Chap_4___Computer_Aided_Design_Optimization
Chap_4___Computer_Aided_Design_Optimization
1 -
In fact, one dividing line between tall buildings and other multistorey
buildings is precisely at the point where design for motion under lateral
loads becomes more critical than design for strength.
3) Finally, choose the strength level for the material to safely sustain all
stresses.
Traditionally, much attention has been absorbed in the design for strength
(e.g. code-stipulated requirements), which is however the less important
part of the structural design of a tall building.
Each design problem has constraints that must be met, such as lateral
drift and code-specified element strength design requirements. Design
constraints are generally related to the limitations on the structural
response performance as well as explicit size bounds on the design
variables. Typical examples of the structural behavioural responses to
be constrained are stresses, lateral deflections and natural frequencies.
- 4.6 -
Advantages and Limitations of Structural Optimization
Advantages:
Limitations
Nondimensional data
Feasible
Region
Vol = 900
Vol = 833.3
- 4.9 -
Optimal Stiffness Design Technique
Intuitive Method
1
C.H. Thorton, L. Joseph and T. Scarangello, “Optimization of Tall Structures for Wind
Loading”, J. of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 36, 1990, 235-244.
2
W. Baker, “Sizing Techniques for Lateral Systems in Multi-story Steel Buildings”, Proc.
Fourth World Congress – Tall Buildings: 2000 and Beyond, CTBUH, Hong Kong, Nov. 5-9,
1990, 875-868.
3
F.A. Charney, “The Use of Displacement Participation Factors in the Optimization of Wind
Sensitive Buildings”, Proc. Ninth Structures Congress, ASCE, Indianapolis, Indiana, Apr. 29
– May 1, 1991, 545-547.
4
R. Gilsanz and A. Carlson, “Optimization in Building Design”, Proc. Second Int. Conf. on
Computer Aided Optimum Design of Structures 91, Boston, 1991, 541-551.
- 4.10 -
Let’s consider the tip deflection of a building of N members.
N Li
FX f X
dx
i 1 0 EA i
FX f X L
If the virtual work of a truss element = Wi , then the work
EA i
F f L W
density of the element = Di X X Ai Li i .
EA i Ai Li
W W W
At optimum, ... constant .
A L 1 A L 2 A L 3
As modern tall buildings are complex structures which often require the
consideration of multiple drift constraints under multiple lateral loading
conditions, it is desirable to have an efficient resizing technique for the
optimal design of tall buildings subject to multiple constraints.
subject to j Uj ( j 1,2,..., M )
p Up ( p 1,2,..., P )
AiL Ai AiU (i 1,2,..., N )
5
C.-M. Chan, “How to Optimize Tall Steel Building Frameworks”, In: ASCE Manuals and Report on
Engineering Practice No. 90 - Guide to Structural Optimization, ASCE, 1997, 165-196.
- 4.13 -
N Li FX f X FY fY FZ fZ M X mX MY mY MZ mZ
dx
i 1 0 EA GA Y GAZ GI X EI Y EI Z i
axial shear torsion bending
where FX, FY, FZ, MX, MY, MZ = actual member forces & moments
fX, fY, fZ, mX, mY, mZ = virtual member forces & moments
A, AY, AZ, IX, IY, IZ = sectional properties
E, G = material properties
1 C 1 C
AY C AY
'
; AZ C AZ
'
;
AY A AZ A
1 C 1 C IY
IX C IX
'
; C IY
'
;
IX A IY A
1 C
IZ C IZ
'
IZ A
N eij
j ( Ai ) eij'
i 1 Ai
- 4.14 -
Li
F f MY mY CIY M Z m Z CIZ
where eij X X
0
E
FY fY C AY FZ f Z C AZ M X m X C IX
dx
G i
Li M m C' M m C'
Y Y IY Z Z IZ
eij'
0 E
'
FY fY CAY FZ f Z CAZ
'
M X m X CIX
'
dx
G i
- 4.15 -
Recognizing this fact, one can get around the element strength
constraints by considering not to include them explicitly in the design
optimization process.
