v) Ancient (e) Expert in writing documents with beautiful
handwriting
Answers:
(i) ↔ (c) (ii) ↔ (a) (iii) ↔ (e) (iv) ↔ (b) (v) ↔ (d).
2. State whether true or false:
(i) Lawrence was a prominent Viceroy of India.
(ii) Curzon was a Viceroy of India.
(iii) James Mill published a newspaper in 1817.
(iv) We need to divide history into different periods.
(v) The British came to India to know about its great culture.
(vi) History deals with changes that occur over time.
Answers:
(i) → True (ii) → True (iii) → False (iv) → True (v) → False
(vi) → True.
3. Fill in the blanks:
(i) The last Viceroy of British India was ..................... .
(ii) James Rannel prepared the ..................... in 1782.
(iii) James Mill divides ..................... into three periods.
(iv) The British preserved all important ..................... and ..................... .
(v) In Mill’s idea of history, the period before British rule was one of
..................... .
Answers:
(i) Lord Mountbatten (ii) first map (iii) Indian history
(iv) letters, documents (v) darkness.

+ V. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer:
1. Who was the last Viceroy of India?
(a) Lord Canning (b) Lord Mountbatten
(c) Ripon (d) Lord Wellesley
6 OUR PASTS III—HISTORY VIII

2. Medieval period was

(a) the old period of history
(b) the period associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity
(c) none of the above
3. The British thought surveys were important for
(a) writing history (b) effective judgement
(c) effective administration (d) none of these
4. The British preserved official documents because
(a) the preserved documents reveal the progress made by the country in the past
(b) one can study the notes and reports which were prepared in the past
(c) their copies may be made and used in modern times
(d) all of the above
5. Which one of the sources do historians use in writing about the last 250
years of Indian history ?
(a) Official records of the French administration
(b) Official records of the British administration
(c) Official records of the Church administration
(d) None of the above
6. Which of the following is NOT the period of division of Indian History by
James Mill ?
(a) Hindu (b) Muslim
(c) Both of the above (d) Sikhs
7. Which is NOT a source of describing history ?
(a) Diaries of people (b) Conversation between two people
(c) Accounts of pilgrims and travellers (d) Autobiographies of important
personalities
8. The National Archives of India came up in
(a) 1910s (b) 1920s
(c) 1930s (d) 1940s
Answers:
1. → (b) 2. → (c) 3. → (c) 4. → (d) 5. → (b) 6. → (d) 7. → (b)
8. → (b).

+ VI. OTHER QUESTIONS-ANSWERS

1. HOW IMPORTANT ARE DATES ?

Q. 1.1. Why do we call our history our past ?
Ans. We call our history our past. It is about finding, how things were, and,
how they have changed. We compare that and so refer them as ‘before’ or ‘after’.
INTRODUCTION: HOW, WHEN AND WHERE 7

Q. 1.2. What is the subject-matter of the historians these days ?

Ans. l Historians, these days, write about a host of issues.
l They discuss the means of livelihood, production, food and life style.

l They also deal with:

– the cities’ development and – markets,

– demographic changes, – dress,
– production and – host of related things.
l They also discuss how:

– new kingdoms were formed;

– new ideas were formed;
– how culture and society changed.
Q. 1.3. Is it correct to fix precise dates for long term processes ?
Ans. The dates are part of history. Sometimes, it is incorrect to associate
dates with events if these happened over a long period.
For example: — One cannot fix a date of establishment of British rule over
India.
— The changes in economy or society started in which period.
— When Indians started drinking tea.
Q. 1.4. Why do we continue to associate history with a string of dates ?
Ans. This association has a reason:
l During the past, history was an account of battles and big events.

l It was about rulers and their policies.

l Historians wrote about

(a) the year during which a king was crowned,

(b) the year he married,
(c) the year he died, and
(d) the year the next ruler succeeded the throne.
For all such events, dates could be specified.

1.1. Which dates?

Q. 1.5. What does Fig. 2 (NCERT, page no. 2) suggests ?
Ans. This is an advertisement of Lipton Tea published in 1922. The Indian
palace is shown in the background. Prince Arthur, the Duke of Connaught, (third
son of Queen Victoria) is on a horse in the foreground. This suggests that this
brand was associated with royalty world over.
Q. 1.6. By which criteria do we choose a set of dates as important ?
Give examples.
Ans. l The dates we choose are the dates around which we compose our
story of the past. These dates are not important on their own. They
become important because we take a particular set of events as
important.

