SQL
1. SELECT Query:
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from one or more tables in a
database. It allows you to specify which columns you want to view, and you can
filter results using WHERE clauses.
Example:
SELECT * FROM students
SELECT indicates that you want to retrieve data.
* means all columns in the table.
FROM students specifies the table students .
If you want to get specific columns:
SELECT name, age FROM students WHERE age > 18;
This query fetches the name and age of students who are older than 18.
2. INSERT Query:
The INSERT statement allows you to add new rows of data to a table.
Example:
INSERT INTO students (name, age, grade)
VALUES ('John Doe', 20, 'A');
INSERT INTO students specifies that you want to insert new data into the students
table.
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(name, age, grade) specifies the columns into which the values will be inserted.
VALUES ('John Doe', 20, 'A') specifies the actual data being added to the table.
This will insert a new student named John Doe, aged 20, with a grade of 'A'.
3. UPDATE Query:
The UPDATE statement allows you to modify existing data in a table.
Example:
UPDATE students
SET grade = 'B'
WHERE name = 'John Doe';
UPDATE students specifies the table you are updating.
SET grade = 'B' updates the grade column to 'B'.
ensures that only the student named John Doe gets
WHERE name = 'John Doe'
updated. Without the WHERE clause, it would update all records in the table.
4. DELETE Query:
The DELETE statement allows you to remove rows from a table.
Example:
DELETE FROM students
WHERE age < 18;
DELETE FROM students specifies that you want to delete records from the students
table.
WHERE age < 18 restricts the deletion to only those students younger than 18.
Again, without the WHERE clause, it would delete all rows in the table.
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5. ADD CONSTRAINT Query:
Constraints are rules applied to columns in a table to ensure data integrity. The
most common constraints are primary keys, foreign keys, unique constraints, and
not-null constraints.
Adding a Primary Key Constraint:
A primary key uniquely identifies each record in the table. You can add a primary
key constraint after creating the table.
Example:
ALTER TABLE students
ADD CONSTRAINT pk_student_id PRIMARY KEY (student_id);
ALTER TABLE students modifies the existing students table.
ADD CONSTRAINT pk_student_id PRIMARY KEY (student_id) adds a primary key constraint
on the student_id column.
Adding a Foreign Key Constraint:
A foreign key enforces a link between two tables, ensuring that the data in one
table corresponds to valid entries in another.
Example:
ALTER TABLE students
ADD CONSTRAINT fk_course_id FOREIGN KEY (course_id)
REFERENCES courses(course_id);
This statement ensures that the course_id in the students table must match a
valid course_id in the courses table.
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Summary of Key Concepts:
SELECT: Retrieves data from the database. You can use WHERE to filter the
results.
INSERT : Adds new rows to the table.
UPDATE : Modifies existing data. WHERE is used to limit which rows are updated.
DELETE : Removes rows from the table. WHERE specifies which rows to delete.
ADD CONSTRAINT : Ensures data integrity by applying rules (e.g., primary keys,
foreign keys) to the data structure.
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