Once the strength-based element sizes are obtained, they can be taken
as the lower-size bounds on the sizing variables in the lateral drift design
optimization.
N M N eij
L( Ai , j ) wi Ai j eij' Uj
i 1 j 1 i1 Ai
j 0 if j Uj (active constraints)
j 0 if j Uj (inactive constraints)
- 4.16 -
Optimality Criteria (OC) Method:
M eij
j 1 (i 1,2,..., N )
j 1 wi Ai2
1 M j eij
Ai1 Ai 1 1 ( i 1,2,...,N A )
j 1wi Ai2
NA e e NA
M
e
j ij ik3 = ik
kU k (k 1, 2,.., M )
j 1 i 1 wi Ai i 1 Ai
From the recursive resizing relations, it can be observed that the rate of
convergence of the OC process depends on the initial set of member
0
sizes Ai adopted at the beginning of the design process.
Ai j eij wi (i 1, 2,..., N )
N eij N eij wi
j
U
eij
'
eij
'
i 1 e w i 1 j
j
j ij i
N ew
i ij i eij
Ai 1 N (i 1,2,..., N )
j eij wi
U '
i 1
To minimise the least deviation from the deviation from the continuous
sizes to the discrete sizes, one effective strategy is to select the member
involving the least change in material weight when the continuous size is
increased to the next available discrete size, i.e., the member with the
least value of wi Ai ( discrete ) Ai ( continuous ) .
6
C.-M. Chan, "An Optimality Criteria Algorithm for Tall Steel Building Design Using Commercial Standard
Sections", Structural Optimization, Vol. 5, 1992, 26-29.
- 4.20 -
Overall Design Optimization Procedure
j j
j
- 4.21 -
Examples: A series of Planar Steel Frameworks
- 4.22 -
Example: Three 50-story Frameworks
- 4.23 -
- 4.24 -
- 4.25 -
- 4.26 -
- 4.27 -
- 4.28 -
Tall Concrete Frame Building
Unlike steel buildings which generally use standard steel sections for
members, tall reinforced buildings have more flexibility in forming their
member shapes and dimensions.
Taking the width (B) and the depth (D) of a member as design variables
for the member, the cross sectional properties of the member can be
expressed as
5
A B D, AY AZ B D
6
1 1
IY B 3 D , I Z B D3
12 12
1 B B4
I X 0.21 (1 ) D B 3
3 D 12 D 4
Note that the effect of member torsion is generally small and assume
that B D , the torsional moment of inertia I X can be approximated as
1
I X D B3
3
Using the above sectional relationships and the principle of virtual work,
the drift constraint can be explicitly expressed in terms of design
variables B and D as follows:
- 4.29 -
N e0ij e1ij e2ij
j ( Bi , Di ) j
U
i 1 Bi Di Bi Di Bi Di
3 3
F f
Li
F f FZ f Z
where e0ij X X Y Y dx
0
E 5G / 6 i
M m
Li
e1ij Z Z dx
0
E / 12 i
M m M m
Li
e2ij Y Y X X dx
0 E / 12 G / 3 i
Using the OC Method to first derive the Optimality Criteria and then apply
the following recursive algorithm to obtain the optimal solution
1 M j e0 ij e1ij 3e2 ij
B v 1
B 1
v
2 2 2 4 4 2 1 (i 1,2,.., N B )
j 1 wi Bi Di Bi Di v
i i
Bi Di
1 M j e0 ij 3e1ij e2 ij
Div 1 Div 1 2 2 2
1 (i 1,2,.., N D )
j 1 i
w Bi Di Bi
2
Di
4
Bi
4
D i v
where N B is the number of active width sizing variables and N D is the
number of active depth sizing variables.
N B v1 N D
Considering kU kv k
i
i 1 Bi
B
Bi
v
k Di Di ,
i 1 Di
v 1 v
one
i 1 Bi Di Bi v i 1 Bi Di Bi v
k k
Di Di
(k=1,2,,M)
Shear walls have been the most common types of concrete building
structures in Hong Kong.
