UNIT I:
GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
Historical Intellectual Science and Government laws,
Antecedents which Revolution Technology and Its Policies, Plans and
Changed the Course Role to Nation Projects Pertaining to
of Science and Building Science and
Technology Technology
Human creativity is beyond limit that even our ancestors might not have imagined
that our status of science and technology would be as robust as today. Our current
understanding about the nature and the world is a result of constant overthrowing of
paradigm wherein an old paradigm like Geocentric Model is replaced by a paradigm that
has a higher content and explanatory power like the Heliocentric Model. Such is termed
scientific revolution. This is just one of the many theories that were challenged in the history
of Science and have helped shaped our society.
Development of Science and Technology does not only leave indelible impact in the
history, but its trail can be traced by its influence in our society and country. In this unit, you
will learn how science and technology has greatly influenced the development of the
Philippine society. You will evaluate different government policies and programs to see how
they have shaped the nation. You will also learn significant inventions and projects
accomplished by Filipinos that greatly develop the countries’ science and technology and
have been a major contributor to the Philippine nation-building.
Historical Antecedents which Changed the
Course of Science and Technology
Discuss how scientific and technological
developments affect society; and
Explain the impact of the development of
science and technology to the environment
To understand past, one must look back and revisit it. In like manner, we are going
to look at our very rich history and study what are the major turns in the development of
Science and Technology that had led us to the innovation of cutting edge and
sophisticated Technology in the present.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN:
ANCIENT MIDDLE MODERN
TIMES AGE TIMES
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN:
In the ancient times, people were
concerned with transportation and navigation,
communication and record keeping, mass
production, security and protection, as well as
health, aesthetics and architecture. Science and
Technology keeps on advancing in order to meet
the growing needs of people along these areas.
Due to the constant innovation introduced by
Science and Technology, which has the end goal
of improving lives and making the work easier,
faster and efficient, our society respond by
changing as well. These changes are evident as
ANCIENT each ancient civilization keep on creating
technology that has been modified and that is
TIMES being used today.
ANCIENT TIMES
30 Amazing Facts About the Ancient Maya's - Belize Budget Suites
MAYAN AZTEC SUMERIAN BABYLONIAN EGYPTIAN ROMAN GREEK CHINESE
INCA
Known for their works in ASTRONOMY
•Integrated their advanced knowledge of astronomy in the
design of their temples and other religious structures
•Acknowledged for using two complicated calendar
systems to measure time
Contributions in the ARTS
MAYAN
•Built looms for weaving cloth
•Devised a rainbow of glittery paints made of a mineral
called mica
The Maya civilization of the •One of the world’s first civilizations to use writing system
Mesoamerican people is known known as Mayan hieroglyphics
by its ancient temples and
glyphs. Its Maya script is the
most sophisticated and highly Contributions in MATH AND SCIENCE
developed writing system in the
pre-Columbian Americas. It is
•Created a umber system based in the numeral 20 and
also noted for its art,
developed a concept of zero and positional value
architecture, mathematics, •Built hydraulics system with complex waterways to supply
calendar, and astronomical water to different communities
system.
Constructed stone
Built roads covered structures that could
with stones survive earthquakes and
other natural calamities
Developed quipu, a Invented a calendar with
system of knotted ropes 12 months to mark their
to keep records that only religious festivals and
experts can interpret prepare them for
INCA
planting season
Developed irrigation
The Inca Empire, called system and technique
Tawantinsuyu by its subjects, for storing water for their Built the first suspension
was the largest empire in pre- crops to grow in all types bridge
Columbian America. The of land
administrative, political and
military center of the empire
was in the city of Cusco. The
Inca civilization arose from the Created Inca textiles
Peruvian highlands sometime
in the early 13th century.
