1. What is Angular Framework?

Angular is a TypeScript-based open-source front-end platform

that makes it easy to build applications with in web/mobile/desktop.
The major features of this framework such as declarative templates,
dependency injection, end to end tooling, and many more other
features are used to ease the development.

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2. What is the difference between AngularJS and

Angular?
Angular is a completely revived component-based framework in
which an application is a tree of individual components.

Some of the major difference in tabular form

AngularJS Angular

It is based on MVC architecture This is based on Service/Controller

It uses JavaScript to build the Introduced the TypeScript to write the

application application

Based on controllers concept This is a component based UI approach

Not a mobile friendly framework Developed considering mobile platform

Difficulty in SEO friendly application

Ease to create SEO friendly applications
development

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3. What is TypeScript?
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft
that adds optional types, classes, async/await, and many other
features, and compiles to plain JavaScript. Angular built entirely in
TypeScript and used as a primary language. You can install it
globally as

npm install -g typescript

 Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeter(person: string) {

return "Hello, " + person;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

document.body.innerHTML = greeter(user);

The greeter method allows only string type as argument.

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4. Write a pictorial diagram of Angular

architecture?
The main building blocks of an Angular application is shown in the
below
diagram

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5. What are the key components of Angular?

Angular has the below key components,

i. Component: These are the basic building blocks of angular

application to control HTML views.
 ii. Modules: An angular module is set of angular basic building
blocks like component, directives, services etc. An application
is divided into logical pieces and each piece of code is called
as "module" which perform a single task.
iii. Templates: This represent the views of an Angular
application.
iv. Services: It is used to create components which can be
shared across the entire application.
v. Metadata: This can be used to add more data to an Angular
class.

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6. What are directives?

Directives add behaviour to an existing DOM element or an existing
component instance.

import { Directive, ElementRef, Input } from '@angular/core';

@Directive({ selector: '[myHighlight]' })

export class HighlightDirective {
constructor(el: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}
}

Now this directive extends HTML element behavior with a yellow

background as below

<p myHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

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7. What are components?

Components are the most basic UI building block of an Angular app
which formed a tree of Angular components. These components are
subset of directives. Unlike directives, components always have a
template and only one component can be instantiated per an
element in a template. Let's see a simple example of Angular
component

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: ` <div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular6 with examples</div>
</div> `,
 })

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Welcome to Angular world';
}

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8. What are the differences between Component

and Directive?
In a short note, A component(@component) is a directive-with-a-
template.

Some of the major differences are mentioned in a tabular form

Component Directive

To register a component we use To register directives we use

@Component meta-data annotation @Directive meta-data annotation

Components are typically used to create UI Directive is used to add behavior to

widgets an existing DOM element

Component is used to break up the Directive is use to design re-usable

application into smaller components components

Only one component can be present per Many directives can be used per
DOM element DOM element

@View decorator or templateurl/template are

Directive doesn't use View
mandatory

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9. What is a template?
A template is a HTML view where you can display data by binding
controls to properties of an Angular component. You can store your
component's template in one of two places. You can define it inline
using the template property, or you can define the template in a
separate HTML file and link to it in the component metadata using
the @Component decorator's templateUrl property.

Using inline template with template syntax,

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

 @Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
template: '
<div>
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<div>Learn Angular</div>
</div>
'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

Using separate template file such as app.component.html

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component ({
selector: 'my-app',
templateUrl: 'app/app.component.html'
})

export class AppComponent {

title: string = 'Hello World';
}

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10. What is a module?

Modules are logical boundaries in your application and the
application is divided into separate modules to separate the
functionality of your application. Lets take an example
of app.module.ts root module declared
with @NgModule decorator as below,

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';

import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

@NgModule ({
imports: [ BrowserModule ],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ],
providers: []
})
export class AppModule { }

The NgModule decorator has five important(among all) options

i. The imports option is used to import other dependent

modules. The BrowserModule is required by default for any
web based angular application
 ii. The declarations option is used to define components in the
respective module
iii. The bootstrap option tells Angular which Component to
bootstrap in the application
iv. The providers option is used to configure set of injectable
objects that are available in the injector of this module.
v. The entryComponents option is a set of components
dynamically loaded into the view.

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11. What are lifecycle hooks available?

Angular application goes through an entire set of processes or has a
lifecycle right from its initiation to the end of the application. The
representation of lifecycle in pictorial representation as follows,

The description of each lifecycle method is as below,

i. ngOnChanges: When the value of a data bound property

changes, then this method is called.
ii. ngOnInit: This is called whenever the initialization of the
directive/component after Angular first displays the data-
bound properties happens.
iii. ngDoCheck: This is for the detection and to act on changes
that Angular can't or won't detect on its own.
iv. ngAfterContentInit: This is called in response after Angular
projects external content into the component's view.
v. ngAfterContentChecked: This is called in response after
Angular checks the content projected into the component.
vi. ngAfterViewInit: This is called in response after Angular
initializes the component's views and child views.
vii. ngAfterViewChecked: This is called in response after
Angular checks the component's views and child views.
 viii. ngOnDestroy: This is the cleanup phase just before Angular
destroys the directive/component.

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12. What is a data binding?

Data binding is a core concept in Angular and allows to define
communication between a component and the DOM, making it very
easy to define interactive applications without worrying about
pushing and pulling data. There are four forms of data
binding(divided as 3 categories) which differ in the way the data is
flowing.

i. From the Component to the DOM:

Interpolation: {{ value }}: Adds the value of a property

from the component

<li>Name: {{ user.name }}</li>

<li>Address: {{ user.address }}</li>

Property binding: [property]=”value”: The value is passed

from the component to the specified property or simple HTML
attribute

<input type="email" [value]="user.email">

ii. From the DOM to the Component: Event binding:

(event)=”function”: When a specific DOM event happens
(eg.: click, change, keyup), call the specified method in the
component

<button (click)="logout()"></button>

iii. Two-way binding: Two-way data

binding: [(ngModel)]=”value”: Two-way data binding allows
to have the data flow both ways. For example, in the below
code snippet, both the email DOM input and component email
property are in sync

<input type="email" [(ngModel)]="user.email">

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13. What is metadata?

Metadata is used to decorate a class so that it can configure the
expected behavior of the class. The metadata is represented by
decorators
 i. Class decorators, e.g. @Component and @NgModule
ii. import { NgModule, Component } from '@angular/core';
iii.
iv. @Component({
v. selector: 'my-component',
vi. template: '<div>Class decorator</div>',
vii. })
viii. export class MyComponent {
ix. constructor() {
x. console.log('Hey I am a component!');
xi. }
xii. }
xiii.
xiv. @NgModule({
xv. imports: [],
xvi. declarations: [],
xvii. })
xviii. export class MyModule {
xix. constructor() {
xx. console.log('Hey I am a module!');
xxi. }
}

xxii. Property decorators Used for properties inside classes, e.g.

@Input and @Output
xxiii. import { Component, Input } from '@angular/core';
xxiv.
xxv. @Component({
xxvi. selector: 'my-component',
xxvii. template: '<div>Property decorator</div>'
xxviii. })
xxix.
xxx. export class MyComponent {
xxxi. @Input()
xxxii. title: string;
}

xxxiii. Method decorators Used for methods inside classes, e.g.

@HostListener
xxxiv. import { Component, HostListener } from '@angular/core';
xxxv.
xxxvi. @Component({
xxxvii. selector: 'my-component',
xxxviii. template: '<div>Method decorator</div>'
xxxix. })
xl. export class MyComponent {
xli. @HostListener('click', ['$event'])
xlii. onHostClick(event: Event) {
xliii. // clicked, `event` available
xliv. }
}

xlv. Parameter decorators Used for parameters inside class

constructors, e.g. @Inject, Optional
xlvi. import { Component, Inject } from '@angular/core';
xlvii. import { MyService } from './my-service';
xlviii.
xlix. @Component({
 l. selector: 'my-component',
li. template: '<div>Parameter decorator</div>'
lii. })
liii. export class MyComponent {
liv. constructor(@Inject(MyService) myService) {
lv. console.log(myService); // MyService
lvi. }
}

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14. What is angular CLI?

Angular CLI(Command Line Interface) is a command line interface
to scaffold and build angular apps using nodejs style (commonJs)
modules. You need to install using below npm command,

npm install @angular/cli@latest

Below are the list of few commands, which will come handy while
creating angular projects

i. Creating New Project: ng new

ii. Generating Components, Directives & Services: ng

generate/g The different types of commands would be,

 ng generate class my-new-class: add a class to your

application
 ng generate component my-new-component: add a
component to your application
 ng generate directive my-new-directive: add a directive
to your application
 ng generate enum my-new-enum: add an enum to your
application
 ng generate module my-new-module: add a module to
your application
 ng generate pipe my-new-pipe: add a pipe to your
application
 ng generate service my-new-service: add a service to
your application

iii. Running the Project: ng serve

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15. What is the difference between constructor

and ngOnInit?
 TypeScript classes has a default method called constructor which is
normally used for the initialization purpose. Whereas ngOnInit
method is specific to Angular, especially used to define Angular
bindings. Even though constructor getting called first, it is preferred
to move all of your Angular bindings to ngOnInit method. In order to
use ngOnInit, you need to implement OnInit interface as below,

export class App implements OnInit{

constructor(){
//called first time before the ngOnInit()
}

ngOnInit(){
//called after the constructor and called after the first
ngOnChanges()
}
}

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16. What is a service?

A service is used when a common functionality needs to be provided
to various modules. Services allow for greater separation of
concerns for your application and better modularity by allowing you
to extract common functionality out of components.

Let's create a repoService which can be used across components,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

import { Http } from '@angular/http';

@Injectable({ // The Injectable decorator is required for dependency

injection to work
// providedIn option registers the service with a specific NgModule
providedIn: 'root', // This declares the service with the root app
(AppModule)
})
export class RepoService{
constructor(private http: Http){
}

fetchAll(){
return this.http.get('https://api.github.com/repositories');
}
}

The above service uses Http service as a dependency.

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17. What is dependency injection in Angular?

 Dependency injection (DI), is an important application design
pattern in which a class asks for dependencies from external
sources rather than creating them itself. Angular comes with its own
dependency injection framework for resolving
dependencies( services or objects that a class needs to perform its
function).So you can have your services depend on other services
throughout your application.

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18. How is Dependency Hierarchy formed?

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19. What is the purpose of async pipe?

The AsyncPipe subscribes to an observable or promise and returns
the latest value it has emitted. When a new value is emitted, the
pipe marks the component to be checked for changes.

Let's take a time observable which continuously updates the view

for every 2 seconds with the current time.

@Component({
selector: 'async-observable-pipe',
template: `<div><code>observable|async</code>:
Time: {{ time | async }}</div>`
})
export class AsyncObservablePipeComponent {
time = new Observable(observer =>
setInterval(() => observer.next(new Date().toString()), 2000)
);
}

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20. What is the option to choose between inline

and external template file?
You can store your component's template in one of two places. You
can define it inline using the template property, or you can define
the template in a separate HTML file and link to it in the component
metadata using
the @Component decorator's templateUrl property.

The choice between inline and separate HTML is a matter of taste,

circumstances, and organization policy. But normally we use inline
template for small portion of code and external template file for
bigger views. By default, the Angular CLI generates components
 with a template file. But you can override that with the below
command,

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ng generate component hero -it

21. What is the purpose of ngFor directive?

We use Angular ngFor directive in the template to display each item
in the list. For example, here we iterate over list of users,

<li *ngFor="let user of users">

{{ user }}
</li>

The user variable in the ngFor double-quoted instruction is

a template input variable

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22. What is the purpose of ngIf directive?

Sometimes an app needs to display a view or a portion of a view
only under specific circumstances. The Angular ngIf directive inserts
or removes an element based on a truthy/falsy condition. Let's take
an example to display a message if the user age is more than 18,

<p *ngIf="user.age > 18">You are not eligible for student pass!</p>

Note: Angular isn't showing and hiding the message. It is adding

and removing the paragraph element from the DOM. That improves
performance, especially in the larger projects with many data
bindings.

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23. What happens if you use script tag inside

template?
Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes
it, which removes the script tag but keeps safe content such as the
text content of the script tag. This way it eliminates the risk of
script injection attacks. If you still use it then it will be ignored and a
warning appears in the browser console.

Let's take an example of innerHtml property binding which causes

XSS vulnerability,

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

 // For example, a user/attacker-controlled value from a URL.
htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("0wned")</script>
<b>Syntax</b>';
}

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24. What is interpolation?

Interpolation is a special syntax that Angular converts into property
binding. It’s a convenient alternative to property binding. It is
represented by double curly braces({{}}). The text between the
braces is often the name of a component property. Angular replaces
that name with the string value of the corresponding component
property.

Let's take an example,

<h3>
{{title}}
<img src="{{url}}" style="height:30px">
</h3>

In the example above, Angular evaluates the title and url properties
and fills in the blanks, first displaying a bold application title and
then a URL.

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25. What are template expressions?

A template expression produces a value similar to any Javascript
expression. Angular executes the expression and assigns it to a
property of a binding target; the target might be an HTML element,
a component, or a directive. In the property binding, a template
expression appears in quotes to the right of the = symbol as in
[property]="expression". In interpolation syntax, the template
expression is surrounded by double curly braces. For example, in
the below interpolation, the template expression is {{username}},

<h3>{{username}}, welcome to Angular</h3>

The below javascript expressions are prohibited in template

expression

i. assignments (=, +=, -=, ...)

ii. new
iii. chaining expressions with ; or ,
iv. increment and decrement operators (++ and --)
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26. What are template statements?

A template statement responds to an event raised by a binding
target such as an element, component, or directive. The template
statements appear in quotes to the right of the = symbol
like (event)="statement".

Let's take an example of button click event's statement

<button (click)="editProfile()">Edit Profile</button>

In the above expression, editProfile is a template statement. The

below JavaScript syntax expressions are not allowed.

i. new
ii. increment and decrement operators, ++ and --
iii. operator assignment, such as += and -=
iv. the bitwise operators | and &
v. the template expression operators

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27. How do you categorize data binding types?

Binding types can be grouped into three categories distinguished by
the direction of data flow. They are listed as below,

i. From the source-to-view

ii. From view-to-source
iii. View-to-source-to-view

The possible binding syntax can be tabularized as below,

Data direction Syntax Type

1. {{expression}} 2. Interpolation,
From the source-
[target]="expression" 3. bind- Property, Attribute,
to-view(One-way)
target="expression" Class, Style
 Data direction Syntax Type

From view-to- 1. (target)="statement" 2. on-

Event
source(One-way) target="statement"

View-to-source- 1. [(target)]="expression" 2. bindon-

Two-way
to-view(Two-way) target="expression"

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28. What are pipes?

A pipe takes in data as input and transforms it to a desired output.
For example, let us take a pipe to transform a component's birthday
property into a human-friendly date using date pipe.

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date }}</p>`
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18); // June 18, 1987
}

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29. What is a parameterized pipe?

A pipe can accept any number of optional parameters to fine-tune
its output. The parameterized pipe can be created by declaring the
pipe name with a colon ( : ) and then the parameter value. If the
pipe accepts multiple parameters, separate the values with colons.
Let's take a birthday example with a particular format(dd/MM/yyyy):

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday |
date:'dd/MM/yyyy'}}</p>` // 18/06/1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

Note: The parameter value can be any valid template expression,

such as a string literal or a component property.

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 30. How do you chain pipes?
You can chain pipes together in potentially useful combinations as
per the needs. Let's take a birthday property which uses date
pipe(along with parameter) and uppercase pipes as below

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
selector: 'app-birthday',
template: `<p>Birthday is {{ birthday | date:'fullDate' |
uppercase}} </p>` // THURSDAY, JUNE 18, 1987
})
export class BirthdayComponent {
birthday = new Date(1987, 6, 18);
}

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31. What is a custom pipe?

Apart from built-inn pipes, you can write your own custom pipe with
the below key characteristics,

i. A pipe is a class decorated with pipe

metadata @Pipe decorator, which you import from the core
Angular library For example,

@Pipe({name: 'myCustomPipe'})

ii. The pipe class implements the PipeTransform interface's

transform method that accepts an input value followed by
optional parameters and returns the transformed value. The
structure of pipeTransform would be as below,
iii. interface PipeTransform {
iv. transform(value: any, ...args: any[]): any
}

v. The @Pipe decorator allows you to define the pipe name that
you'll use within template expressions. It must be a valid
JavaScript identifier.

template: `{{someInputValue | myCustomPipe: someOtherValue}}`

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32. Give an example of custom pipe?