Consider that the shear wall panel members are modelled by rectangular
shell elements
D
L
- 4.31 -
The same principle of virtual work can be used to formulate the lateral
drift response of a shear wall structures as shown in the following
E
i.e.
E E
0 0 0 0
11 1 1 2
11
2
E E
0 0 0 0 22
22 1 2 1 2
33 0 0 0 0 0 0 33
12 0 0 0 G 0 0 12
23 0 0 0 0
5
G 0 23
6
13 5 13
0 0 0 0 0 G
6
E
in which G , is Poisson’s ratio.
2(1 )
where forces Fij and moments M ij are shown per unit of in-plane
length.
- 4.33 -
dV
11 22 22 11 12 23 13
11 22 12 23 13
5 1
dx dxdx3
E E G 5
G G
6 6
1
E 11 11 22 22 11 22 22 11
dx1dxdx3
1 6 6
G 12 12 5 23 23 5 13 13
Or,
dV
LD 1 F f
12M11m11 F22 f 22 12M 22 m22
11 11
0 0 E t t3 t t3
F f 12M11m22 F f 12M 22 m11
11 22 22 11
t t 3
t t3
1 F12 f12 12M12 m12 6 V23v23 V13v13
dx1dx2
G t t3 5G t
6 6
F12 f12 V23v23 V13v13
1L D
F11 f11 F22 f 22 F11 f 22 F22 f11 5 5
dx1dx2
t 0 0 E G
12 M m M 22 m22 M11m22 M 22 m11 M12 m12
L D
3 11 11 dx1dx2
t 0 0 E G
- 4.34 -
For a concrete building structure with n shear wall panels, the lateral
drift can be written explicitly in terms of the thickness variables as
n n C C'
dV i 3i
i 1 i 1 ti ti
in which
6 6
LD F12 f12 V23v23 V13v13
F11 f11 F22 f 22 F11 f 22 F22 f11 5 5
Ci dx1dx2
00 E G
i
L D M m M m M m M m
M m
Ci' 12 11 11 22 22 11 22 22 11
12 12 dx1dx2
00 E G i
Using the OC Method to first derive the Optimality Criteria and then apply
the following recursive algorithm to obtain the optimal solution
1 M j eij 3eij
'
tiv1 tiv 1 1
w j 1 wi ti2 ti4
v
N w v1 v
Considering kU kv k
ti ti , one obtains a system of
i 1 ti
D NW 1 3eij' 3eik'
j ij
e ik
e
j 1 i 1 witi
3
ti2 ti2
NW 1 3eik'
= eik 2 w ( kU k ) (k=1,2,…, M)
i 1 ti ti
- 4.35 -
Commissioned by
the Housing Department of HKSAR Government
Public Housing
Blocks
- 4.36 -
Harmony 1 Block
Concord Block
- 4.37 -
Summary Results
Benefits: Disadvantages:
1. Direct savings in material and construction costs 1. Stepped ceiling
2. Increase in usable floor area (0.9-1.3 m 2 per flat) 2. Possible rerouting and refitting service fixtures
3. Better flexibility in the use of floor space 3. Further redesigns are necessary
4. Possible higher sales rate due to larger usable
floor area
5. Increase in floor efficiency ratio of 1.8% for
Concord 1 block
6. Lighter structure may reduce foundation cost
- 4.38 -
Preliminar y
Recommendations
Results of Wi nd Engineering
Study
Structural Opti mization Using
Wind Engineering Results
Final
FinalRecommendati
Recommendations on for
for
Improvi
Improvi
ng Structural
ng Structural
Efficienc y
Efficienc y
Preliminary Optimization
Review of
Analytical Model
• Only the single block 4 was considered
• Design based on analytically derived wind
Formulation of
loads Optimal Design Problem
Design constraints:
Lateral drift under all wind conditions H/500
Min. element size limits = strength-based sizes
No wall is allowed to be thinner than 200 mm
Maximum depth of beams above door opening = 600 mm
Maximum depth of corridor slabs = 300 mm
All lintel beams are sized to have their width to be the same as
the thickness of their adjoining walls
Design variables:
Element sizes at various level zones
Planform of Structure
10/F - 12/F
10/F - 12/F
Stiffen the open core walls and deepen core link beams
Detailed Optimisation
Top Levels
Base Levels
Top Levels
Zone 2
(20/F - Roof )
Scheme 1 Scheme 2
Uniform wall Two wall
thickness thickness
variations
Zone 1
(Base - 20F)
ROOF
32
30
Zone 2
(20/F - Roof ) 28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
Zone 1 10
(Base - 20F) 8
P4
Zone 1: GF - 20F
Wall sizes same as option 1 results
Zone 1: GF - 20F
Wall sizes same as option 1 results
Zone 2: 21F - Roof
All wing walls are reduced to min.