Mandatory education
Antispasmodic medication
Chinampa
AZTEC
The Aztec civilization is known Invention of the canoe
for being the last of the great
Mesoamerican cultures before
the Europeans arrived. They built
impressive temple-pyramids,
used sophisticated techniques of
Chocolates
agriculture, their eagle warriors
built a great empire, and they
made human sacrifices to their
gods. Aztec calendar
first writing
system
called as
cuneiform
invented
plowing,
SUMERIAN irrigation
and dikes
Sumer was an ancient civilization and wheel
founded in the Mesopotamia for farming
region of the Fertile Crescent
situated between the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. Known for
their innovations in language, develop
governance, architecture and the first
more, Sumerians are considered road
the creators of civilization as
modern humans understand it.
famous for being great
builders, engineers and
architects
One of major contributions
is the Hanging Garden of
BABYLONIAN Babylon which one of the
The Babylonians used the innovations seven wonders of the world
of the Sumerians, added to them, and
built an empire that gave the world,
among other things, codified laws, a
tower that soared above the earth,
and one of the Seven Wonders of the
World. Geographically, the empire of Known for their Code of
Babylonia occupied the middle and
southern part of Mesopotamia. Hammurabi
Death Mask of
Pyramid of Giza Tutankhamun Water clock or Clepsydra
Papyrus or Paper Ink Hieroglyphics
EGYPTIAN
The civilization of ancient Egypt
began in the Nile River valley of
northeastern Africa. Ancient
Cosmetics Wigs
Egypt was one of the world's
first civilizations. It is also one of
the most famous civilizations in
history. The ancient Egyptians
built huge pyramids, temples,
palaces, and tombs. Known as
the center of alchemy.
ROMAN Codex Newspaper
Perceived to be the
strongest political and social
entity in the west, Roman
Empire was the cradle of
politics and governance.
Other civilizations
looked up to it as a model in
terms of codified laws and
legislation
Roman Numeral System Roman architecture
Birthplace of western philosophy
Olympics
GREEK
The Greeks made important Alarm clock
contributions to philosophy,
mathematics, astronomy, and
medicine. Literature and
theatre was an important Water mill
aspect of Greek culture and
influenced modern drama. The
Greeks were known for
their sophisticated sculpture
and architecture.
CHINESE silk tea gun Great
Chinese civilization as we trade produc powder Wall of
know it first developed
along the great bend of
tion China
the Yellow River, where
the earth was soft and
easily worked by the
crude tools of China's
Stone Age men who lived
before 3000 B.C.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN:
The start of the middle ages was marred
by massive invasions and migrations. Wars are
prevalent during this time. As such, great
technology was needed in the fields of
weaponry, navigation, food and farm production
and health. The wars have resulted to population
decline. However, in the later part of this period,
there was significant increase in population.
Trade and commerce among nations increased,
which resulted in greater demands for
transportation technology. Some of the most
MIDDLE innovative minds came from this period.
AGE
Printing press by First compound
Johann Gutenberg
microscope by
Zacharias Janssen
Telescope
Crossbow and
Longbow Chainmail
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN:
The booming world population during the
nineteenth century onwards demanded that more
goods be produced at faster rate. People needed
efficient means of transportation to trade more
goods and cover a larger distance. Machines that
required animals to operate must thus be upgraded.
Faster and easier means to communicate and
compute should be developed to establish
connections between and among nations. All these
needs resulted in the development of industries.
However, due to massive industrialization, the
modern times again faced more complicated
problems. Food processing and medicine posed
some of the bigger challenges since health was of
MODERN
great concern.
TIMES
Pasteurization, the
process of heating dairy
products to kill the
harmful bacteria that
allow them to spoil faster
Fermentation
Vaccination
LOUIS PASTEUR
Biologist
Microbiologist
Chemist
The modern times demanded better means of powering homes
and transportation. This led to the development of kerosene and the
petroleum refinery industry (Skrabec, 2010). At present, petroleum is
widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power plants, among
others.
The more people got connected by trade
and exploration, the more they needed a way to
easily maintain these connections and
communicate with each other in real time.
Governments likewise needed some kind of
ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL communication system which would allow them
to administer their states well. Important day-to-
day decisions must be discussed and addressed
at the fastest time possible. Thus, the invention
of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one
of the most important inventions at that time.