You can create custom reusable pipes for the transformation of
existing value. For example, let us create a custom pipe for finding
file size based on an extension,
 import { Pipe, PipeTransform } from '@angular/core';

@Pipe({name: 'customFileSizePipe'})
export class FileSizePipe implements PipeTransform {
transform(size: number, extension: string = 'MB'): string {
return (size / (1024 * 1024)).toFixed(2) + extension;
}
}

Now you can use the above pipe in template expression as below,

template: `
<h2>Find the size of a file</h2>
<p>Size: {{288966 | customFileSizePipe: 'GB'}}</p>
`

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33. What is the difference between pure and

impure pipe?
A pure pipe is only called when Angular detects a change in the
value or the parameters passed to a pipe. For example, any changes
to a primitive input value (String, Number, Boolean, Symbol) or a
changed object reference (Date, Array, Function, Object). An impure
pipe is called for every change detection cycle no matter whether
the value or parameters changes. i.e, An impure pipe is called often,
as often as every keystroke or mouse-move.

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34. What is a bootstrapping module?

Every application has at least one Angular module, the root module
that you bootstrap to launch the application is called as
bootstrapping module. It is commonly known as AppModule. The
default structure of AppModule generated by AngularCLI would be
as follows,

```javascript
/* JavaScript imports */
import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

import { AppComponent } from './app.component';

/* the AppModule class with the @NgModule decorator */

@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
 imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule { }

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```

35. What are observables?

Observables are declarative which provide support for passing
messages between publishers and subscribers in your application.
They are mainly used for event handling, asynchronous
programming, and handling multiple values. In this case, you define
a function for publishing values, but it is not executed until a
consumer subscribes to it. The subscribed consumer then receives
notifications until the function completes, or until they unsubscribe.

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36. What is HttpClient and its benefits?

Most of the Front-end applications communicate with backend
services over HTTP protocol using either XMLHttpRequest interface
or the fetch() API. Angular provides a simplified client HTTP API
known as HttpClient which is based on top of XMLHttpRequest
interface. This client is avaialble from @angular/common/http package.
You can import in your root module as below,
import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

The major advantages of HttpClient can be listed as below,

i. Contains testability features

ii. Provides typed request and response objects
iii. Intercept request and response
iv. Supports Observalbe APIs
v. Supports streamlined error handling

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37. Explain on how to use HttpClient with an

example?
Below are the steps need to be followed for the usage of HttpClient.
 i. Import HttpClient into root module:
ii. import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';
iii. @NgModule({
iv. imports: [
v. BrowserModule,
vi. // import HttpClientModule after BrowserModule.
vii. HttpClientModule,
viii. ],
ix. ......
x. })
export class AppModule {}

xi. Inject the HttpClient into the application: Let's create a

userProfileService(userprofile.service.ts) as an example. It
also defines get method of HttpClient
xii. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
xiii. import { HttpClient } from '@angular/common/http';
xiv.
xv. const userProfileUrl: string = 'assets/data/profile.json';
xvi.
xvii. @Injectable()
xviii. export class UserProfileService {
xix. constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }
xx.
xxi. getUserProfile() {
xxii. return this.http.get(this.userProfileUrl);
xxiii. }
}

xxiv. Create a component for subscribing service: Let's create a

component called
UserProfileComponent(userprofile.component.ts) which inject
UserProfileService and invokes the service method,
xxv. fetchUserProfile() {
xxvi. this.userProfileService.getUserProfile()
xxvii. .subscribe((data: User) => this.user = {
xxviii. id: data['userId'],
xxix. name: data['firstName'],
xxx. city: data['city']
xxxi. });
}

Since the above service method returns an Observable which needs

to be subscribed in the component.

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38. How can you read full response?

The response body doesn't may not return full response data
because sometimes servers also return special headers or status
code which which are important for the application workflow.
Inorder to get full response, you should use observe option from
HttpClient,
 getUserResponse(): Observable<HttpResponse<User>> {
return this.http.get<User>(
this.userUrl, { observe: 'response' });
}

Now HttpClient.get() method returns an Observable of typed

HttpResponse rather than just the JSON data.

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39. How do you perform Error handling?

If the request fails on the server or failed to reach the server due to
network issues then HttpClient will return an error object instead of
a successful reponse. In this case, you need to handle in the
component by passing error object as a second callback to
subscribe() method.

Let's see how it can be handled in the component with an example,

fetchUser() {
this.userService.getProfile()
.subscribe(
(data: User) => this.userProfile = { ...data }, // success path
error => this.error = error // error path
);
}

It is always a good idea to give the user some meaningful feedback

instead of displaying the raw error object returned from HttpClient.

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40. What is RxJS?

RxJS is a library for composing asynchronous and callback-based
code in a functional, reactive style using Observables. Many APIs
such as HttpClient produce and consume RxJS Observables and also
uses operators for processing observables.

For example, you can import observables and operators for using
HttpClient as below,

import { Observable, throwError } from 'rxjs';

import { catchError, retry } from 'rxjs/operators';

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41. What is subscribing?

An Observable instance begins publishing values only when
someone subscribes to it. So you need to subscribe by calling
 the subscribe() method of the instance, passing an observer object
to receive the notifications.

Let's take an example of creating and subscribing to a simple

observable, with an observer that logs the received message to the
console.

Creates an observable sequence of 5 integers, starting from 1

const source = range(1, 5);

// Create observer object

const myObserver = {
next: x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
error: err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
complete: () => console.log('Observer got a complete
notification'),
};

// Execute with the observer object and Prints out each item
source.subscribe(myObserver);
// => Observer got a next value: 1
// => Observer got a next value: 2
// => Observer got a next value: 3
// => Observer got a next value: 4
// => Observer got a next value: 5
// => Observer got a complete notification

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42. What is an observable?

An Observable is a unique Object similar to a Promise that can help
manage async code. Observables are not part of the JavaScript
language so we need to rely on a popular Observable library called
RxJS. The observables are created using new keyword.

Let see the simple example of observable,

import { Observable } from 'rxjs';

const observable = new Observable(observer => {

setTimeout(() => {
observer.next('Hello from a Observable!');
}, 2000);
});

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43. What is an observer?

Observer is an interface for a consumer of push-based notifications
delivered by an Observable. It has below structure,

interface Observer<T> {
 closed?: boolean;
next: (value: T) => void;
error: (err: any) => void;
complete: () => void;
}

A handler that implements the Observer interface for receiving

observable notifications will be passed as a parameter for
observable as below,

myObservable.subscribe(myObserver);

Note: If you don't supply a handler for a notification type, the

observer ignores notifications of that type.

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44. What is the difference between promise and

observable?
Below are the list of differences between promise and observable,

Observable Promise

Declarative: Computation does not start until subscription Execute immediately

so that they can be run whenever you need the result on creation

Provide multiple values over time Provide only one

Subscribe method is used for error handling which makes Push errors to the
centralized and predictable error handling child promises

Provides chaining and subscription to handle complex Uses only .then()

applications clause

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45. What is multicasting?

Multi-casting is the practice of broadcasting to a list of multiple
subscribers in a single execution.

Let's demonstrate the multi-casting feature,

var source = Rx.Observable.from([1, 2, 3]);

var subject = new Rx.Subject();
var multicasted = source.multicast(subject);

// These are, under the hood, `subject.subscribe({...})`:

 multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerA: ' + v)
});
multicasted.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log('observerB: ' + v)
});

// This is, under the hood, `s

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46. How do you perform error handling in

observables?
You can handle errors by specifying an error callback on the
observer instead of relying on try/catch which are ineffective in
asynchronous environment.

For example, you can define error callback as below,

myObservable.subscribe({
next(num) { console.log('Next num: ' + num)},
error(err) { console.log('Received an errror: ' + err)}
});

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47. What is the short hand notation for

subscribe method?
The subscribe() method can accept callback function definitions in
line, for next, error, and complete handlers is known as short hand
notation or Subscribe method with positional arguments.

For example, you can define subscribe method as below,

myObservable.subscribe(
x => console.log('Observer got a next value: ' + x),
err => console.error('Observer got an error: ' + err),
() => console.log('Observer got a complete notification')
);

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48. What are the utility functions provided by

RxJS?
The RxJS library also provides below utility functions for creating and
working with observables.

i. Converting existing code for async operations into

observables
 ii. Iterating through the values in a stream
iii. Mapping values to different types
iv. Filtering streams
v. Composing multiple streams

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49. What are observable creation functions?

RxJS provides creation functions for the process of creating
observables from things such as promises, events, timers and Ajax
requests. Let us explain each of them with an example,

i. Create an observable from a promise

ii. import { from } from 'rxjs'; // from function
iii. const data = from(fetch('/api/endpoint')); //Created from
Promise
iv. data.subscribe({
v. next(response) { console.log(response); },
vi. error(err) { console.error('Error: ' + err); },
vii. complete() { console.log('Completed'); }
});

viii. Create an observable that creates an AJAX request

ix. import { ajax } from 'rxjs/ajax'; // ajax function
x. const apiData = ajax('/api/data'); // Created from AJAX request
xi. // Subscribe to create the request
apiData.subscribe(res => console.log(res.status,
res.response));

xii. Create an observable from a counter

xiii. import { interval } from 'rxjs'; // interval function
xiv. const secondsCounter = interval(1000); // Created from Counter
value
xv. secondsCounter.subscribe(n =>
console.log(`Counter value: ${n}`));

xvi. Create an observable from an event

xvii. import { fromEvent } from 'rxjs';
xviii. const el = document.getElementById('custom-element');
xix. const mouseMoves = fromEvent(el, 'mousemove');
xx. const subscription = mouseMoves.subscribe((e: MouseEvent) => {
xxi. console.log(`Coordnitaes of mouse pointer: ${e.clientX} * $
{e.clientY}`);
});

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50. What will happen if you do not supply

handler for observer?
Normally an observer object can define any combination of next,
error and complete notification type handlers. If you don't supply a
 handler for a notification type, the observer just ignores notifications
of that type.

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51. What are angular elements?

Angular elements are Angular components packaged as custom
elements(a web standard for defining new HTML elements in a
framework-agnostic way). Angular Elements hosts an Angular
component, providing a bridge between the data and logic defined
in the component and standard DOM APIs, thus, providing a way to
use Angular components in non-Angular environments.

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52. What is the browser support of Angular

Elements?
Since Angular elements are packaged as custom elements the
browser support of angular elements is same as custom elements
support.

This feature is is currently supported natively in a number of

browsers and pending for other browsers.

Browse
Angular Element Support
r

Chrome Natively supported

Opera Natively supported

Safari Natively supported

Natively supported from 63 version onwards. You need to enable

Firefox dom.webcomponents.enabled and
dom.webcomponents.customelements.enabled in older browsers

Edge Currently it is in progress

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53. What are custom elements?

 Custom elements (or Web Components) are a Web Platform feature
which extends HTML by allowing you to define a tag whose content
is created and controlled by JavaScript code. The browser maintains
a CustomElementRegistry of defined custom elements, which maps an
instantiable JavaScript class to an HTML tag. Currently this feature is
supported by Chrome, Firefox, Opera, and Safari, and available in
other browsers through polyfills.

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54. Do I need to bootstrap custom elements?

No, custom elements bootstrap (or start) automatically when they
are added to the DOM, and are automatically destroyed when
removed from the DOM. Once a custom element is added to the
DOM for any page, it looks and behaves like any other HTML
element, and does not require any special knowledge of Angular.

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55. Explain how custom elements works

internally?
Below are the steps in an order about custom elements
functionality,

i. App registers custom element with browser: Use

the createCustomElement() function to convert a component into
a class that can be registered with the browser as a custom
element.
ii. App adds custom element to DOM: Add custom element
just like a built-in HTML element directly into the DOM.
iii. Browser instantiate component based class: Browser
creates an instance of the registered class and adds it to the
DOM.
iv. Instance provides content with data binding and
change detection: The content with in template is rendered
using the component and DOM data. The flow chart of the
custom elements functionality would be as follows,
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56. How to transfer components to custom

elements?
Transforming components to custom elements involves two major
steps,

i. Build custom element class: Angular provides

the createCustomElement() function for converting an Angular
component (along with its dependencies) to a custom
element. The conversion process
implements NgElementConstructor interface, and creates a
constructor class which is used to produce a self-
bootstrapping instance of Angular component.
ii. Register element class with browser: It
uses customElements.define() JS function, to register the
configured constructor and its associated custom-element tag
with the browser's CustomElementRegistry. When the browser
encounters the tag for the registered element, it uses the
constructor to create a custom-element instance.
 The detailed structure would be as
follows,

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57. What are the mapping rules between

Angular component and custom element?
The Component properties and logic maps directly into HTML
attributes and the browser's event system. Let us describe them in
two steps,

i. The createCustomElement() API parses the component input

properties with corresponding attributes for the custom
element. For example, component @Input('myInputProp')
converted as custom element attribute my-input-prop.
ii. The Component outputs are dispatched as HTML Custom
Events, with the name of the custom event matching the
output name. For example, component @Output()
valueChanged = new EventEmitter() converted as custom
element with dispatch event as "valueChanged".

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58. How do you define typings for custom

elements?
 You can use the NgElement and WithProperties types exported from
@angular/elements.

Let's see how it can be applied by comparing with Angular

component.

i. The simple container with input property would be as below,

ii. @Component(...)
iii. class MyContainer {
iv. @Input() message: string;
}

v. After applying types typescript validates input value and their

types,
vi. const container = document.createElement('my-container') as
NgElement & WithProperties<{message: string}>;
vii. container.message = 'Welcome to Angular elements!';
viii. container.message = true; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows this
should be a string.
ix. container.greet = 'News'; // <-- ERROR: TypeScript knows there

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is no `greet` property on `container`.

59. What are dynamic components?

Dynamic components are the components in which components
location in the application is not defined at build time.i.e, They are
not used in any angular template. But the component is instantiated
and placed in the application at runtime.

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60. What are the various kinds of directives?

There are mainly three kinds of directives,

i. Components — These are directives with a template.

ii. Structural directives — These directives change the DOM
layout by adding and removing DOM elements.
iii. Attribute directives — These directives change the
appearance or behavior of an element, component, or another
directive.

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61. How do you create directives using CLI?

You can use CLI command ng generate directive to create the
directive class file. It creates the source
 file(src/app/components/directivename.directive.ts), the respective
test file(.spec.ts) and declare the directive class file in root module.

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62. Give an example for attribute directives?

Let's take simple highlighter behavior as a example directive for
DOM element. You can create and apply the attribute directive using
below steps,

i. Create HighlightDirective class with the file

name src/app/highlight.directive.ts. In this file, we need to
import Directive from core library to apply the metadata
and ElementRef in the directive's constructor to inject a
reference to the host DOM element ,
ii. import { Directive, ElementRef } from '@angular/core';
iii.
iv. @Directive({
v. selector: '[appHighlight]'
vi. })
vii. export class HighlightDirective {
viii. constructor(el: ElementRef) {
ix. el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'red';
x. }
}

xi. Apply the attribute directive as an attribute to the host

element(for example,

<p appHighlight>Highlight me!</p>

xii. Run the application to see the highlight behavior on

paragraph element

ng serve

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63. What is Angular Router?

Angular Router is a mechanism in which navigation happens from
one view to the next as users perform application tasks. It borrows
the concepts or model of browser's application navigation.

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64. What is the purpose of base href tag?

 The routing application should add element to the index.html as the
first child in the tag in order to indicate how to compose navigation
URLs. If app folder is the application root then you can set the href
value as below

<base href="/">

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65. What are the router imports?

The Angular Router which represents a particular component view
for a given URL is not part of Angular Core. It is available in library
named @angular/router to import required router components. For
example, we import them in app module as below,
import { RouterModule, Routes } from '@angular/router';

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66. What is router outlet?

The RouterOutlet is a directive from the router library and it acts as
a placeholder that marks the spot in the template where the router
should display the components for that outlet. Router outlet is used
like a component,

<router-outlet></router-outlet>
<!-- Routed components go here -->

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67. What are router links?

The RouterLink is a directive on the anchor tags give the router
control over those elements. Since the navigation paths are fixed,
you can assign string values to router-link directive as below,

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" >List of todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" >Completed todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

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68. What are active router links?

RouterLinkActive is a directive that toggles css classes for active
RouterLink bindings based on the current RouterState. i.e, the
Router will add CSS classes when this link is active and and remove
 when the link is inactive. For example, you can add them to
RouterLinks as below

<h1>Angular Router</h1>
<nav>
<a routerLink="/todosList" routerLinkActive="active">List of
todos</a>
<a routerLink="/completed" routerLinkActive="active">Completed
todos</a>
</nav>
<router-outlet></router-outlet>

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69. What is router state?

RouterState is a tree of activated routes. Every node in this tree
knows about the "consumed" URL segments, the extracted
parameters, and the resolved data. You can access the current
RouterState from anywhere in the application using the Router
service and the routerState property.
@Component({templateUrl:'template.html'})
class MyComponent {
constructor(router: Router) {
const state: RouterState = router.routerState;
const root: ActivatedRoute = state.root;
const child = root.firstChild;
const id: Observable<string> = child.params.map(p => p.id);
//...
}
}

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70. What are router events?

During each navigation, the Router emits navigation events through
the Router.events property allowing you to track the lifecycle of the
route.

The sequence of router events is as below,

i. NavigationStart,
ii. RouteConfigLoadStart,
iii. RouteConfigLoadEnd,
iv. RoutesRecognized,
v. GuardsCheckStart,
vi. ChildActivationStart,
vii. ActivationStart,
viii. GuardsCheckEnd,
ix. ResolveStart,
 x. ResolveEnd,
xi. ActivationEnd
xii. ChildActivationEnd
xiii. NavigationEnd,
xiv. NavigationCancel,
xv. NavigationError
xvi. Scroll

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71. What is activated route?

ActivatedRoute contains the information about a route associated
with a component loaded in an outlet. It can also be used to
traverse the router state tree. The ActivatedRoute will be injected as
a router service to access the information. In the below example,
you can access route path and parameters,

@Component({...})
class MyComponent {
constructor(route: ActivatedRoute) {
const id: Observable<string> = route.params.pipe(map(p => p.id));
const url: Observable<string> = route.url.pipe(map(segments =>
segments.join('')));
// route.data includes both `data` and `resolve`
const user = route.data.pipe(map(d => d.user));
}
}

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72. How do you define routes?

A router must be configured with a list of route definitions. You
configures the router with routes via
the RouterModule.forRoot() method, and adds the result to the
AppModule's imports array.
const appRoutes: Routes = [
{ path: 'todo/:id', component: TodoDetailComponent },
{
path: 'todos',
component: TodosListComponent,
data: { title: 'Todos List' }
},
{ path: '',
redirectTo: '/todos',
pathMatch: 'full'
},
{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }
];

@NgModule({
 imports: [
RouterModule.forRoot(
appRoutes,
{ enableTracing: true } // <-- debugging purposes only
)
// other imports here
],
...
})
export class AppModule { }

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73. What is the purpose of Wildcard route?

If the URL doesn't match any predefined routes then it causes the
router to throw an error and crash the app. In this case, you can use
wildcard route. A wildcard route has a path consisting of two
asterisks to match every URL.

For example, you can define PageNotFoundComponent for wildcard

route as below

{ path: '**', component: PageNotFoundComponent }

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74. Do I need a Routing Module always?

No, the Routing Module is a design choice. You can skip routing
Module (for example, AppRoutingModule) when the configuration is
simple and merge the routing configuration directly into the
companion module (for example, AppModule). But it is
recommended when the configuration is complex and includes
specialized guard and resolver services.

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75. What is Angular Universal?

Angular Universal is a server-side rendering module for Angular
applications in various scenarios. This is a community driven project
and available under @angular/platform-server package. Recently
Angular Universal is integrated with Angular CLI.

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76. What are different types of compilation in

Angular?
 Angular offers two ways to compile your application,