200 mm thick
- 4.50 -
0.40
Vol. of Concrete per CFA (m3/m2)
0.35
0.349
0.30 0.307
(-12%) 0.283
0.25 0.267
(-19%)
(-24%)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Prelim. Stage 1 Opt. Stage 2 Opt. Stage 2 Opt.
Design - Scheme 1 - Scheme 2
14%
Area Occupied by Walls
12%
11.4%
10% 10.7%
9.9%
(-6%)
per CFA
9.3%
8% (-13%)
(-18%)
6%
4%
2%
0%
Prelim. Stage 1 Opt. Stage 2 Opt. Stage 2 Opt.
Design Scheme 1 Scheme 2
- 4.51 -
0.40
0.35
Vol. of Concrete per CFA
0.30 0.310
0.280
0.25 0.272
(m3/m2)
(-10%)
(-12%)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Stage 1 - Stage 2 Opt. - Stage 2 Opt. -
Initial Design Scheme 1 Scheme 2
14%
Area Occupied by Walls per CFA
12%
10% 10.2%
9.2% 8.9%
8%
(-10%) (-13%)
6%
4%
2%
0%
Stage 1 - Stage 2 Opt. Stage 2 Opt.
Initial Design Scheme 1 Scheme 2
- 4.52 -
Harbourside
Development
Package 7
Packages 5 & 6
Package 2
The
H ar
bou
rsid
e
Package 1
Package 3
Optimization Challenges
• Large-scale structure
5864 frame elements
25528 wall panel elements
• Strongly coupled lateral-torsional
motion
Structural Modeling
- 4.56 -
106000
104000 11% savings in concrete = 12340 m3
Volume (m 3)
102000
100000
98000
96000
94000
92000
90000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Design Cycle
- 4.58 -
Highrise levels
Lowrise levels
Podium levels
Key Recommendations:
3/F
Original
1st Round
Optimization
Original 33/F
• Recommend widening coupling
beams around the main core
• Recommend reducing the
thickness of most walls
1st Round
Optimization
- 4.60 -
Original 63/F
• Recommend reducing the
thickness of all walls
• Recommend widening coupling
beams around the main core
1st Round
Optimization
Summary Results
• Total savings in concrete volume = 10416 m3 (11% of initial concrete volume)
• Total savings in usable floor area = 2610 m2 (26 flat units)
• Average increase in usable floor area per flat = 2.5 m2
• Equivalent increase in floor efficiency = 2.2%
Assuming a composite unit cost of HK$2000/m 3 for reinforced concrete and a unit
price of HK$60,000/m2 for floor area
• Total estimated cost savings in concrete = HK$ 20.8 M
• Total equivalent cost savings in floor areas = HK$ 156.6 M
• Total cost savings = HK$ 177.4 M
• Additional financial savings in the foundation due to the reduction of concrete usage
- 4.61 -
0.9 6
0.8
Vol. of concrete per GFA (m3/m2)
0.7
5 7
0.6 3 4
0.5
1
0.4 2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
100 200 300
Height (m)
6 7
16%
Walls/Columns per GFA (m2/m2)
4
14% 5
1 2 3
Area of Occupied by
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
100 150 200 250 300
Height (m)