Although an earlier version of
the calculator had already been
developed, circumstances in the
modern times required a faster way
to compute more complicated
equations. Computing devices must
also be easy to carry since they
would be utilized on a day-to-day
basis. The creation of modern
calculators did not only pave the way
for easier arithmetic calculations, but
also resulted in the development of
more complex processing machines
like computer.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
PRE-COLONIAL COLONIAL POST-COLONIAL
PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
There had been activities linked to technology during this period
that included use of fire, pottery-making and use of herbal
medicines.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Early Filipino settlers had their own methods of farming in fact
Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of
engineering feat during pre-colonial era.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
They also utilize stones for recording purposes, extract iron from ore
and practice smelting and refining. It has also been noted that they
had learned to build boats for coastal trade and barter system in
trading goods and resources with the neighboring countries.
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Generally, Filipinos during this period are highly superstitious.
Though they can already read and write using their own system of
writing, no trace of record has been found yet to prove that they
had written literary tradition during this time.
COLONIAL PERIOD
SPANISH REGIME AMERICAN REGIME JAPANESE OCCUPATION
1565-1898 1898-1941 1942-1945
COLONIAL PERIOD
▪ The Spaniards introduced formal education and
founded scientific institution.
▪ The parish schools were established where religion,
reading, writing and music was taught.
▪ Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture
were imparted to the natives.
▪ The study of pharmacy and medicine, engineering in
the islands constructing government buildings,
churches, roads, bridges and forts were given priority
▪ During the latter part of the 19th century,
SPANISH REGIME Meteorological studies were promoted by Jesuits who
1565-1898 have established the Manila Observatory. The first
public typhoon warning was issued by Fr. Federico
Faura in 1879.
COLONIAL PERIOD
▪ Scholarship grants for higher education in Science
and Engineering and extension public education
system especially free primary education
▪ Introduced science and industry and vocational
courses and public health programs in the system
and establishment of science research agencies
▪ University of the Philippines Los Baños was
established for the promotion of higher education in
the sciences and government research institutions
AMERICAN REGIME and agencies performing technical functions
1898-1941
COLONIAL PERIOD
▪ On July 1, 1901, the Philippine Commission
established the Bureau of Government
Laboratories under the Department of Interior.
▪ On October 26, 1905, the Bureau of Government
laboratories was replaced by Bureau of Science
which studies tropical diseases.
▪ On December 8, 1933, the National Research
Council of the Philippines was recognized.
▪ Not much focus was given on the development of
AMERICAN REGIME industrial technology because of the free trade
1898-1941 policy
COLONIAL PERIOD
▪ Most people engaged in buy and sell
business
▪ Japanese planters came and plant cotton
▪ Priority was in the opening of elementary
education
▪ Bicycles were used as mode of
transportation
▪ Engage in the sale of food and medicine,
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
particularly the sulfathiozole, sulfanilamide
1942-1945 and quinine for aiding soldiers
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:
PRE-COLONIAL COLONIAL POST-COLONIAL
PERIOD PERIOD PERIOD
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Pres. Carlos P. Garcia (1957 - 1961)
lack of support of experimental work
marginal budget for scientific research
low salaries of scientists employed by the
government
established the National Science
Development Board
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
added the Philippine Coconut Research
Institute to the NSDB to modernize the
coconut industry.
he enacted a law under Presidential Decree
No. 1003-A, s. 1976 to establish the National
Academy of Science and Technology
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
He enacted a law on the completion of the
National Agriculture and Life Sciences
Research Complex at the University of the
Philippines at Los Baños (Executive Order No.
840, s. 1982)
established other ncourage careers in science
and research institutes like PAGASA, National
Grains Authority, Philippine Council for
Agricultural Research, Philippine National Oil
Company among others
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Pres. Corazon Aquino (1986 - 1992)
National Science and Technology Authority was
replaced by the Department of Science and
Technology
created the Presidential Task Force for Science
and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
R.A. 6655 or the Free Public Secondary
Education Act of 1988 opened doors to free
education up to the secondary level
“Science for the Masses Program” which
aimed at scientific and technological literacy
among Filipinos
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Pres. Fidel V. Ramos (1992 - 1998)
Priority for S&T personnel increased when
Magna Carta for Science and Technology
Personnel (Republic Act No. 8439) was
established
award was published in order to give incentives
and rewards for people who have been
influential in the field of S&T (Inventors and
Inventions Incentives Act or Republic Act No.