i. Just-in-Time (JIT)
ii. Ahead-of-Time (AOT)

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77. What is JIT?

Just-in-Time (JIT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app in
the browser at runtime. JIT compilation is the default when you run
the ng build (build only) or ng serve (build and serve locally) CLI
commands. i.e, the below commands used for JIT compilation,

ng build
ng serve

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78. What is AOT?

Ahead-of-Time (AOT) is a type of compilation that compiles your app
at build time. For AOT compilation, include the --aot option with the
ng build or ng serve command as below,
ng build --aot
ng serve --aot

Note: The ng build command with the --prod meta-flag ( ng build --

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prod) compiles with AOT by default.

79. Why do we need compilation process?

The Angular components and templates cannot be understood by
the browser directly. Due to that Angular applications require a
compilation process before they can run in a browser. For example,
In AOT compilation, both Angular HTML and TypeScript code
converted into efficient JavaScript code during the build phase
before browser runs it.

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80. What are the advantages with AOT?

Below are the list of AOT benefits,

i. Faster rendering: The browser downloads a pre-compiled

version of the application. So it can render the application
immediately without compiling the app.
 ii. Fewer asynchronous requests: It inlines external HTML
templates and CSS style sheets within the application
javascript which eliminates separate ajax requests.
iii. Smaller Angular framework download size: Doesn't
require downloading the Angular compiler. Hence it
dramatically reduces the application payload.
iv. Detect template errors earlier: Detects and reports
template binding errors during the build step itself
v. Better security: It compiles HTML templates and
components into JavaScript. So there won't be any injection
attacks.

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81. What are the ways to control AOT

compilation?
You can control your app compilation in two ways,

i. By providing template compiler options in

the tsconfig.json file
ii. By configuring Angular metadata with decorators

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82. What are the restrictions of metadata?

In Angular, You must write metadata with the following general
constraints,

i. Write expression syntax with in the supported range of

javascript features
ii. The compiler can only reference symbols which are exported
iii. Only call the functions supported by the compiler
iv. Decorated and data-bound class members must be public.

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83. What are the three phases of AOT?

The AOT compiler works in three phases,

i. Code Analysis: The compiler records a representation of the

source
ii. Code generation: It handles the interpretation as well as
places restrictions on what it interprets.
 iii. Validation: In this phase, the Angular template compiler uses
the TypeScript compiler to validate the binding expressions in
templates.

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84. Can I use arrow functions in AOT?

No, Arrow functions or lambda functions can’t be used to assign
values to the decorator properties. For example, the following
snippet is invalid:

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: () => getService()
}]
})

To fix this, it has to be changed as following exported function:

function getService(){
return new MyService();
}

@Component({
providers: [{
provide: MyService, useFactory: getService
}]
})

If you still use arrow function, it generates an error node in place of

the function. When the compiler later interprets this node, it reports
an error to turn the arrow function into an exported
function. Note: From Angular5 onwards, the compiler automatically
performs this rewriting while emitting the .js file.

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85. What is the purpose of metadata json files?

The metadata.json file can be treated as a diagram of the overall
structure of a decorator's metadata, represented as an abstract
syntax tree(AST). During the analysis phase, the AOT collector scan
the metadata recorded in the Angular decorators and outputs
metadata information in .metadata.json files, one per .d.ts file.

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86. Can I use any javascript feature for

expression syntax in AOT?
 No, the AOT collector understands a subset of (or limited) JavaScript
features. If an expression uses unsupported syntax, the collector
writes an error node to the .metadata.json file. Later point of time,
the compiler reports an error if it needs that piece of metadata to
generate the application code.

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87. What is folding?

The compiler can only resolve references to exported symbols in the
metadata. Where as some of the non-exported members are folded
while generating the code. i.e Folding is a process in which the
collector evaluate an expression during collection and record the
result in the .metadata.json instead of the original expression. For
example, the compiler couldn't refer selector reference because it is
not exported

let selector = 'app-root';

@Component({
selector: selector
})

Will be folded into inline selector

@Component({
selector: 'app-root'
})

Remember that the compiler can’t fold everything. For example,

spread operator on arrays, objects created using new keywords and
function calls.

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88. What are macros?

The AOT compiler supports macros in the form of functions or static
methods that return an expression in a single return expression. For
example, let us take a below macro function,
export function wrapInArray<T>(value: T): T[] {
return [value];
}

You can use it inside metadata as an expression,

@NgModule({
declarations: wrapInArray(TypicalComponent)
})
export class TypicalModule {}

The compiler treats the macro expression as it written directly

 @NgModule({
declarations: [TypicalComponent]
})
export class TypicalModule {}

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89. Give an example of few metadata errors?

Below are some of the errors encountered in metadata,

i. Expression form not supported: Some of the language

features outside of the compiler's restricted expression syntax
used in angular metadata can produce this error. Let's see
some of these examples,
ii. 1. export class User { ... }
iii. const prop = typeof User; // typeof is not valid in metadata
2. { provide: 'token', useValue: { [prop]: 'value' } }; //
bracket notation is not valid in metadata

iv. Reference to a local (non-exported) symbol: The

compiler encountered a referenced to a locally defined symbol
that either wasn't exported or wasn't initialized. Let's take
example of this error,
v. // ERROR
vi. let username: string; // neither exported nor initialized
vii.
viii. @Component({
ix. selector: 'my-component',
x. template: ... ,
xi. providers: [
xii. { provide: User, useValue: username }
xiii. ]
xiv. })
export class MyComponent {}

You can fix this by either exporting or initializing the value,

export let username: string; // exported

(or)
let username = 'John'; // initialized

xv. Function calls are not supported: The compiler does not
currently support function expressions or lambda functions.
For example, you cannot set a provider's useFactory to an
anonymous function or arrow function as below.
xvi. providers: [
xvii. { provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: function() { ... } },
xviii. { provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: () => { ... } }
]

You can fix this with exported function

export function myStrategy() { ... }

export function otherStrategy() { ... }
 ... // metadata
providers: [
{ provide: MyStrategy, useFactory: myStrategy },
{ provide: OtherStrategy, useFactory: otherStrategy },

xix. Destructured variable or constant not supported: The

compiler does not support references to variables assigned by
destructuring. For example, you cannot write something like
this:
xx. import { user } from './user';
xxi.
xxii. // destructured assignment to name and age
xxiii. const {name, age} = user;
xxiv. ... //metadata
xxv. providers: [
xxvi. {provide: Name, useValue: name},
xxvii. {provide: Age, useValue: age},
]

You can fix this by non-destructured values

import { user } from './user';

... //metadata
providers: [
{provide: Name, useValue: user.name},
{provide: Age, useValue: user.age},

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]

90. What is metadata rewriting?

Metadata rewriting is the process in which the compiler converts the
expression initializing the fields such as useClass, useValue,
useFactory, and data into an exported variable, which replaces the
expression. Remember that the compiler does this rewriting during
the emit of the .js file but not in definition files( .d.ts file).

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91. How do you provide configuration

inheritance?
Angular Compiler supports configuration inheritance through
extends in the tsconfig.json on angularCompilerOptions. i.e, The
configuration from the base file(for example, tsconfig.base.json) are
loaded first, then overridden by those in the inheriting config file.

{
"extends": "../tsconfig.base.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
 "angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

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92. How do you specify angular template

compiler options?
The angular template compiler options are specified as members of
the angularCompilerOptions object in the tsconfig.json file. These
options will be specified adjecent to typescript compiler options.

{
"compilerOptions": {
"experimentalDecorators": true,
...
},
"angularCompilerOptions": {
"fullTemplateTypeCheck": true,
"preserveWhitespaces": true,
...
}
}

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93. How do you enable binding expression

validation?
You can enable binding expression validation explicitly by adding
the compiler option fullTemplateTypeCheck in the
"angularCompilerOptions" of the project's tsconfig.json. It produces
error messages when a type error is detected in a template binding
expression.

For example, consider the following component:

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '{{user.contacts.email}}'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

This will produce the following error:

my.component.ts.MyComponent.html(1,1): : Property 'contacts' does not

exist on type 'User'. Did you mean 'contact'?
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94. What is the purpose of any type cast

function?
You can disable binding expression type checking using $any() type
cast function(by surrounding the expression). In the following
example, the error Property contacts does not exist is suppressed
by casting user to the any type.

template:
'{{ $any(user).contacts.email }}'

The $any() cast function also works with this to allow access to
undeclared members of the component.

template:
'{{ $any(this).contacts.email }}'

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95. What is Non null type assertion operator?

You can use the non-null type assertion operator to suppress the
Object is possibly 'undefined' error. In the following example, the
user and contact properties are always set together, implying that
contact is always non-null if user is non-null. The error is suppressed
in the example by using contact!.email.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.name}} contacted through
{{contact!.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
contact?: Contact;

setData(user: User, contact: Contact) {

this.user = user;
this.contact = contact;
}
}

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96. What is type narrowing?

The expression used in an ngIf directive is used to narrow type
unions in the Angular template compiler similar to if expression in
 typescript. So *ngIf allows the typeScript compiler to infer that the
data used in the binding expression will never be undefined.

@Component({
selector: 'my-component',
template: '<span *ngIf="user"> {{user.contact.email}} </span>'
})
class MyComponent {
user?: User;
}

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97. How do you describe various dependencies

in angular application?
The dependencies section of package.json with in an angular
application can be divided as follow,

i. Angular packages: Angular core and optional modules; their

package names begin @angular/.
ii. Support packages: Third-party libraries that must be
present for Angular apps to run.
iii. Polyfill packages: Polyfills plug gaps in a browser's
JavaScript implementation.

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98. What is zone?

A Zone is an execution context that persists across async tasks.
Angular relies on zone.js to run Angular's change detection
processes when native JavaScript operations raise events

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99. What is the purpose of common module?

The commonly-needed services, pipes, and directives provided by
@angular/common module. Apart from these HttpClientModule is
available under @angular/common/http.

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100. What is codelyzer?

Codelyzer provides set of tslint rules for static code analysis of
Angular TypeScript projects. ou can run the static code analyzer
 over web apps, NativeScript, Ionic etc. Angular CLI has support for
this and it can be use as below,

ng new codelyzer
ng lint

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101. What is angular animation?

Angular's animation system is built on CSS functionality in order to
animate any property that the browser considers animatable. These
properties includes positions, sizes, transforms, colors, borders etc.
The Angular modules for animations
are @angular/animations and @angular/platform-browser and
these dependencies are automatically added to your project when
you create a project using Angular CLI.

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102. What are the steps to use animation

module?
You need to follow below steps to implement animation in your
angular project,

i. Enabling the animations module: Import

BrowserAnimationsModule to add animation capabilities into
your Angular root application module(for example,
src/app/app.module.ts).
ii. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
iii. import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
iv. import { BrowserAnimationsModule } from '@angular/platform-
browser/animations';
v.
vi. @NgModule({
vii. imports: [
viii. BrowserModule,
ix. BrowserAnimationsModule
x. ],
xi. declarations: [ ],
xii. bootstrap: [ ]
xiii. })
export class AppModule { }

xiv. Importing animation functions into component

files: Import required animation functions from
@angular/animations in component files(for example,
src/app/app.component.ts).
xv. import {
xvi. trigger,
xvii. state,
 xviii. style,
xix. animate,
xx. transition,
xxi. // ...
} from '@angular/animations';

xxii. Adding the animation metadata property: add a

metadata property called animations: within the
@Component() decorator in component files(for example,
src/app/app.component.ts)
xxiii. @Component({
xxiv. selector: 'app-root',
xxv. templateUrl: 'app.component.html',
xxvi. styleUrls: ['app.component.css'],
xxvii. animations: [
xxviii. // animation triggers go here
xxix. ]
})

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103. What is State function?

Angular's state() function is used to define different states to call at
the end of each transition. This function takes two arguments: a
unique name like open or closed and a style() function.

For example, you can write a open state function

state('open', style({
height: '300px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'blue'
})),

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104. What is Style function?

The style function is used to define a set of styles to associate with
a given state name. You need to use it along with state() function to
set CSS style attributes. For example, in the close state, the button
has a height of 100 pixels, an opacity of 0.8, and a background color
of green.

state('close', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.8,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),

Note: The style attributes must be in camelCase.

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 105. What is the purpose of animate function?
Angular Animations are a powerful way to implement sophisticated
and compelling animations for your Angular single page web
application.

import { Component, OnInit, Input } from '@angular/core';

import { trigger, state, style, animate, transition } from
'@angular/animations';

@Component({
selector: 'app-animate',
templateUrl: `<div [@changeState]="currentState" class="myblock mx-
auto"></div>`,
styleUrls: `.myblock {
background-color: green;
width: 300px;
height: 250px;
border-radius: 5px;
margin: 5rem;
}`,
animations: [
trigger('changeState', [
state('state1', style({
backgroundColor: 'green',
transform: 'scale(1)'
})),
state('state2', style({
backgroundColor: 'red',
transform: 'scale(1.5)'
})),
transition('*=>state1', animate('300ms')),
transition('*=>state2', animate('2000ms'))
])
]
})
export class AnimateComponent implements OnInit {

@Input() currentState;

constructor() { }

ngOnInit() {
}
}

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106. What is transition function?

The animation transition function is used to specify the changes that
occur between one state and another over a period of time. It
accepts two arguments: the first argument accepts an expression
that defines the direction between two transition states, and the
second argument accepts an animate() function.
 Let's take an example state transition from open to closed with an
half second transition between states.

transition('open => closed', [

animate('500ms')
]),

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107. How to inject the dynamic script in angular?

Using DomSanitizer we can inject the dynamic Html,Style,Script,Url.

import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';

import { DomSanitizer } from '@angular/platform-browser';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<div [innerHtml]="htmlSnippet"></div>
`,
})
export class App {
constructor(protected sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {}
htmlSnippet: string =
this.sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustScript("<script>safeCode()</script>
");

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}

108. What is a service worker and its role in

Angular?
A service worker is a script that runs in the web browser and
manages caching for an application. Starting from 5.0.0 version,
Angular ships with a service worker implementation. Angular service
worker is designed to optimize the end user experience of using an
application over a slow or unreliable network connection, while also
minimizing the risks of serving outdated content.

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109. What are the design goals of service

workers?
Below are the list of design goals of Angular's service workers,

i. It caches an application just like installing a native application

ii. A running application continues to run with the same version
of all files without any incompatible files
iii. When you refresh the application, it loads the latest fully
cached version
 iv. When changes are published then it immediately updates in
the background
v. Service workers saves the bandwidth by downloading the
resources only when they changed.

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110. What are the differences between AngularJS

and Angular with respect to dependency
injection?
Dependency injection is a common component in both AngularJS
and Angular, but there are some key differences between the two
frameworks in how it actually works.

AngularJS Angular

Dependency injection tokens are Tokens can have different types. They are
always strings often classes and sometimes can be strings.

There is exactly one injector even There is a tree hierarchy of injectors, with a
though it is a multi-module root injector and an additional injector for
applications each component.

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111. What is Angular Ivy?

Angular Ivy is a new rendering engine for Angular. You can choose
to opt in a preview version of Ivy from Angular version 8.

i. You can enable ivy in a new project by using the --enable-ivy

flag with the ng new command

ng new ivy-demo-app --enable-ivy

ii. You can add it to an existing project by

adding enableIvy option in the angularCompilerOptions in your
project's tsconfig.app.json.
iii. {
iv. "compilerOptions": { ... },
v. "angularCompilerOptions": {
vi. "enableIvy": true
vii. }
}

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 112. What are the features included in ivy
preview?
You can expect below features with Ivy preview,

i. Generated code that is easier to read and debug at runtime

ii. Faster re-build time
iii. Improved payload size
iv. Improved template type checking

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113. Can I use AOT compilation with Ivy?

Yes, it is a recommended configuration. Also, AOT compilation with
Ivy is faster. So you need set the default build options(with in
angular.json) for your project to always use AOT compilation.

{
"projects": {
"my-project": {
"architect": {
"build": {
"options": {
...
"aot": true,
}
}
}
}
}
}

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114. What is Angular Language Service?

The Angular Language Service is a way to get completions, errors,
hints, and navigation inside your Angular templates whether they
are external in an HTML file or embedded in annotations/decorators
in a string. It has the ability to autodetect that you are opening an
Angular file, reads your tsconfig.json file, finds all the templates you
have in your application, and then provides all the language
services.

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115. How do you install angular language service

in the project?
 You can install Angular Language Service in your project with the
following npm command,

npm install --save-dev @angular/language-service

After that add the following to the "compilerOptions" section of your

project's tsconfig.json

"plugins": [
{"name": "@angular/language-service"}
]

Note: The completion and diagnostic services works for .ts files
only. You need to use custom plugins for supporting HTML files.

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116. Is there any editor support for Angular

Language Service?
Yes, Angular Language Service is currently available for Visual
Studio Code and WebStorm IDEs. You need to install angular
language service using an extension and devDependency
respectively. In sublime editor, you need to install typescript which
has has a language service plugin model.

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117. Explain the features provided by Angular

Language Service?
Basically there are 3 main features provided by Angular Language
Service,

i. Autocompletion: Autocompletion can speed up your

development time by providing you with contextual
possibilities and hints as you type with in an interpolation and
elements.

ii. Error checking: It can also warn you of mistakes in your

code.
 iii. Navigation: Navigation allows you to hover a component,
directive, module and then click and press F12 to go directly
to its definition.

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118. How do you add web workers in your

application?
You can add web worker anywhere in your application. For example,
If the file that contains your expensive computation
is src/app/app.component.ts, you can add a Web Worker using ng
generate web-worker app command which will
create src/app/app.worker.ts web worker file. This command will
perform below actions,

i. Configure your project to use Web Workers

ii. Adds app.worker.ts to receive messages
iii. addEventListener('message', ({ data }) => {
iv. const response = `worker response to ${data}`;
v. postMessage(response);
});

vi. The component app.component.ts file updated with web worker

file
vii. if (typeof Worker !== 'undefined') {
viii. // Create a new
ix. const worker = new Worker('./app.worker', { type:
'module' });
x. worker.onmessage = ({ data }) => {
xi. console.log('page got message: $\{data\}');
xii. };
xiii. worker.postMessage('hello');
 xiv. } else {
xv. // Web Workers are not supported in this environment.
}

Note: You may need to refactor your initial scaffolding web worker
code for sending messages to and from.

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119. What are the limitations with web workers?

You need to remember two important things when using Web
Workers in Angular projects,

i. Some environments or platforms(like @angular/platform-

server) used in Server-side Rendering, don't support Web
Workers. In this case you need to provide a fallback
mechanism to perform the computations to work in this
environments.
ii. Running Angular in web worker using @angular/platform-
webworker is not yet supported in Angular CLI.

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120. What is Angular CLI Builder?

In Angular8, the CLI Builder API is stable and available to developers
who want to customize the Angular CLI by adding or modifying
commands. For example, you could supply a builder to perform an
entirely new task, or to change which third-party tool is used by an
existing command.

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121. What is a builder?

A builder function ia a function that uses the Architect API to
perform a complex process such as "build" or "test". The builder
code is defined in an npm package. For example, BrowserBuilder
runs a webpack build for a browser target and KarmaBuilder starts
the Karma server and runs a webpack build for unit tests.

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122. How do you invoke a builder?

 The Angular CLI command ng run is used to invoke a builder with a
specific target configuration. The workspace configuration
file, angular.json, contains default configurations for built-in builders.

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123. How do you create app shell in Angular?

An App shell is a way to render a portion of your application via a
route at build time. This is useful to first paint of your application
that appears quickly because the browser can render static HTML
and CSS without the need to initialize JavaScript. You can achieve
this using Angular CLI which generates an app shell for running