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8 OUR PASTS III—HISTORY VIII

l The importance of dates, changes with change in topic, we want to

study.
l We explain this with an example.

Examples:
l British historians in India emphasised the rule of each Governor-General.
l These historians began with the rule of the first Governor-General, Warren
Hastings and finished with the last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten.
Q. 1.7. Name the prominent five Governor Generals who governed
India between 1773 and 1857.
Ans. l Warren Hastings l Lord Irwin

l Lord William Bentinck l Lord Dalhousie

l Lord Canning.

Q. 1.8. How do we write history ?

Ans. l When we write history, we divide it into periods.
l We do this to give each period some continuity.

l It is to tell a story in a way that makes some sense and can be

followed. In the process of writing history we focus only on those

events which help us to give shape to the story.
l In the histories of the British Governor-General, the activities of

Indians have no space.

l For this, we need another format for our history. In it, old dates no

longer have significance.

1.2. How do we periodise?

Q. 1.9. Why do we divide history into periods ?
Ans. We divide history into periods to capture the importance of that time.
The periods reflect the ideas about past; and the changes from one period to
another.
Q. 1.10. What did James Mill think about the Asian societies ?
Ans. l Mill thought all Asian societies to be at a lower level of civilisation
than European societies.
l He said that before the British came to India; rulers ruled the country

brutally.
l As per Mill, British rule was able to civilise India. For this European

manners, arts, institutions and laws should be introduced. He further

said that the British rule should conquer all the territories in India.
This would ensure the enlightenment and happiness of the Indian
people. As per his opinion, India was not capable of progress without
British help.
l As per Mill, the period before British rule was one of darkness.
INTRODUCTION: HOW, WHEN AND WHERE 9

Q. 1.11. How did historians divide the Indian History ?

Ans. lHistorians have usually divided Indian history into ‘ancient’, ‘medieval’
and ‘modern’.
Q. 1.12. What was the problem with periodisation of Indian history by
the historians ?
Ans. The classification of Indian history is borrowed from West. Many times,
this is not applicable.
l The modern period in the West was associated with science, reason,

democracy and liberty. But we were under British rule, without any
of these features.
l India lacked growth and progress during this time.

1.3. What is colonial?

Q. 1.13. Define the term ‘colony’.
Ans. Colony means the country or territory which is under another country’s
domination.
Q. 1.14. What is colonisation ?
Ans. When one country is controlled by another, it leads to different kinds
of political, economic, social and cultural changes; we call it the process of
colonisation.
Q. 1.15. What was the effect of colonisation on India ?
Ans. l The British came to India to trade, but conquered the country; and
established their rule.
l They established control over the economy and society,

– collected revenue to meet all their expenses,

– bought the goods they wanted, at low prices,
– produced crops they needed for export, and
– brought the changes that come about as a consequence.
l British rule brought changes in values and tastes, customs and

practices. These were harmful to our interests.

2. HOW DO WE KNOW?

2.1. Administration produces records

Q. 2.1. What sources do historians use in writing about the last 250
years of Indian history ? How were these preserved ?
Ans. l There are several sources which historians use in writing about the
last 250 years of Indian history.
10 OUR PASTS III—HISTORY VIII

1. Official records of the British administration:

– The British wrote every instruction, plan, policy, decision, agreement
and investigation.
– When this was done, things were properly studied and debated.
– This produced an administrative culture of memos, notings and
reports.
2. Preservation of important documents and letters:
– The British preserved all important documents and letters.
– They set-up record rooms attached to all administrative institutions.
– The village tahsildar’s office, the collectorate, the commissioner’s office,
the provincial secretariats and the law courts had their record rooms.
– Specialised institutions like archives and museums were also set-up
to preserve important records.
– Letters and memos that moved from one branch of the administration
to another in the early years of the nineteenth century can still be
read in the archives.
– The notes and reports are still preserved and can be read/studied.
A few examples
– Reports and instructions of district officials.
– Documents sent to provincial administrators.
– In the beginning of the 19th century, these documents were carefully
copied out.
– By the middle of the 19th century, with the spread of printing, multiple
copies of these records were printed.
Q. 2.2. What happened in 1946 in relation to Royal Indian Navy ?
Ans. In 1946 a mutiny broke on the ships at different dockyards.
Q. 2.3. What kind of report(s) were received by the Home Department
at that time ?
Ans. Home Department received different reports from different dockyards
like:
From Bombay
— Navy Ships to remain outside the harbour and army to take over the ships.
From Karachi
—301 mutineers are under arrest and all establishments under military guard.
From Vizagapatnam
—No violence and military guards posted on ships.
INTRODUCTION: HOW, WHEN AND WHERE 11