7459)
programs such as National Program for Gifted
Filipino Children in Science and Technology
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
enactment of a law creating a nationwide system
of high schools specializing in the field of
science and engineering (Science and
Technology Scholarship Law of 1994)
enacted the Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Pres. Joseph Estrada (1998 - 2001)
launched a full-scale program based on cost-
effective irrigation technologies
advancement of industries and schools into the
Internet age,
passage of the e-Commerce Act
he signed Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
(Republic Act No. 8749)
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 - 2010)
the science and technology sector of the
Philippines was dubbed as the "golden age“
during her term
the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term
used in helping the Philippines to be an
innovation hub in Asia
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Science Technology and Innovations (STI) was
developed further by strengthening the schools
and education system such as the Philippine
Science High School (PSHS), which focuses on
science, technology and mathematics in their
curriculum
imposes Republic Act 10601 which improves the
Agriculture and Fisheries Sector through
Mechanization (AFMech)
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
President Benigno S. Aquino III (2010 – 2016)
Educational reform by shifting to K – 12 educational
system
Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of
Hazards) is created in response to the call of President
Noynoy Aquino for a more accurate, integrated, and
responsive disaster prevention and mitigation system,
especially in high-risk areas throughout the Philippines.
Signed the E.O 2016 on May 20, 2016: Adopting the
policy on ensuring sustainable renewable energy
resource management and mandating the Department
of Energy (DOE) to lead in its implementation
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
President Rodrigo R. Duterte (2016 – 2022)
Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion or
TRAIN law was signed in December 2017. It’s
primarily a revenue-generating measure to fund
the administration’s infrastructure program,
health, education, and social services programs.
Signed the Balik Scientist Law (R.A. 11035) on 15
June 2018 that would give more incentives to
returning Filipino experts, scientists, inventors,
and engineers who would share their expertise in
the country.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Increased the budget of DOST yearly
strengthening the S&T capability of the country
Signed the Philippine Space Act in August 8,
2019 creating the Philippine Space Agency
(PhilSA)
The administration supported the Philippine
Space Program, which launched space satellites
Diwata – 1 and Diwata – 2 in 2016 and 2018,
respectively
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
Republic Act (RA) No. 11293 otherwise known as
the “Philippine Innovation Act” was signed by
President Duterte on April 17, 2019 in order to
foster innovation in the country as a vital
component of national development and
sustainable economic growth.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
• MULA Satellite: Marcos' administration
supported the launch of the Multispectral
Unit for Land Assessment (MULA) satellite.
This satellite is designed to monitor land and
marine ecosystems, disaster management,
and climate change effects. It is one of the
largest Filipino-made satellites and will
provide data for agriculture, forestry, and
resource management
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
• Expanded Internet Access: Under his
leadership, the government launched the
eGov PH super app, which integrates key
government services into one mobile
platform. This app improves digital access for
citizens and contributes to the broader goal
of digital transformation across the
Philippines
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
• National Innovation Agenda: He promoted
innovation and intellectual property,
encouraging collaborations between the private
sector, academe, and government agencies.
This includes creating a sustainable
manufacturing hub focused on smart
technologies, aiming to boost the Philippines'
competitiveness in the global market
IF I WERE AN INVENTOR…
Direction: You have learned that necessity is the mother of inventions and innovations. In
this task, you will address this question: “if you were an inventor, what would you invent?” in
thinking about an invention, make sure that you come up with one that has not been
invented yet but is possible to be invented in the near future. On a one whole sheet of
paper, sketch a draft of your invention then answer the questions that follow.
1. If you are to invent, what would be your invention? Why?
2. How is your invention similar to or different form existing tools or technologies in terms
of function
3. Why is there a need for this invention? How will this invention make the world a better
place to live in?