server-side of your app.

ng generate appShell [options] (or)

ng g appShell [options]

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124. What are the case types in Angular?

Angular uses capitalization conventions to distinguish the names of
various types. Angular follows the list of the below case types.

i. camelCase : Symbols, properties, methods, pipe names, non-

component directive selectors, constants uses lowercase on
the first letter of the item. For example, "selectedUser"
ii. UpperCamelCase (or PascalCase): Class names, including
classes that define components, interfaces, NgModules,
directives, and pipes uses uppercase on the first letter of the
item.
iii. dash-case (or "kebab-case"): The descriptive part of file
names, component selectors uses dashes between the words.
For example, "app-user-list".
iv. UPPER_UNDERSCORE_CASE: All constants uses capital
letters connected with underscores. For example,
"NUMBER_OF_USERS".

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125. What are the class decorators in Angular?

A class decorator is a decorator that appears immediately before a
class definition, which declares the class to be of the given type,
and provides metadata suitable to the type

The following list of decorators comes under class decorators,

 i. @Component()
ii. @Directive()
iii. @Pipe()
iv. @Injectable()
v. @NgModule()

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126. What are class field decorators?

The class field decorators are the statements declared immediately
before a field in a class definition that defines the type of that field.
Some of the examples are: @input and @output,

@Input() myProperty;
@Output() myEvent = new EventEmitter();

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127. What is declarable in Angular?

Declarable is a class type that you can add to the declarations list of
an NgModule. The class types such as components, directives, and
pipes comes can be declared in the module. The structure of
declarations would be,

declarations: [
YourComponent,
YourPipe,
YourDirective
],

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128. What are the restrictions on declarable

classes?
Below classes shouldn't be declared,

i. A class that's already declared in another NgModule

ii. Ngmodule classes
iii. Service classes
iv. Helper classes

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129. What is a DI token?

 A DI token is a lookup token associated with a dependency provider
in dependency injection system. The injector maintains an internal
token-provider map that it references when asked for a dependency
and the DI token is the key to the map. Let's take example of DI
Token usage,

const BASE_URL = new InjectionToken<string>('BaseUrl');

const injector =
Injector.create({providers: [{provide: BASE_URL, useValue:
'http://some-domain.com'}]});
const url = injector.get(BASE_URL);

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130. What is Angular DSL?

A domain-specific language (DSL) is a computer language
specialized to a particular application domain. Angular has its own
Domain Specific Language (DSL) which allows us to write Angular
specific html-like syntax on top of normal html. It has its own
compiler that compiles this syntax to html that the browser can
understand. This DSL is defined in NgModules such as animations,
forms, and routing and navigation.

Basically you will see 3 main syntax in Angular DSL.

i. (): Used for Output and DOM events.

ii. []: Used for Input and specific DOM element attributes.
iii. *: Structural directives(*ngFor or *ngIf) will affect/change the
DOM structure.

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131. what is an rxjs subject in Angular

An RxJS Subject is a special type of Observable that allows values to
be multicasted to many Observers. While plain Observables are
unicast (each subscribed Observer owns an independent execution
of the Observable), Subjects are multicast.

A Subject is like an Observable, but can multicast to many

Observers. Subjects are like EventEmitters: they maintain a registry
of many listeners.

import { Subject } from 'rxjs';

const subject = new Subject<number>();

subject.subscribe({
next: (v) => console.log(`observerA: ${v}`)
});
subject.subscribe({
 next: (v) => console.log(`observerB: ${v}`)
});

subject.next(1);
subject.next(2);

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132. What is Bazel tool?

Bazel is a powerful build tool developed and massively used by
Google and it can keep track of the dependencies between different
packages and build targets. In Angular8, you can build your CLI
application with Bazel. Note: The Angular framework itself is built
with Bazel.

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133. What are the advantages of Bazel tool?

Below are the list of key advantages of Bazel tool,

i. It creates the possibility of building your back-ends and front-

ends with the same tool
ii. The incremental build and tests
iii. It creates the possibility to have remote builds and cache on a
build farm.

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134. How do you use Bazel with Angular CLI?

The @angular/bazel package provides a builder that allows Angular
CLI to use Bazel as the build tool.

i. Use in an existing applciation: Add @angular/bazel using

CLI

ng add @angular/bazel

ii. Use in a new application: Install the package and create

the application with collection option
iii. npm install -g @angular/bazel
ng new --collection=@angular/bazel

When you use ng build and ng serve commands, Bazel is used

behind the scenes and outputs the results in dist/bin folder.

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 135. How do you run Bazel directly?
Sometimes you may want to bypass the Angular CLI builder and run
Bazel directly using Bazel CLI. You can install it globally using
@bazel/bazel npm package. i.e, Bazel CLI is available under
@bazel/bazel package. After you can apply the below common
commands,

bazel build [targets] // Compile the default output artifacts of the

given targets.
bazel test [targets] // Run the tests with *_test targets found in
the pattern.
bazel run [target]: Compile the program represented by target and

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then run it.

136. What is platform in Angular?

A platform is the context in which an Angular application runs. The
most common platform for Angular applications is a web browser,
but it can also be an operating system for a mobile device, or a web
server. The runtime-platform is provided by the @angular/platform-*
packages and these packages allow applications that make use
of @angular/core and @angular/common to execute in different
environments. i.e, Angular can be used as platform-independent
framework in different environments, For example,

i. While running in the browser, it uses platform-

browser package.
ii. When SSR(server-side rendering ) is used, it uses platform-
server package for providing web server implementation.

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137. What happens if I import the same module

twice?
If multiple modules imports the same module then angular
evaluates it only once (When it encounters the module first time). It
follows this condition even the module appears at any level in a
hierarchy of imported NgModules.

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138. How do you select an element with in a

component template?
 You can use @ViewChild directive to access elements in the view
directly. Let's take input element with a reference,
<input #uname>

and define view child directive and access it in ngAfterViewInit

lifecycle hook

@ViewChild('uname') input;

ngAfterViewInit() {
console.log(this.input.nativeElement.value);
}

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139. How do you detect route change in Angular?

In Angular7, you can subscribe to router to detect the changes. The
subscription for router events would be as below,

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {})

Let's take a simple component to detect router changes

import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { Router, Event, NavigationStart, NavigationEnd,
NavigationError } from '@angular/router';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
template: `<router-outlet></router-outlet>`
})
export class AppComponent {

constructor(private router: Router) {

this.router.events.subscribe((event: Event) => {

if (event instanceof NavigationStart) {
// Show loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationEnd) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
}

if (event instanceof NavigationError) {

// Hide loading indicator and perform an action
console.log(event.error); // It logs an error for
debugging
}
});
}
}

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140. How do you pass headers for HTTP client?
You can directly pass object map for http client or create
HttpHeaders class to supply the headers.

constructor(private _http: HttpClient) {}

this._http.get('someUrl',{
headers: {'header1':'value1','header2':'value2'}
});

(or)
let headers = new HttpHeaders().set('header1', headerValue1); //
create header object
headers = headers.append('header2', headerValue2); // add a new
header, creating a new object
headers = headers.append('header3', headerValue3); // add another
header

let params = new HttpParams().set('param1', value1); // create params

object
params = params.append('param2', value2); // add a new param,
creating a new object
params = params.append('param3', value3); // add another param

return this._http.get<any[]>('someUrl', { headers: headers, params:

params })

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141. What is the purpose of differential loading

in CLI?
From Angular8 release onwards, the applications are built using
differential loading strategy from CLI to build two separate bundles
as part of your deployed application.

i. The first build contains ES2015 syntax which takes the

advantage of built-in support in modern browsers, ships less
polyfills, and results in a smaller bundle size.
ii. The second build contains old ES5 syntax to support older
browsers with all necessary polyfills. But this results in a
larger bundle size.

Note: This strategy is used to support multiple browsers but it only

load the code that the browser needs.

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142. Is Angular supports dynamic imports?

Yes, Angular 8 supports dynamic imports in router configuration. i.e,
You can use the import statement for lazy loading the module
 using loadChildren method and it will be understood by the
IDEs(VSCode and WebStorm), webpack, etc. Previously, you have
been written as below to lazily load the feature module. By mistake,
if you have typo in the module name it still accepts the string and
throws an error during build time.
{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: ‘./users/user.module#UserModulee’},

This problem is resolved by using dynamic imports and IDEs are

able to find it during compile time itself.

{path: ‘user’, loadChildren: () =>

import(‘./users/user.module’).then(m => m.UserModule)};

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143. What is lazy loading?

Lazy loading is one of the most useful concepts of Angular Routing.
It helps us to download the web pages in chunks instead of
downloading everything in a big bundle. It is used for lazy loading by
asynchronously loading the feature module for routing whenever
required using the property loadChildren. Let's load
both Customer and Order feature modules lazily as below,
const routes: Routes = [
{
path: 'customers',
loadChildren: () =>
import('./customers/customers.module').then(module =>
module.CustomersModule)
},
{
path: 'orders',
loadChildren: () => import('./orders/orders.module').then(module
=> module.OrdersModule)
},
{
path: '',
redirectTo: '',
pathMatch: 'full'
}
];

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144. What are workspace APIs?

Angular 8.0 release introduces Workspace APIs to make it easier for
developers to read and modify the angular.json file instead of
manually modifying it. Currently, the only supported storage3
format is the JSON-based format used by the Angular CLI. You can
enable or add optimization option for build target as below,

import { NodeJsSyncHost } from '@angular-devkit/core/node';

 import { workspaces } from '@angular-devkit/core';

async function addBuildTargetOption() {

const host = workspaces.createWorkspaceHost(new
NodeJsSyncHost());
const workspace = await
workspaces.readWorkspace('path/to/workspace/directory/', host);

const project = workspace.projects.get('my-app');

if (!project) {
throw new Error('my-app does not exist');
}

const buildTarget = project.targets.get('build');

if (!buildTarget) {
throw new Error('build target does not exist');
}

buildTarget.options.optimization = true;

await workspaces.writeWorkspace(workspace, host);

}

addBuildTargetOption();

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145. How do you upgrade angular version?

The Angular upgrade is quite easier using Angular CLI ng
update command as mentioned below. For example, if you upgrade
from Angular 7 to 8 then your lazy loaded route imports will be
migrated to the new import syntax automatically.
$ ng update @angular/cli @angular/core

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146. What is Angular Material?

Angular Material is a collection of Material Design components for
Angular framework following the Material Design spec. You can
apply Material Design very easily using Angular Material. The
installation can be done through npm or yarn,

npm install --save @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

(OR)
yarn add @angular/material @angular/cdk @angular/animations

It supports the most recent two versions of all major browsers. The
latest version of Angular material is 8.1.1

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147. How do you upgrade location service of
angularjs?
If you are using $location service in your old AngularJS application,
now you can use LocationUpgradeModule(unified location service)
which puts the responsibilities of $location service
to Location service in Angular. Let's add this module to AppModule as
below,
// Other imports ...
import { LocationUpgradeModule } from '@angular/common/upgrade';

@NgModule({
imports: [
// Other NgModule imports...
LocationUpgradeModule.config()
]
})
export class AppModule {}

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148. What is NgUpgrade?

NgUpgrade is a library put together by the Angular team, which you
can use in your applications to mix and match AngularJS and
Angular components and bridge the AngularJS and Angular
dependency injection systems.

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149. How do you test Angular application using

CLI?
Angular CLI downloads and install everything needed with the
Jasmine Test framework. You just need to run ng test to see the test
results. By default this command builds the app in watch mode, and
launches the Karma test runner. The output of test results would be
as below,
10% building modules 1/1 modules 0 active
...INFO [karma]: Karma v1.7.1 server started at http://0.0.0.0:9876/
...INFO [launcher]: Launching browser Chrome ...
...INFO [launcher]: Starting browser Chrome
...INFO [Chrome ...]: Connected on socket ...
Chrome ...: Executed 3 of 3 SUCCESS (0.135 secs / 0.205 secs)

Note: A chrome browser also opens and displays the test output in
the "Jasmine HTML Reporter".

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150. How to use polyfills in Angular application?

 The Angular CLI provides support for polyfills officially. When you
create a new project with the ng new command,
a src/polyfills.ts configuration file is created as part of your project
folder. This file includes the mandatory and many of the optional
polyfills as JavaScript import statements. Let's categorize the
polyfills,

i. Mandatory polyfills: These are installed automatically when

you create your project with ng new command and the
respective import statements enabled in 'src/polyfills.ts' file.
ii. Optional polyfills: You need to install its npm package and
then create import statement in 'src/polyfills.ts' file. For
example, first you need to install below npm package for
adding web animations (optional) polyfill. bash npm install --
save web-animations-js and create import statement in polyfill
file. javascript import 'web-animations-js';

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151. What are the ways to trigger change

detection in Angular?
You can inject either ApplicationRef or NgZone, or
ChangeDetectorRef into your component and apply below specific
methods to trigger change detection in Angular. i.e, There are 3
possible ways,

i. ApplicationRef.tick(): Invoke this method to explicitly

process change detection and its side-effects. It check the full
component tree.
ii. NgZone.run(callback): It evaluate the callback function
inside the Angular zone.
iii. ChangeDetectorRef.detectChanges(): It detects only the
components and it's children.

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152. What are the differences of various versions

of Angular?
There are different versions of Angular framework. Let's see the
features of all the various versions,

i. Angular 1:
 Angular 1 (AngularJS) is the first angular framework
released in the year 2010.
 AngularJS is not built for mobile devices.
 It is based on controllers with MVC architecture.
 ii. Angular 2:
 Angular 2 was released in the year 2016. Angular 2 is a
complete rewrite of Angular1 version.
 The performance issues that Angular 1 version had has
been addressed in Angular 2 version.
 Angular 2 is built from scratch for mobile devices unlike
Angular 1 version.
 Angular 2 is components based.
iii. Angular 3:
 The following are the different package versions in
Angular 2:
 @angular/core v2.3.0
 @angular/compiler v2.3.0
 @angular/http v2.3.0
 @angular/router v3.3.0
 The router package is already versioned 3 so to avoid
confusion switched to Angular 4 version and skipped 3
version.
iv. Angular 4:
 The compiler generated code file size in AOT mode is
very much reduced.
 With Angular 4 the production bundles size is reduced
by hundreds of KB’s.
 Animation features are removed from angular/core and
formed as a separate package.
 Supports Typescript 2.1 and 2.2.
 Angular Universal
 New HttpClient
v. Angular 5:
 Angular 5 makes angular faster. It improved the loading
time and execution time.
 Shipped with new build optimizer.
 Supports Typescript 2.5.
 Service Worker
vi. Angular 6:
 It is released in May 2018.
 Includes Angular Command Line Interface (CLI),
Component Development KIT (CDK), Angular Material
Package, Angular Elements.
 Service Worker bug fixes.
 i18n
 Experimental mode for Ivy.
 RxJS 6.0
 Tree Shaking
vii. Angular 7:
  It is released in October 2018.
 TypeScript 3.1
 RxJS 6.3
 New Angular CLI
 CLI Prompts capability provide an ability to ask
questions to the user before they run. It is like
interactive dialog between the user and the CLI
 With the improved CLI Prompts capability, it helps
developers to make the decision. New ng commands
ask users for routing and CSS styles types(SCSS) and ng
add @angular/material asks for themes and gestures or
animations.
viii. Angular 8:
 It is released in May 2019.
 TypeScript 3.4
ix. Angular 9:
 It is released in February 2020.
 TypeScript 3.7
 Ivy enabled by default
x. Angular 10:
 It is released in June 2020.
 TypeScript 3.9
 TSlib 2.0

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153. What are the security principles in angular?

Below are the list of security principles in angular,

i. You should avoid direct use of the DOM APIs.

ii. You should enable Content Security Policy (CSP) and configure
your web server to return appropriate CSP HTTP headers.
iii. You should Use the offline template compiler.
iv. You should Use Server Side XSS protection.
v. You should Use DOM Sanitizer.
vi. You should Preventing CSRF or XSRF attacks.

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154. What is the reason to deprecate Web

Tracing Framework?
Angular has supported the integration with the Web Tracing
Framework (WTF) for the purpose of performance testing. Since it is
 not well maintained and failed in majority of the applications, the
support is deprecated in latest releases.

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155. What is the reason to deprecate web worker

packages?
Both @angular/platform-webworker and @angular/platform-webworker-
dynamic are officially deprecated, the Angular team realized it's not
good practice to run the Angular application on Web worker

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156. How do you find angular CLI version?

Angular CLI provides it's installed version using below different ways
using ng command,

ng v
ng version
ng -v
ng --version

and the output would be as below,

Angular CLI: 1.6.3

Node: 8.11.3
OS: darwin x64
Angular:
...

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157. What is the browser support for Angular?

Angular supports most recent browsers which includes both desktop
and mobile browsers.

Browser Version

Chrome latest

Firefox latest

Edge 2 most recent major versions

IE 11, 10, 9 (Compatibility mode is not supported)

 Browser Version

Safari 2 most recent major versions

IE Mobile 11

iOS 2 most recent major versions

Android 7.0, 6.0, 5.0, 5.1, 4.4

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158. What is schematic?

It's a scaffolding library that defines how to generate or transform a
programming project by creating, modifying, refactoring, or moving
files and code. It defines rules that operate on a virtual file system
called a tree.

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159. What is rule in Schematics?

In schematics world, it's a function that operates on a file tree to
create, delete, or modify files in a specific manner.

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160. What is Schematics CLI?

Schematics come with their own command-line tool known as
Schematics CLI. It is used to install the schematics executable,
which you can use to create a new schematics collection with an
initial named schematic. The collection folder is a workspace for
schematics. You can also use the schematics command to add a
new schematic to an existing collection, or extend an existing
schematic. You can install Schematic CLI globally as below,

npm install -g @angular-devkit/schematics-cli

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161. What are the best practices for security in
angular?
Below are the best practices of security in angular,

i. Use the latest Angular library releases

ii. Don't modify your copy of Angular
iii. Avoid Angular APIs marked in the documentation as “Security
Risk.”

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162. What is Angular security model for

preventing XSS attacks?
Angular treats all values as untrusted by default. i.e, Angular
sanitizes and escapes untrusted values When a value is inserted
into the DOM from a template, via property, attribute, style, class
binding, or interpolation.

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163. What is the role of template compiler for

prevention of XSS attacks?
The offline template compiler prevents vulnerabilities caused by
template injection, and greatly improves application performance.
So it is recommended to use offline template compiler in production
deployments without dynamically generating any template.

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164. What are the various security contexts in

Angular?
Angular defines the following security contexts for sanitization,

i. HTML: It is used when interpreting a value as HTML such as

binding to innerHtml.
ii. Style: It is used when binding CSS into the style property.
iii. URL: It is used for URL properties such as <a href>.
iv. Resource URL: It is a URL that will be loaded and executed
as code such as <script src>.

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165. What is Sanitization? Is angular supports it?
Sanitization is the inspection of an untrusted value, turning it into
a value that's safe to insert into the DOM. Yes, Angular suppports
sanitization. It sanitizes untrusted values for HTML, styles, and URLs
but sanitizing resource URLs isn't possible because they contain
arbitrary code.

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166. What is the purpose of innerHTML?

The innerHtml is a property of HTML-Elements, which allows you to
set it's html-content programmatically. Let's display the below html
code snippet in a <div> tag as below using innerHTML binding,
<div [innerHTML]="htmlSnippet"></div>

and define the htmlSnippet property from any component

export class myComponent {

htmlSnippet: string = '<b>Hello World</b>, Angular';
}

Unfortunately this property could cause Cross Site Scripting (XSS)

security bugs when improperly handled.

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167. What is the difference between interpolated

content and innerHTML?
The main difference between interpolated and innerHTML code is
the behavior of code interpreted. Interpolated content is always
escaped i.e, HTML isn't interpreted and the browser displays angle
brackets in the element's text content. Where as in innerHTML
binding, the content is interpreted i.e, the browser will convert <
and > characters as HTMLEntities. For example, the usage in
template would be as below,

<p>Interpolated value:</p>
<div >{{htmlSnippet}}</div>
<p>Binding of innerHTML:</p>
<div [innerHTML]="htmlSnippet"></div>

and the property defined in a component.

export class InnerHtmlBindingComponent {

htmlSnippet = 'Template <script>alert("XSS Attack")</script>
<b>Code attached</b>';
}
 Even though innerHTML binding create a chance of XSS attack,
Angular recognizes the value as unsafe and automatically sanitizes
it.

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168. How do you prevent automatic sanitization?

Sometimes the applications genuinely need to include executable
code such as displaying <iframe> from an URL. In this case, you need
to prevent automatic sanitization in Angular by saying that you
inspected a value, checked how it was generated, and made sure it
will always be secure. Basically it involves 2 steps,

i. Inject DomSanitizer: You can inject DomSanitizer in

component as parameter in constructor

ii. Mark the trusted value by calling some of the below methods

a. bypassSecurityTrustHtml
b. bypassSecurityTrustScript
c. bypassSecurityTrustStyle
d. bypassSecurityTrustUrl
e. bypassSecurityTrustResourceUrl

For example,The usage of dangerous url to trusted url would be as

below,

constructor(private sanitizer: DomSanitizer) {

this.dangerousUrl = 'javascript:alert("XSS attack")';
this.trustedUrl =
sanitizer.bypassSecurityTrustUrl(this.dangerousUrl);