2.2. Surveys become important

Q. 2.4. What is survey? Why were surveys carried out ?
Ans. The process of collecting information about various aspects is called
a survey.
For example, about flora, fauna, topography, cropping etc. of a place.
Surveys were carried out by the British to administer India effectively:
l Detailed surveys were carried out to judge:
The revenue collection, the quality of soil, topography, flora,
fauna, cropping pattern, etc.
l Census operations were also carried out to get the information about castes,
religions occupations etc.
l There were other surveys like botanical, zoological, archaeological,
anthropological surveys, etc.

2.3. What official records do not tell?

Q. 2.5. Why are most of the records unreliable ?
Ans. We get a lot of information from these official records. But these are not
a true picture.
These give the view point of officials only.
They do not always help us to understand the people of the country.
Q. 2.6. What are the other sources of describing histories ?
Ans. 1. The other sources are:
– diaries of people, – accounts of pilgrims and travellers,
– autobiographies of important personalities and
– popular booklets sold in the local bazaars.
2. With the spread of printing, newspapers were published and issues
were debated in public.
3. Leaders and reformers wrote to spread their ideas. Poets and novelists
wrote to express their feelings.
4. All these sources, however, were produced by the literates.
Q. 2.7. What are the facts that the official records do not tell us ?
Ans. The official records do not make us understand how history was
experienced and lived by:
– tribals and the peasants, – the workers in the mines or
– the poor on the streets.
Knowing their lives is a very difficult task as these people were
illetrate, so there is no record of their history. But this can be done
by making a little effort.
12 OUR PASTS III—HISTORY VIII

+ VII. ACTIVITIES
Activity 1
Look carefully at Fig. 1 and write a paragraph explaining how this image
projects an imperial perception. (See NCERT Textbook, page 1)
Ans. Related Points
l Rennel was asked by Robert Clive to produce maps of Hindustan.
l Rennel was an enthusiastic supporter of British conquest of India.

l He saw preparation of maps as essential to the process of domination.

l The picture here suggests that Indians willingly gave over their ancient

texts to Britannia—the symbol of British power.

l In this way, this image projects an imperial perception because of the

Britannia dominating the scene.

Activity 2
Interview your mother or another member of your family to find out about
their life. Now divide their life into different periods and list out the significant
events in each period. Explain the basis of your periodisation.
(NCERT Textbook, page 3)
Ans. Do this activity yourself.
Hints: Mother’s life
l Early childhood l Educational period

l Married life l Her activities/works during this period.

Activity 3
Look at Sources 1 and 2. Do you find any differences in the nature of reporting ?
Explain what you observe. (Sources: NCERT Textbook, page 5 and page 7)
Study the sources and write your observations:
Ans. Yes, we find differences in the nature of reporting:
l Source 1 is the report given by the Director of Intelligence. This report is

an account of events seen and observed by the Director himself. Hence, it

is an eye-witness account.
l Source 2 describes the events through newspapers. Newspapers reports

are according to the observations of the correspondents and views of the

editors. Hence, there may be some distortions in the media reports.

+ VIII. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. Give examples of things that we may wonder about in present situation ?
2. What are biographies ? Give examples.
3. What is an autobiography ? Give examples.
qqq

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 978-81-224-4954-9 5
362 395.00

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Watch me
on
• Facts to Remember
• Glossary and Word Origin
• Solved NCERT Textbook Exercises/ Intext Questions and Activities
• Additional Important Questions with their Answers
• Map Work for Practice
• Test Your Knowledge Exercises for Self Evaluation

LONDON • NEW DELHI

New Delhi • Bangalore • Chennai • Cochin • Guwahati • Hyderabad • Kolkata • Lucknow • Mumbai
9315905300 9315905288 9315905309 9315905289 9315905296 9315905326 9315905319 9315905295 9315905282

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• NCERT Textbook Exercises (Solved ) • Multiple Choice Questions with Answers
• Exam Oriented Questions with Answers • Practice Exercises for Self Evaluation

REFERENCE BOOKS and WORKBOOKS Based on New NCERT Textbooks Also Available

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