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169. Is safe to use direct DOM API methods in

terms of security?
No,the built-in browser DOM APIs or methods don't automatically
protect you from security vulnerabilities. In this case it is
recommended to use Angular templates instead of directly
interacting with DOM. If it is unavoidable then use the built-in
Angular sanitization functions.

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170. What is DOM sanitizer?

 DomSanitizeris used to help preventing Cross Site Scripting Security
bugs (XSS) by sanitizing values to be safe to use in the different
DOM contexts.

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171. How do you support server side XSS

protection in Angular application?
The server-side XSS protection is supported in an angular
application by using a templating language that automatically
escapes values to prevent XSS vulnerabilities on the server. But
don't use a templating language to generate Angular templates on
the server side which creates a high risk of introducing template-
injection vulnerabilities.

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172. Is angular prevents http level

vulnerabilities?
Angular has built-in support for preventing http level vulnerabilities
such as as cross-site request forgery (CSRF or XSRF) and cross-site
script inclusion (XSSI). Even though these vulnerabilities need to be
mitigated on server-side, Angular provides helpers to make the
integration easier on the client side.

i. HttpClient supports a token mechanism used to prevent XSRF

attacks
ii. HttpClient library recognizes the convention of prefixed JSON
responses(which non-executable js code with ")]}',\n"
characters) and automatically strips the string ")]}',\n" from
all responses before further parsing

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173. What are Http Interceptors?

Http Interceptors are part of @angular/common/http, which inspect
and transform HTTP requests from your application to the server
and vice-versa on HTTP responses. These interceptors can perform a
variety of implicit tasks, from authentication to logging.

The syntax of HttpInterceptor interface looks like as below,

interface HttpInterceptor {
intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler):
Observable<HttpEvent<any>>
}
 You can use interceptors by declaring a service class that
implements the intercept() method of the HttpInterceptor interface.

@Injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
constructor() {}
intercept(req: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler):
Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
...
}
}

After that you can use it in your module,

@NgModule({
...
providers: [
{
provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS,
useClass: MyInterceptor,
multi: true
}
]
...
})
export class AppModule {}

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174. What are the applications of HTTP

interceptors?
The HTTP Interceptors can be used for different variety of tasks,

i. Authentication
ii. Logging
iii. Caching
iv. Fake backend
v. URL transformation
vi. Modifying headers

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175. Is multiple interceptors supported in

Angular?
Yes, Angular supports multiple interceptors at a time. You could
define multiple interceptors in providers property:

providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyFirstInterceptor, multi:
true },
 { provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MySecondInterceptor, multi:
true }
],

The interceptors will be called in the order in which they were

provided. i.e, MyFirstInterceptor will be called first in the above
interceptors configuration.

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176. How can I use interceptor for an entire

application?
You can use same instance of HttpInterceptors for the entire app by
importing the HttpClientModule only in your AppModule, and add the
interceptors to the root application injector. For example, let's
define a class that is injectable in root application.
@Injectable()
export class MyInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {
intercept(
req: HttpRequest<any>,
next: HttpHandler
): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {

return next.handle(req).do(event => {

if (eventt instanceof HttpResponse) {
// Code goes here
}
});

}
}

After that import HttpClientModule in AppModule

@NgModule({
declarations: [AppComponent],
imports: [BrowserModule, HttpClientModule],
providers: [
{ provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, useClass: MyInterceptor, multi:
true }
],
bootstrap: [AppComponent]
})
export class AppModule {}

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177. How does Angular simplifies

Internationalization?
Angular simplifies the below areas of internationalization,
 i. Displaying dates, number, percentages, and currencies in a
local format.
ii. Preparing text in component templates for translation.
iii. Handling plural forms of words.
iv. Handling alternative text.

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178. How do you manually register locale data?

By default, Angular only contains locale data for en-US which is
English as spoken in the United States of America . But if you want
to set to another locale, you must import locale data for that new
locale. After that you can register using registerLocaleData method
and the syntax of this method looks like below,
registerLocaleData(data: any, localeId?: any, extraData?: any): void

For example, let us import German locale and register it in the

application

import { registerLocaleData } from '@angular/common';

import localeDe from '@angular/common/locales/de';

registerLocaleData(localeDe, 'de');

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179. What are the four phases of template

translation?
The i18n template translation process has four phases:

i. Mark static text messages in your component

templates for translation: You can place i18n on every
element tag whose fixed text is to be translated. For example,
you need i18n attribue for heading as below,

<h1 i18n>Hello i18n!</h1>

ii. Create a translation file: Use the Angular CLI xi18n

command to extract the marked text into an industry-
standard translation source file. i.e, Open terminal window at
the root of the app project and run the CLI command xi18n.

ng xi18n

The above command creates a file named messages.xlf in your

project's root directory.
 Note: You can supply command options to change the format,
the name, the location, and the source locale of the extracted
file.

iii. Edit the generated translation file: Translate the

extracted text into the target language. In this step, create a
localization folder (such as locale)under root directory(src)
and then create target language translation file by copying
and renaming the default messages.xlf file. You need to copy
source text node and provide the translation under target tag.
For example, create the translation file(messages.de.xlf) for
German language
iv. <trans-unit id="greetingHeader" datatype="html">
v. <source>Hello i18n!</source>
vi. <target>Hallo i18n !</target>
vii. <note priority="1" from="description">A welcome header for
this sample</note>
viii. <note priority="1" from="meaning">welcome message</note>
</trans-unit>

ix. Merge the completed translation file into the app: You
need to use Angular CLI build command to compile the app,
choosing a locale-specific configuration, or specifying the
following command options.

a. --i18nFile=path to the translation file

b. --i18nFormat=format of the translation file
c. --i18nLocale= locale id

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180. What is the purpose of i18n attribute?

The Angular i18n attribute marks translatable content. It is a custom
attribute, recognized by Angular tools and compilers. The compiler
removes it after translation.

Note: Remember that i18n is not an Angular directive.

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181. What is the purpose of custom id?

When you change the translatable text, the Angular extractor tool
generates a new id for that translation unit. Because of this
behavior, you must then update the translation file with the new id
every time.

For example, the translation file messages.de.xlf.html has generated

trans-unit for some text message as below
 <trans-unit id="827wwe104d3d69bf669f823jjde888" datatype="html">

You can avoid this manual update of id attribute by specifying a

custom id in the i18n attribute by using the prefix @@.
<h1 i18n="@@welcomeHeader">Hello i18n!</h1>

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182. What happens if the custom id is not

unique?
You need to define custom ids as unique. If you use the same id for
two different text messages then only the first one is extracted. But
its translation is used in place of both original text messages.

For example, let's define same custom id myCustomId for two

messages,
<h2 i18n="@@myCustomId">Good morning</h3>
<!-- ... -->
<h2 i18n="@@myCustomId">Good night</p>

and the translation unit generated for first text in for German
language as

<trans-unit id="myId" datatype="html">

<source>Good morning</source>
<target state="new">Guten Morgen</target>
</trans-unit>

Since custom id is the same, both of the elements in the translation

contain the same text as below

<h2>Guten Morgen</h2>
<h2>Guten Morgen</h2>

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183. Can I translate text without creating an

element?
Yes, you can achieve using <ng-container> attribute. Normally you
need to wrap a text content with i18n attribute for the translation.
But if you don't want to create a new DOM element just for the sake
of translation, you can wrap the text in an element.
<ng-container i18n>I'm not using any DOM element for translation</ng-
container>

Remember that <ng-container> is transformed into an html comment

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184. How can I translate attribute?
You can translate attributes by attaching i18n-x attribute where x is
the name of the attribute to translate. For example, you can
translate image title attribute as below,
<img [src]="example" i18n-title title="Internationlization" />

By the way, you can also assign meaning, description and id with
the i18n-x="|@@" syntax.

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185. List down the pluralization categories?

Pluralization has below categories depending on the language.

i. =0 (or any other number)

ii. zero
iii. one
iv. two
v. few
vi. many
vii. other

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186. What is select ICU expression?

ICU expression is is similar to the plural expressions except that you
choose among alternative translations based on a string value
instead of a number. Here you define those string values.

Let's take component binding with residenceStatus property which

has "citizen", "permanent resident" and "foreigner" possible values
and the message maps those values to the appropriate translations.
<span i18n>The person is {residenceStatus, select, citizen {citizen}
permanent resident {permanentResident} foreigner {foreigner}}</span>

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187. How do you report missing translations?

By default, When translation is missing, it generates a warning
message such as "Missing translation for message 'somekey'". But
you can configure with a different level of message in Angular
compiler as below,
 i. Error: It throws an error. If you are using AOT compilation, the
build will fail. But if you are using JIT compilation, the app will
fail to load.
ii. Warning (default): It shows a 'Missing translation' warning
in the console or shell.
iii. Ignore: It doesn't do anything.

If you use AOT compiler then you need to perform changes

in configurations section of your Angular CLI configuration file,
angular.json.
"configurations": {
...
"de": {
...
"i18nMissingTranslation": "error"
}
}

If you use the JIT compiler, specify the warning level in the compiler
config at bootstrap by adding the 'MissingTranslationStrategy'
property as below,

import { MissingTranslationStrategy } from '@angular/core';

import { platformBrowserDynamic } from '@angular/platform-browser-
dynamic';
import { AppModule } from './app/app.module';

platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, {
missingTranslation: MissingTranslationStrategy.Error,
providers: [
// ...
]
});

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188. How do you provide build configuration for

multiple locales?
You can provide build configuration such as translation file path,
name, format and application url in configuration settings of
Angular.json file. For example, the German version of your
application configured the build as follows,
"configurations": {
"de": {
"aot": true,
"outputPath": "dist/my-project-de/",
"baseHref": "/fr/",
"i18nFile": "src/locale/messages.de.xlf",
"i18nFormat": "xlf",
"i18nLocale": "de",
"i18nMissingTranslation": "error",
}
 ⬆ Back to Top

189. What is an angular library?

An Angular library is an Angular project that differs from an app in
that it cannot run on its own. It must be imported and used in an
app. For example, you can import or add service worker library to an
Angular application which turns an application into a Progressive
Web App (PWA).

Note: You can create own third party library and publish it as npm
package to be used in an Application.

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190. What is AOT compiler?

The AOT compiler is part of a build process that produces a small,
fast, ready-to-run application package, typically for production. It
converts your Angular HTML and TypeScript code into efficient
JavaScript code during the build phase before the browser
downloads and runs that code.

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191. How do you select an element in component

template?
You can control any DOM element via ElementRef by injecting it into
your component's constructor. i.e, The component should have
constructor with ElementRef parameter,

constructor(myElement: ElementRef) {
el.nativeElement.style.backgroundColor = 'yellow';
}

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192. What is TestBed?

TestBed is an api for writing unit tests for Angular applications and
it's libraries. Even though We still write our tests in Jasmine and run
using Karma, this API provides an easier way to create components,
handle injection, test asynchronous behaviour and interact with our
application.

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193. What is protractor?
Protractor is an end-to-end test framework for Angular and
AngularJS applications. It runs tests against your application running
in a real browser, interacting with it as a user would.

npm install -g protractor

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194. What is collection?

Collection is a set of related schematics collected in an npm
package. For example, @schematics/angular collection is used in
Angular CLI to apply transforms to a web-app project. You can
create your own schematic collection for customizing angular
projects.

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195. How do you create schematics for libraries?

You can create your own schematic collections to integrate your
library with the Angular CLI. These collections are classified as 3
main schematics,

i. Add schematics: These schematics are used to install library

in an Angular workspace using ng add command. For example,
@angular/material schematic tells the add command to install
and set up Angular Material and theming.
ii. Generate schematics: These schematics are used to modify
projects, add configurations and scripts, and scaffold artifacts
in library using ng generate command. For example,
@angular/material generation schematic supplies generation
schematics for the UI components. Let's say the table
component is generated using ng generate
@angular/material:table .
iii. Update schematics: These schematics are used to update
library's dependencies and adjust for breaking changes in a
new library release using ng update command. For example,
@angular/material update schematic updates material and
cdk dependencies using ng update @angular/material command.

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196. How do you use jquery in Angular?

You can use jquery in Angular using 3 simple steps,
 i. Install the dependency: At first, install the jquery
dependency using npm

npm install --save jquery

ii. Add the jquery script: In Angular-CLI project, add the

relative path to jquery in the angular.json file.
iii. "scripts": [
iv. "node_modules/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"
]

v. Start using jquery: Define the element in template.

Whereas declare the jquery variable and apply CSS classes on
the element.
vi. <div id="elementId">
vii. <h1>JQuery integration</h1>
</div>

import {Component, OnInit} from '@angular/core';

declare var $: any; // (or) import * as $ from 'jquery';

@Component({
selector: 'app-root',
templateUrl: './app.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
ngOnInit(): void {
$(document).ready(() => {
$('#elementId').css({'text-color': 'blue', 'font-size':
'150%'});
});
}
}

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197. What is the reason for No provider for HTTP

exception?
This exception is due to missing HttpClientModule in your module.
You just need to import in module as below,

import { HttpClientModule } from '@angular/common/http';

@NgModule({
imports: [
BrowserModule,
HttpClientModule,
],
declarations: [ AppComponent ],
bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
})
export class AppModule { }
 ⬆ Back to Top

198. What is router state?

The RouteState is an interface which represents the state of the
router as a tree of activated routes.

interface RouterState extends Tree {

snapshot: RouterStateSnapshot
toString(): string
}

You can access the current RouterState from anywhere in the

Angular app using the Router service and the routerState property.

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199. How can I use SASS in angular project?

When you are creating your project with angular cli, you can use ng
newcommand. It generates all your components with predefined sass
files.
ng new My_New_Project --style=sass

But if you are changing your existing style in your project then
use ng set command,
ng set defaults.styleExt scss

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200. What is the purpose of hidden property?

The hidden property is used to show or hide the associated DOM
element, based on an expression. It can be compared close to ng-
show directive in AngularJS. Let's say you want to show user name
based on the availability of user using hidden property.
<div [hidden]="!user.name">
My name is: {{user.name}}
</div>

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201. What is the difference between ngIf and

hidden property?
The main difference is that *ngIf will remove the element from the
DOM, while [hidden] actually plays with the CSS style by
setting display:none. Generally it is expensive to add and remove
stuff from the DOM for frequent actions.
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202. What is slice pipe?

The slice pipe is used to create a new Array or String containing a
subset (slice) of the elements. The syntax looks like as below,

{{ value_expression | slice : start [ : end ] }}

For example, you can provide 'hello' list based on a greeting array,

@Component({
selector: 'list-pipe',
template: `<ul>
<li *ngFor="let i of greeting | slice:0:5">{{i}}</li>
</ul>`
})
export class PipeListComponent {
greeting: string[] = ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', 'm','o', 'r', 'n',
'i', 'n', 'g'];
}

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203. What is index property in ngFor directive?

The index property of the NgFor directive is used to return the zero-
based index of the item in each iteration. You can capture the index
in a template input variable and use it in the template.

For example, you can capture the index in a variable named

indexVar and displays it with the todo's name using ngFor directive
as below.

<div *ngFor="let todo of todos; let i=index">{{i + 1}} -

{{todo.name}}</div>

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204. What is the purpose of ngFor trackBy?

The main purpose of using *ngFor with trackBy option is
performance optimization. Normally if you use NgFor with large data
sets, a small change to one item by removing or adding an item,
can trigger a cascade of DOM manipulations. In this case, Angular
sees only a fresh list of new object references and to replace the old
DOM elements with all new DOM elements. You can help Angular to
track which items added or removed by providing a trackBy function
which takes the index and the current item as arguments and needs
to return the unique identifier for this item.
 For example, lets set trackBy to the trackByTodos() method

<div *ngFor="let todo of todos; trackBy: trackByTodos">

({{todo.id}}) {{todo.name}}
</div>

and define the trackByTodos method,

trackByTodos(index: number, item: Todo): number { return todo.id; }

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205. What is the purpose of ngSwitch directive?

NgSwitch directive is similar to JavaScript switch statement which
displays one element from among several possible elements, based
on a switch condition. In this case only the selected element placed
into the DOM. It has been used along
with NgSwitch, NgSwitchCase and NgSwitchDefault directives.

For example, let's display the browser details based on selected

browser using ngSwitch directive.

<div [ngSwitch]="currentBrowser.name">
<chrome-browser *ngSwitchCase="'chrome'"
[item]="currentBrowser"></chrome-browser>
<firefox-browser *ngSwitchCase="'firefox'"
[item]="currentBrowser"></firefox-browser>
<opera-browser *ngSwitchCase="'opera'"
[item]="currentBrowser"></opera-browser>
<safari-browser *ngSwitchCase="'safari'"
[item]="currentBrowser"></safari-browser>
<ie-browser *ngSwitchDefault [item]="currentItem"></ie-
browser>
</div>

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206. Is it possible to do aliasing for inputs and

outputs?
Yes, it is possible to do aliasing for inputs and outputs in two ways.

i. Aliasing in metadata: The inputs and outputs in the

metadata aliased using a colon-delimited (:) string with the
directive property name on the left and the public alias on the
right. i.e. It will be in the format of propertyName:alias.
ii. inputs: ['input1: buyItem'],
outputs: ['outputEvent1: completedEvent']

iii. Aliasing with @Input()/@Output() decorator: The alias

can be specified for the property name by passing the alias
 name to the @Input()/@Output() decorator.i.e. It will be in the
form of @Input(alias) or @Output(alias).
iv. @Input('buyItem') input1: string;
@Output('completedEvent') outputEvent1 = new
EventEmitter<string>();

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207. What is safe navigation operator?

The safe navigation operator(?)(or known as Elvis Operator) is used
to guard against null and undefined values in property paths when
you are not aware whether a path exists or not. i.e. It returns value
of the object path if it exists, else it returns the null value.

For example, you can access nested properties of a user profile

easily without null reference errors as below,

<p>The user firstName is: {{user?.fullName.firstName}}</p>

Using this safe navigation operator, Angular framework stops

evaluating the expression when it hits the first null value and
renders the view without any errors.

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208. Is any special configuration required for

Angular9?
You don't need any special configuration. In Angular9, the Ivy
renderer is the default Angular compiler. Even though Ivy is
available Angular8 itself, you had to configure it in tsconfig.json file
as below,

"angularCompilerOptions": { "enableIvy": true }

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209. What are type safe TestBed API changes in

Angular9?
Angular 9 provides type safe changes in TestBed API changes by
replacing the old get function with the new inject method. Because
TestBed.get method is not type-safe. The usage would be as below,

TestBed.get(ChangeDetectorRef) // returns any. It is deprecated now.

TestBed.inject(ChangeDetectorRef) // returns ChangeDetectorRef

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210. Is mandatory to pass static flag for
ViewChild?
In Angular 8, the static flag is required for ViewChild. Whereas in
Angular9, you no longer need to pass this property. Once you
updated to Angular9 using ng update, the migration will remove
{ static: false } script everywhere.
@ViewChild(ChildDirective) child: ChildDirective; // Angular9 usage
@ViewChild(ChildDirective, { static: false }) child:
ChildDirective; //Angular8 usage

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211. What are the list of template expression

operators?
The Angular template expression language supports three special
template expression operators.

i. Pipe operator
ii. Safe navigation operator
iii. Non-null assertion operator

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212. What is the precedence between pipe and

ternary operators?
The pipe operator has a higher precedence than the ternary
operator (?:). For example, the expression first ? second : third |
fourth is parsed as first ? second : (third | fourth).

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213. What is an entry component?

An entry component is any component that Angular loads
imperatively(i.e, not referencing it in the template) by type. Due to
this behavior, they can’t be found by the Angular compiler during
compilation. These components created dynamically
with ComponentFactoryResolver.

Basically, there are two main kinds of entry components which are
following -

i. The bootstrapped root component

ii. A component you specify in a route
 ⬆ Back to Top

214. What is a bootstrapped component?

A bootstrapped component is an entry component that Angular
loads into the DOM during the bootstrap process or application
launch time. Generally, this bootstrapped or root component is
named as AppComponent in your root module using bootstrap property
as below.
@NgModule({
declarations: [
AppComponent
],
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule,
HttpClientModule,
AppRoutingModule
],
providers: [],
bootstrap: [AppComponent] // bootstrapped entry component need to
be declared here
})

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215. How do you manually bootstrap an

application?
You can use ngDoBootstrap hook for a manual bootstrapping of the
application instead of using bootstrap array in @NgModule annotation.
This hook is part of DoBootstap interface.
interface DoBootstrap {
ngDoBootstrap(appRef: ApplicationRef): void
}

The module needs to be implement the above interface to use the

hook for bootstrapping.

class AppModule implements DoBootstrap {

ngDoBootstrap(appRef: ApplicationRef) {
appRef.bootstrap(AppComponent); // bootstrapped entry component
need to be passed
}
}

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216. Is it necessary for bootstrapped component

to be entry component?
 Yes, the bootstrapped component needs to be an entry component.
This is because the bootstrapping process is an imperative process.

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217. What is a routed entry component?

The components referenced in router configuration are called as
routed entry components. This routed entry component defined in a
route definition as below,

const routes: Routes = [

{
path: '',
component: TodoListComponent // router entry component
}
];

Since router definition requires you to add the component in two

places (router and entryComponents), these components are always
entry components.

Note: The compilers are smart enough to recognize a router

definition and automatically add the router component
into entryComponents.

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218. Why is not necessary to use

entryComponents array every time?
Most of the time, you don't need to explicity to set entry
components in entryComponents array of ngModule decorator.
Because angular adds components from both @NgModule.bootstrap
and route definitions to entry components automatically.

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219. Do I still need to use entryComponents

array in Angular9?
No. In previous angular releases, the entryComponents array of
ngModule decorator is used to tell the compiler which components
would be created and inserted dynamically in the view. In Angular9,
this is not required anymore with Ivy.

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220. Is it all components generated in production
build?
No, only the entry components and template components appears
in production builds. If a component isn't an entry component and
isn't found in a template, the tree shaker will throw it away. Due to
this reason, make sure to add only true entry components to reduce
the bundle size.

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221. What is Angular compiler?

The Angular compiler is used to convert the application code into
JavaScript code. It reads the template markup, combines it with the
corresponding component class code, and emits component
factories which creates JavaScript representation of the component
along with elements of @Component metadata.

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222. What is the role of ngModule metadata in

compilation process?
The @NgModule metadata is used to tell the Angular compiler what
components to be compiled for this module and how to link this
module with other modules.

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223. How does angular finds components,

directives and pipes?
The Angular compiler finds a component or directive in a template
when it can match the selector of that component or directive in
that template. Whereas it finds a pipe if the pipe's name appears
within the pipe syntax of the template HTML.

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224. Give few examples for NgModules?

The Angular core libraries and third-party libraries are available as
NgModules.

i. Angular libraries such as FormsModule, HttpClientModule, and

RouterModule are NgModules.
 ii. Many third-party libraries such as Material Design, Ionic, and
AngularFire2 are NgModules.

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225. What are feature modules?

Feature modules are NgModules, which are used for the purpose of
organizing code. The feature module can be created with Angular
CLI using the below command in the root directory,

ng generate module MyCustomFeature //

Angular CLI creates a folder called my-custom-feature with a file inside

called my-custom-feature.module.ts with the following contents
import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

@NgModule({
imports: [
CommonModule
],
declarations: []
})
export class MyCustomFeature { }

Note: The "Module" suffix shouldn't present in the name because

the CLI appends it.

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226. What are the imported modules in CLI

generated feature modules?
In the CLI generated feature module, there are two JavaScript
import statements at the top of the file

i. NgModule: InOrder to use the @NgModule decorator

ii. CommonModule: It provides many common directives such
as ngIf and ngFor.

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227. What are the differences between ngmodule

and javascript module?
Below are the main differences between Angular NgModule and
javascript module,
 NgModule JavaScript module

NgModule bounds declarable classes only There is no restriction classes

Can define all member classes

List the module's classes in declarations array only
in one giant file

It only export the declarable classes it owns or

It can export any classes
imports from other modules

Extend the entire application with services by Can't extend the application
adding providers to provides array with services

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228. What are the possible errors with

declarations?
There are two common possible errors with declarations array,

i. If you use a component without declaring it, Angular returns

an error message.
ii. If you try to declare the same class in more than one module
then compiler emits an error.

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229. What are the steps to use declaration

elements?
Below are the steps to be followed to use declaration elements.

i. Create the element(component, directive and pipes) and

export it from the file where you wrote it
ii. Import it into the appropriate module.
iii. Declare it in the @NgModule declarations array.

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230. What happens if browserModule used in

feature module?
If you do import BrowserModule into a lazy loaded feature module,
Angular returns an error telling you to use CommonModule instead.
 Because BrowserModule’s providers are for the entire app so it
should only be in the root module, not in feature module. Whereas
Feature modules only need the common directives in
CommonModule.

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231. What are the types of feature modules?

Below are the five categories of feature modules,

i. Domain: Deliver a user experience dedicated to a particular

application domain(For example, place an order, registration
etc)
ii. Routed: These are domain feature modules whose top
components are the targets of router navigation routes.
iii. Routing: It provides routing configuration for another
module.
iv. Service: It provides utility services such as data access and
messaging(For example, HttpClientModule)
v. Widget: It makes components, directives, and pipes available
to external modules(For example, third-party libraries such as
Material UI)

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232. What is a provider?

A provider is an instruction to the Dependency Injection system on
how to obtain a value for a dependency(aka services created). The
service can be provided using Angular CLI as below,

ng generate service my-service

The created service by CLI would be as below,

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

@Injectable({
providedIn: 'root', //Angular provide the service in root injector
})
export class MyService {
}

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233. What is the recommendation for provider
scope?
You should always provide your service in the root injector unless
there is a case where you want the service to be available only if
you import a particular @NgModule.

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234. How do you restrict provider scope to a

module?
It is possible to restrict service provider scope to a specific module
instead making available to entire application. There are two
possible ways to do it.

i. Using providedIn in service:

ii. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
iii. import { SomeModule } from './some.module';
iv.
v. @Injectable({
vi. providedIn: SomeModule,
vii. })
viii. export class SomeService {
}

ix. Declare provider for the service in module:

x. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
xi.
xii. import { SomeService } from './some.service';
xiii.
xiv. @NgModule({
xv. providers: [SomeService],
xvi. })
xvii. export class SomeModule {
}

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235. How do you provide a singleton service?

There are two possible ways to provide a singleton service.

i. Set the providedIn property of the @Injectable() to "root". This

is the preferred way(starting from Angular 6.0) of creating a
singleton service since it makes your services tree-shakable.

ii. import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';

iii.
iv. @Injectable({
v. providedIn: 'root',
vi. })
vii. export class MyService {
 }

viii. Include the service in root module or in a module that is only

imported by root module. It has been used to register services
before Angular 6.0.

ix. @NgModule({
x. ...
xi. providers: [MyService],
xii. ...
})

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236. What are the different ways to remove

duplicate service registration?
If a module defines provides and declarations then loading the
module in multiple feature modules will duplicate the registration of
the service. Below are the different ways to prevent this duplicate
behavior.

i. Use the providedIn syntax instead of registering the service in

the module.
ii. Separate your services into their own module.
iii. Define forRoot() and forChild() methods in the module.

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237. How does forRoot method helpful to avoid

duplicate router instances?
If the RouterModule module didn’t have forRoot() static method then
each feature module would instantiate a new Router instance, which
leads to broken application due to duplicate instances. After using
forRoot() method, the root application module
imports RouterModule.forRoot(...) and gets a Router, and all feature
modules import RouterModule.forChild(...) which does not
instantiate another Router.

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238. What is a shared module?

The Shared Module is the module in which you put commonly used
directives, pipes, and components into one module that is
shared(import it) throughout the application.
 For example, the below shared module imports CommonModule,
FormsModule for common directives and components, pipes and
directives based on the need,

import { CommonModule } from '@angular/common';

import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
import { UserComponent } from './user.component';
import { NewUserDirective } from './new-user.directive';
import { OrdersPipe } from './orders.pipe';

@NgModule({
imports: [ CommonModule ],
declarations: [ UserComponent, NewUserDirective, OrdersPipe ],
exports: [ UserComponent, NewUserDirective, OrdersPipe,
CommonModule, FormsModule ]
})
export class SharedModule { }

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239. Can I share services using modules?

No, it is not recommended to share services by importing module.
i.e Import modules when you want to use directives, pipes, and
components only. The best approach to get a hold of shared
services is through 'Angular dependency injection' because
importing a module will result in a new service instance.

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240. How do you get current direction for

locales?
In Angular 9.1, the API method getLocaleDirection can be used to get
the current direction in your app. This method is useful to support
Right to Left locales for your Internationalization based applications.
import { getLocaleDirection, registerLocaleData } from
'@angular/common';
import { LOCALE_ID } from '@angular/core';
import localeAr from '@angular/common/locales/ar';

...

constructor(@Inject(LOCALE_ID) locale) {

const directionForLocale = getLocaleDirection(locale); // Returns

'rtl' or 'ltr' based on the current locale
registerLocaleData(localeAr, 'ar-ae');
const direction = getLocaleDirection('ar-ae'); // Returns 'rtl'

// Current direction is used to provide conditional logic here

}
 ⬆ Back to Top

241. What is ngcc?

The ngcc(Angular Compatibility Compiler) is a tool which upgrades
node_module compiled with non-ivy ngc into ivy compliant format.
The postinstall script from package.json will make sure your
node_modules will be compatible with the Ivy renderer.
"scripts": {
"postinstall": "ngcc"
}

Whereas, Ivy compiler (ngtsc), which compiles Ivy-compatible code.

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242. What classes should not be added to

declarations?
The below class types shouldn't be added to declarations

i. A class which is already declared in any another module.

ii. Directives imported from another module.
iii. Module classes.
iv. Service classes.
v. Non-Angular classes and objects, such as strings, numbers,
functions, entity models, configurations, business logic, and
helper classes.

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243. What is NgZone?

Angular provides a service called NgZone which creates a zone
named angular to automatically trigger change detection when the
following conditions are satisfied.

i. When a sync or async function is executed.

ii. When there is no microTask scheduled.

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244. What is NoopZone?

Zone is loaded/required by default in Angular applications and it
helps Angular to know when to trigger the change detection. This
way, it make sures developers focus on application development
 rather core part of Angular. You can also use Angular without Zone
but the change detection need to be implemented on your own
and noop zone need to be configured in bootstrap process. Let's
follow the below two steps to remove zone.js,

i. Remove the zone.js import from polyfills.ts.

ii. /
***************************************************************
************************************
iii. * Zone JS is required by default for Angular itself.
iv. */
// import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.

v. Bootstrap Angular with noop zone in src/main.ts.

vi. platformBrowserDynamic().bootstrapModule(AppModule, {ngZone:
'noop'})
.catch(err => console.error(err));

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245. How do you create displayBlock

components?
By default, Angular CLI creates components in an inline displayed
mode(i.e, display:inline). But it is possible to create components
with display: block style using displayBlock option,
ng generate component my-component --displayBlock

(OR) the option can be turned on by default in Angular.json

with schematics.@schematics/angular:component.displayBlock key value
as true.

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246. What are the possible data update

scenarios for change detection?
The change detection works in the following scenarios where the
data changes needs to update the application HTML.

i. Component initialization: While bootstrapping the Angular

application, Angular triggers the ApplicationRef.tick() to call
change detection and View Rendering.
ii. Event listener: The DOM event listener can update the data
in an Angular component and trigger the change detection
too.
iii. @Component({
iv. selector: 'app-event-listener',
v. template: `
vi. <button (click)="onClick()">Click</button>
vii. {{message}}`
viii. })
 ix. export class EventListenerComponent {
x. message = '';
xi.
xii. onClick() {
xiii. this.message = 'data updated';
xiv. }
}

xv. HTTP Data Request: You can get data from a server through
an HTTP request
xvi. data = 'default value';
xvii. constructor(private httpClient: HttpClient) {}
xviii.
xix. ngOnInit() {
xx. this.httpClient.get(this.serverUrl).subscribe(response => {
xxi. this.data = response.data; // change detection will
happen automatically
xxii. });
}

xxiii. Macro tasks setTimeout() or setInterval(): You can

update the data in the callback function of setTimeout or
setInterval
xxiv. data = 'default value';
xxv.
xxvi. ngOnInit() {
xxvii. setTimeout(() => {
xxviii. this.data = 'data updated'; // Change detection will
happen automatically
xxix. });
}

xxx. Micro tasks Promises: You can update the data in the
callback function of promise
xxxi. data = 'initial value';
xxxii.
xxxiii. ngOnInit() {
xxxiv. Promise.resolve(1).then(v => {
xxxv. this.data = v; // Change detection will happen
automatically
xxxvi. });
}

xxxvii. Async operations like Web sockets and Canvas: The data
can be updated asynchronously using
WebSocket.onmessage() and Canvas.toBlob().

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247. What is a zone context?

Execution Context is an abstract concept that holds information
about the environment within the current code being executed. A
zone provides an execution context that persists across
asynchronous operations is called as zone context. For example, the
 zone context will be same in both outside and inside setTimeout
callback function,

zone.run(() => {
// outside zone
expect(zoneThis).toBe(zone);
setTimeout(function() {
// the same outside zone exist here
expect(zoneThis).toBe(zone);
});
});

The current zone is retrieved through Zone.current.

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248. What are the lifecycle hooks of a zone?

There are four lifecycle hooks for asynchronous operations from
zone.js.

i. onScheduleTask: This hook triggers when a new

asynchronous task is scheduled. For example, when you call
setTimeout()
ii. onScheduleTask: function(delegate, curr, target, task) {
iii. console.log('new task is scheduled:', task.type,
task.source);
iv. return delegate.scheduleTask(target, task);
}

v. onInvokeTask: This hook triggers when an asynchronous

task is about to execute. For example, when the callback of
setTimeout() is about to execute.
vi. onInvokeTask: function(delegate, curr, target, task, applyThis,
applyArgs) {
vii. console.log('task will be invoked:', task.type,
task.source);
viii. return delegate.invokeTask(target, task, applyThis,
applyArgs);
}

ix. onHasTask: This hook triggers when the status of one kind of
task inside a zone changes from stable(no tasks in the zone)
to unstable(a new task is scheduled in the zone) or from
unstable to stable.
x. onHasTask: function(delegate, curr, target, hasTaskState) {
xi. console.log('task state changed in the zone:',
hasTaskState);
xii. return delegate.hasTask(target, hasTaskState);
}

xiii. onInvoke: This hook triggers when a synchronous function is

going to execute in the zone.
xiv. onInvoke: function(delegate, curr, target, callback, applyThis,
applyArgs) {
 xv. console.log('the callback will be invoked:', callback);
xvi. return delegate.invoke(target, callback, applyThis,
applyArgs);
}

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249. What are the methods of NgZone used to

control change detection?
NgZone service provides a run() method that allows you to execute
a function inside the angular zone. This function is used to execute
third party APIs which are not handled by Zone and trigger change
detection automatically at the correct time.
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
ngOnInit() {
// use ngZone.run() to make the asynchronous operation in the
angular zone
this.ngZone.run(() => {
someNewAsyncAPI(() => {
// update the data of the component
});
});
}
}

Whereas runOutsideAngular() method is used when you don't want to

trigger change detection.
export class AppComponent implements OnInit {
constructor(private ngZone: NgZone) {}
ngOnInit() {
// Use this method when you know no data will be updated
this.ngZone.runOutsideAngular(() => {
setTimeout(() => {
// update component data and don't trigger change detection
});
});
}
}

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250. How do you change the settings of zonejs?

You can change the settings of zone by configuring them in a
separate file and import it just after zonejs import. For example, you
can disable the requestAnimationFrame() monkey patch to prevent
change detection for no data update as one setting and prevent
DOM events(a mousemove or scroll event) to trigger change
detection. Let's say the new file named zone-flags.js,

// disable patching requestAnimationFrame

(window as any).__Zone_disable_requestAnimationFrame = true;
 // disable patching specified eventNames
(window as any).__zone_symbol__UNPATCHED_EVENTS = ['scroll',
'mousemove'];

The above configuration file can be imported in a polyfill.ts file as

below,

/
*********************************************************************
******************************
* Zone JS is required by default for Angular.
*/
import `./zone-flags`;
import 'zone.js/dist/zone'; // Included with Angular CLI.

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251. How do you trigger an animation?

Angular provides a trigger() function for animation in order to
collect the states and transitions with a specific animation name, so
that you can attach it to the triggering element in the HTML
template. This function watch for changes and trigger initiates the
actions when a change occurs. For example, let's create trigger
named upDown, and attach it to the button element.
content_copy
@Component({
selector: 'app-up-down',
animations: [
trigger('upDown', [
state('up', style({
height: '200px',
opacity: 1,
backgroundColor: 'yellow'
})),
state('down', style({
height: '100px',
opacity: 0.5,
backgroundColor: 'green'
})),
transition('up => down', [
animate('1s')
]),
transition('down => up', [
animate('0.5s')
]),
]),
],
templateUrl: 'up-down.component.html',
styleUrls: ['up-down.component.css']
})
export class UpDownComponent {
isUp = true;

toggle() {
 this.isUp = !this.isUp;
}

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252. How do you configure injectors with

providers at different levels?
You can configure injectors with providers at different levels of your
application by setting a metadata value. The configuration can
happen in one of three places,

i. In the @Injectable() decorator for the service itself

ii. In the @NgModule() decorator for an NgModule
iii. In the @Component() decorator for a component

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253. Is it mandatory to use injectable on every

service class?
No. The @Injectable() decorator is not strictly required if the class
has other Angular decorators on it or does not have any
dependencies. But the important thing here is any class that is
going to be injected with Angular is decorated. i.e, If we add the
decorator, the metadata design:paramtypes is added, and the
dependency injection can do it's job. That is the exact reason to add
the @Injectable() decorator on a service if this service has some
dependencies itself. For example, Let's see the different variations
of AppService in a root component,

i. The below AppService can be injected in AppComponent

without any problems. This is because there are no
dependency services inside AppService.
ii. export class AppService {
iii. constructor() {
iv. console.log('A new app service');
v. }
}

vi. The below AppService with dummy decorator and httpService

can be injected in AppComponent without any problems. This
is because meta information is generated with dummy
decorator.
vii. function SomeDummyDecorator() {
viii. return (constructor: Function) => console.log(constructor);
ix. }
x.
xi. @SomeDummyDecorator()
xii. export class AppService {
xiii. constructor(http: HttpService) {
 xiv. console.log(http);
xv. }
}

and the generated javascript code of above service has meta

information about HttpService, js var AppService = (function ()
{ function AppService(http) { console.log(http); } AppService =
__decorate([ core_1.Injectable(), __metadata('design:paramtypes',
[http_service_1.HttpService]) ], AppService); return AppService; }
()); exports.AppService = AppService; 3. The below AppService with
@injectable decorator and httpService can be injected in
AppComponent without any problems. This is because meta
information is generated with Injectable decorator. js

{ constructor(http: HttpService) { console.log(http); } } ⬆ Back

@Injectable({ providedIn: 'root', }) export class AppService
to
Top

254. What is an optional dependency?

The optional dependency is a parameter decorator to be used on
constructor parameters, which marks the parameter as being an
optional dependency. Due to this, the DI framework provides null if
the dependency is not found. For example, If you don't register a
logger provider anywhere, the injector sets the value of logger(or
logger service) to null in the below class.

import { Optional } from '@angular/core';

constructor(@Optional() private logger?: Logger) {

if (this.logger) {
this.logger.log('This is an optional dependency message');
} else {
console.log('The logger is not registered');
}
}

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255. What are the types of injector hierarchies?

There are two types of injector hierarchies in Angular

i. ModuleInjector hierarchy: It configure on a module level

using an @NgModule() or @Injectable() annotation.
ii. ElementInjector hierarchy: It created implicitly at each
DOM element. Also it is empty by default unless you configure
it in the providers property on @Directive() or @Component().

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256. What are reactive forms?

 Reactive forms is a model-driven approach for creating forms in a
reactive style(form inputs changes over time). These are built
around observable streams, where form inputs and values are
provided as streams of input values. Let's follow the below steps to
create reactive forms,

i. Register the reactive forms module which declares reactive-

form directives in your app
ii. import { ReactiveFormsModule } from '@angular/forms';
iii.
iv. @NgModule({
v. imports: [
vi. // other imports ...
vii. ReactiveFormsModule
viii. ],
ix. })
export class AppModule { }

x. Create a new FormControl instance and save it in the

component.
xi. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
xii. import { FormControl } from '@angular/forms';
xiii.
xiv. @Component({
xv. selector: 'user-profile',
xvi. styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
xvii. })
xviii. export class UserProfileComponent {
xix. userName = new FormControl('');
}

xx. Register the FormControl in the template.

xxi. <label>
xxii. User name:
xxiii. <input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
</label>

Finally, the component with reactive form control appears as below,

```js import { Component } from '@angular/core'; import
{ FormControl } from '@angular/forms';

@Component({
selector: 'user-profile',
styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
template: `
<label>
User name:
<input type="text" [formControl]="userName">
</label>
`
})
export class UserProfileComponent {
userName = new FormControl('');
}
```

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 257. What are dynamic forms?
Dynamic forms is a pattern in which we build a form dynamically

create them based on reactive form API. ⬆ Back to Top

based on metadata that describes a business object model. You can

258. What are template driven forms?

Template driven forms are model-driven forms where you write the
logic, validations, controls etc, in the template part of the code
using directives. They are suitable for simple scenarios and uses
two-way binding with [(ngModel)] syntax. For example, you can
create register form easily by following the below simple steps,

i. Import the FormsModule into the Application module's imports

array
ii. import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
iii. import { NgModule } from '@angular/core';
iv. import {FormsModule} from '@angular/forms'
v. import { RegisterComponent } from './app.component';
vi. @NgModule({
vii. declarations: [
viii. RegisterComponent,
ix. ],
x. imports: [
xi. BrowserModule,
xii. FormsModule
xiii. ],
xiv. providers: [],
xv. bootstrap: [RegisterComponent]
xvi. })
export class AppModule { }

xvii. Bind the form from template to the component using ngModel
syntax
xviii. <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
xix. required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name">

xx. Attach NgForm directive to the tag in order to create

FormControl instances and register them

<form #registerForm="ngForm">

xxi. Apply the validation message for form controls

xxii. <label for="name">Name</label>
xxiii. <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
xxiv. required
xxv. [(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
xxvi. #name="ngModel">
xxvii. <div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
xxviii. class="alert alert-danger">
xxix. Please enter your name
</div>
 xxx. Let's submit the form with ngSubmit directive and add
type="submit" button at the bottom of the form to trigger
form submit.
xxxi. <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm">
xxxii. // Form goes here
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!
registerForm.form.valid">Submit</button>

Finally, the completed template-driven registration form will be

appeared as follow.

```html
<div class="container">
<h1>Registration Form</h1>
<form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #registerForm="ngForm">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="name">Name</label>
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
required
[(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
#name="ngModel">
<div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
class="alert alert-danger">
Please enter your name
</div>
</div>
<button type="submit" class="btn btn-success"
[disabled]="!registerForm.form.valid">Submit</button>
</form>
</div>
```

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259. What are the differences between reactive

forms and template driven forms?
Below are the main differences between reactive forms and
template driven forms

Feature Reactive Template-Driven

Form model Created(FormControl instance) in

Created by directives
setup component explicitly

Data updates Synchronous Asynchronous

Form custom
Defined as Functions Defined as Directives
validation

Testing No interaction with change Need knowledge of the

 Feature Reactive Template-Driven

detection cycle change detection process

Immutable(by always returning

Mutable(Property always
Mutability new value for FormControl
modified to new value)
instance)

Less scalable using due to

Scalability More scalable using low-level APIs
abstraction on APIs

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260. What are the different ways to group form

controls?
Reactive forms provide two ways of grouping multiple related
controls.

i. FormGroup: It defines a form with a fixed set of controls

those can be managed together in an one object. It has same
properties and methods similar to a FormControl instance.
This FormGroup can be nested to create complex forms as
below.
ii. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
iii. import { FormGroup, FormControl } from '@angular/forms';
iv.
v. @Component({
vi. selector: 'user-profile',
vii. templateUrl: './user-profile.component.html',
viii. styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
ix. })
x. export class UserProfileComponent {
xi. userProfile = new FormGroup({
xii. firstName: new FormControl(''),
xiii. lastName: new FormControl(''),
xiv. address: new FormGroup({
xv. street: new FormControl(''),
xvi. city: new FormControl(''),
xvii. state: new FormControl(''),
xviii. zip: new FormControl('')
xix. })
xx. });
xxi.
xxii. onSubmit() {
xxiii. // Store this.userProfile.value in DB
xxiv. }
}

<form [formGroup]="userProfile" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

 <label>
First Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="firstName">
</label>

<label>
Last Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="lastName">
</label>

<div formGroupName="address">
<h3>Address</h3>

<label>
Street:
<input type="text" formControlName="street">
</label>

<label>
City:
<input type="text" formControlName="city">
</label>

<label>
State:
<input type="text" formControlName="state">
</label>

<label>
Zip Code:
<input type="text" formControlName="zip">
</label>
</div>
<button type="submit" [disabled]="!
userProfile.valid">Submit</button>

</form>

xxv. FormArray: It defines a dynamic form in an array format,

where you can add and remove controls at run time. This is
useful for dynamic forms when you don’t know how many
controls will be present within the group.
xxvi. import { Component } from '@angular/core';
xxvii. import { FormArray, FormControl } from '@angular/forms';
xxviii.
xxix. @Component({
xxx. selector: 'order-form',
xxxi. templateUrl: './order-form.component.html',
xxxii. styleUrls: ['./order-form.component.css']
xxxiii. })
xxxiv. export class OrderFormComponent {
xxxv. constructor () {
xxxvi. this.orderForm = new FormGroup({
xxxvii. firstName: new FormControl('John',
Validators.minLength(3)),
xxxviii. lastName: new FormControl('Rodson'),
xxxix. items: new FormArray([
xl. new FormControl(null)
xli. ])
 xlii. });
xliii. }
xliv.
xlv. onSubmitForm () {
xlvi. // Save the items this.orderForm.value in DB
xlvii. }
xlviii.
xlix. onAddItem () {
l. this.orderForm.controls
li. .items.push(new FormControl(null));
lii. }
liii.
liv. onRemoveItem (index) {
lv. this.orderForm.controls['items'].removeAt(index);
lvi. }
}

<form [formControlName]="orderForm" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

<label>
First Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="firstName">
</label>

<label>
Last Name:
<input type="text" formControlName="lastName">
</label>

<div>
<p>Add items</p>
<ul formArrayName="items">
<li *ngFor="let item of orderForm.controls.items.controls;
let i = index">
<input type="text" formControlName="{{i}}">
<button type="button" title="Remove Item"
(click)="onRemoveItem(i)">Remove</button>
</li>
</ul>
<button type="button" (click)="onAddItem">
Add an item
</button>
</div>

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261. How do you update specific properties of a

form model?
You can use patchValue() method to update specific properties
defined in the form model. For example,you can update the name
and street of certain profile on click of the update button as shown
below.
updateProfile() {
this.userProfile.patchValue({
firstName: 'John',
address: {
 street: '98 Crescent Street'
}
});
}

<button (click)="updateProfile()">Update Profile</button>

You can also use setValue method to update properties.

Note: Remember to update the properties against the exact model

structure.

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262. What is the purpose of FormBuilder?

FormBuilder is used as syntactic sugar for easily creating instances
of a FormControl, FormGroup, or FormArray. This is helpful to reduce
the amount of boilerplate needed to build complex reactive forms. It
is available as an injectable helper class of
the @angular/forms package.

For example, the user profile component creation becomes easier as

shown here.

export class UserProfileComponent {

profileForm = this.formBuilder.group({
firstName: [''],
lastName: [''],
address: this.formBuilder.group({
street: [''],
city: [''],
state: [''],
zip: ['']
}),
});
constructor(private formBuilder: FormBuilder) { }
}

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263. How do you verify the model changes in

forms?
You can add a getter property(let's say, diagnostic) inside
component to return a JSON representation of the model during the
development. This is useful to verify whether the values are really
flowing from the input box to the model and vice versa or not.

export class UserProfileComponent {

model = new User('John', 29, 'Writer');

// TODO: Remove after the verification

 get diagnostic() { return JSON.stringify(this.model); }
}

and add diagnostic binding near the top of the form

{{diagnostic}}
<div class="form-group">
// FormControls goes here
</div>

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264. What are the state CSS classes provided by

ngModel?
The ngModel directive updates the form control with special Angular
CSS classes to reflect it's state. Let's find the list of classes in a
tabular format,

Form control
If true If false
state

Visited ng-touched ng-untouched

Value has changed ng-dirty ng-pristine

Value is valid ng-valid ng-invalid

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265. How do you reset the form?

In a model-driven form, you can reset the form just by calling the
function reset() on our form model. For example, you can reset the
form model on submission as follows,
onSubmit() {
if (this.myform.valid) {
console.log("Form is submitted");
// Perform business logic here
this.myform.reset();
}
}

Now, your form model resets the form back to its original pristine
state.

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266. What are the types of validator functions?

 In reactive forms, the validators can be either synchronous or
asynchronous functions,

i. Sync validators: These are the synchronous functions which

take a control instance and immediately return either a set of
validation errors or null. Also, these functions passed as
second argument while instantiating the form control. The
main use cases are simple checks like whether a field is
empty, whether it exceeds a maximum length etc.
ii. Async validators: These are the asynchronous functions
which take a control instance and return a Promise or
Observable that later emits a set of validation errors or null.
Also, these functions passed as second argument while
instantiating the form control. The main use cases are
complex validations like hitting a server to check the
availability of a username or email.

The representation of these validators looks like below

this.myForm = formBuilder.group({
firstName: ['value'],
lastName: ['value', *Some Sync validation function*],
email: ['value', *Some validation function*, *Some asynchronous
validation function*]
});

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267. Can you give an example of built-in

validators?
In reactive forms, you can use built-in validator
like required and minlength on your input form controls. For example,
the registration form can have these validators on name input field
this.registrationForm = new FormGroup({
'name': new FormControl(this.hero.name, [
Validators.required,
Validators.minLength(4),
])
});

Whereas in template-driven forms,

both required and minlength validators available as attributes.

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268. How do you optimize the performance of

async validators?
Since all validators run after every form value change, it creates a
major impact on performance with async validators by hitting the
 external API on each keystroke. This situation can be avoided by
delaying the form validity by changing the updateOn property from
change (default) to submit or blur. The usage would be different
based on form types,

i. Template-driven forms: Set the property

on ngModelOptions directive

<input [(ngModel)]="name" [ngModelOptions]="{updateOn:

'blur'}">

ii. Reactive-forms: Set the property on FormControl instance

name = new FormControl('', {updateOn: 'blur'});

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269. How to set ngFor and ngIf on the same

element?
Sometimes you may need to both ngFor and ngIf on the same
element but unfortunately you are going to encounter below
template error.

Template parse errors: Can't have multiple template bindings on one

element.

In this case, You need to use either ng-container or ng-template.

Let's say if you try to loop over the items only when the items are
available, the below code throws an error in the browser

<ul *ngIf="items" *ngFor="let item of items">

<li></li>
</ul>

and it can be fixed by

<ng-container *ngIf="items">
<ul *ngFor="let item of items">
<li></li>
</ul>
</ng-container>

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270. What is host property in css?

The :host pseudo-class selector is used to target styles in the
element that hosts the component. Since the host element is in a
parent component's template, you can't reach the host element
from inside the component by other means. For example, you can
create a border for parent element as below,
 //Other styles for app.component.css
//...
:host {
display: block;
border: 1px solid black;
padding: 20px;
}

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271. How do you get the current route?

In Angular, there is an url property of router package to get the
current route. You need to follow the below few steps,

i. Import Router from @angular/router

import { Router } from '@angular/router';

ii. Inject router inside constructor

constructor(private router: Router ) {

iii. Access url parameter

console.log(this.router.url); // /routename

272. What is Component Test Harnesses?

A component harness is a testing API around an Angular directive or
component to make tests simpler by hiding implementation details
from test suites. This can be shared between unit tests, integration
tests, and end-to-end tests. The idea for component harnesses
comes from the PageObject pattern commonly used for integration
testing.

273. What is the benefit of Automatic Inlining of

Fonts?
During compile time, Angular CLI will download and inline the fonts
that your application is using. This performance update speed up
the first contentful paint(FCP) and this feature is enabled by default
in apps built with version 11.