Previous Year Questions

Reason (R): Osmotic pressure is proportional to the

molality.
1. The colligative property used for the determination of
molar mass of polymers and proteins is : (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A).
(a) Osmotic pressure
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
(b) Depression in freezing point
correct explanation of (A).
(c) Relative lowering in vapour pressure
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) Elevation is boiling point
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
2. Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues of
7. The vapour pressure of pure liquid X and pure liquid Y
people living at high altitude is due to :
at 25°C are 120 mm Hg and 160 mm Hg respectively. If
(a) high atmospheric pressure
equal moles of X and Y are mixed to form an ideal
(b) low temperature solution, calculate the vapour pressure of the solution.
(c) low atmospheric pressure [CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
(d) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure 8. When 19.5 g of F – CH2 – COOH (Molar mass = 78 g
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)] mol–1), is dissolved in 500 g of water, the depression in
3. What is Henry's law? Give one application of it. freezing point is observed to be 1°C. Calculate the

[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)] degree of dissociation of F – CH2 – COOH.

4. (a) Differentiate between Ideal solution and Non-ideal [Given: Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol–1]

solution. [CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]

(b) 30 g of urea is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate 9. An azeotropic mixture of two liquids has a boiling point
the vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour higher than either of the two liquids when it :
pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mm Hg. (a) shows large negative deviation from Raoult's law.
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)] (b) shows no deviation from Raoult's law.
5. Value of Henry's constant KH: (c) shows large positive deviation from Raoult's law.
(a) increases with decrease in temperature. (d) obeys Raoult's law.
(b) decreases with increase in temperature. [CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
(c) increases with increase in temperature. 10. Which of the following colligative property is used to
(d) remains constant. find the molar mass of proteins?

[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)] (a) Osmotic pressure

6. Assertion (A): Osmotic pressure is a colligative (b) Elevation in boiling point

property. (c) Depression in freezing point

(d) Relative lowering of vapour pressure

 [CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)] [CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]

11. Give reasons for the following: 16. If benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol–1) is associated into a

(a) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water dimer when dissolved in benzene and the osmotic

in comparison to warm water. pressure of a solution of 6.1 g of benzoic acid in 100 mL

benzene is 6.5 atm at 27°C, then what is the
(b) Sprinkling of salt helps in clearing the snow-covered
percentage association of benzoic acid?
roads in hilly areas.
(Given: R = 0.0821 L atm K–1 mol–1)
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
12. 0.3 g of acetic acid (M = 60 g mol–1) dissolved in 30 g
of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal 17. 1 mole of liquid A and 2 moles of liquid B make a

to 0.45°C. Calculate the percentage association of acid solution having a total vapour pressure 40 torr. The

if it forms a dimer in the solution. vapour pressure of pure A and pure B are 45 torr and 30
torr respectively. The above solution
(Given: Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol–1)
(a) is an ideal solution.
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
(b) shows positive deviation.
13. A compound undergoes complete tetramerization in a
given organic solvent. The Van't Hoff factor 'i' is : (c) shows negative deviation.

(a) 4.0 (b) 0.25 (d) is a maximum boiling azeotrope.

(c) 0.125 (d) 2.0 [CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]

[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)] 18. If molality of a dilute solution is doubled, the value of

the molal elevation constant (Kb) will be
14. Assertion (A): When NaCl is added to water, a
depression in freezing point is observed. (a) halved (b) doubled

Reason (R): The lowering of vapour pressure of a (c) tripled (d) unchanged

solution causes depression in the freezing point. [CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct 19. (a) (i) Why is boiling point of 1 M NaCl solution more
explanation of (A). than that of 1 M glucose solution?

(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the (ii) A non-volatile solute 'X' (molar mass = 50 g mol–1)
correct explanation of (A). when dissolved in 78g of benzene reduced its vapour

(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. pressure to 90%. Calculate the mass of X dissolved in
the solution.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
(iii) Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
prepared by adding 10g of MgCl2 to 200g of water
15. (a) What type of deviation from Raoult's law is shown
assuming MgCl2 is completely dissociated.
by a mixture of ethanol and acetone ? Give reason.
(Kb for Water = 0.512 K kg mol–1, Molar mass MgCl2 =
OR
95g mol–1)
(b) Define Azeotrope. What type of azeotrope is formed
OR
by negative deviation from Raoult's law? Give an
(b) (i) Why is the value of Van't Hoff factor for ethanoic
example.
acid in benzene close to 0.5?
(ii) Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution
prepared by dissolving 2.32 × 10–2 g of K2SO4 in 2L of
solution at 25 °C, assuming that K2SO4 is completely
dissociated.

(R = 0.082 L atm K–1 mol–1, Molar mass K2SO4 = 174 g

mol–1)

(iii) When 25.6g of Sulphur was dissolved in 1000g of

benzene, the freezing point lowered by 0.512 K.
Calculate the formula of Sulphur (Sx).

(Kf for benzene = 5.12 K kg mol–1, Atomic mass of

Sulphur = 32g mol–1)

[CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]
Solutions
(Full marks may be awarded if the student substitutes
MB for molar mass as the molar mass of urea is not
1. (a)
given in the question).
2. (c)
5. (c)
3. Henry's law states that the partial vapour pressure of a
6. (c)
gas is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the
gas in the solution / p = KH x 7. pTotal = poX X + poY B

where p = partial pressure of gas, x = mole fraction in Xx = B = 0.5

solution, and kH is Henry's constant. PTota1 = (120 x 0.5) + (160 x 0.5)
Application: = 140 mm Hg
To increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda 8. Tf  iK f m
water, the bottle is sealed under high pressure / to
WB 1000
minimize the painful effects accompanying the  iK f 
M B WA
decompression of deep-sea divers (bends). Oxygen
diluted with less soluble helium gas is used for breathing 19.5 1000
1  i  1.86  
78 500
/ At higher altitudes, low blood oxygen causes climbers
to become weak and unable to think clearly (anoxia). i  1.075
(Any one) (or any other correct application) i  1 1.075  1
   0.075
4. (a) n 1 2 1

Ideal solution: 9. (a)

The solution obeys Raoult’s law at all concentration 10. (a)

∆Vmixing = 0 and ∆Hmixing = 0 11. (a) Due to more solubility of oxygen in cold water than
in warm water.
Non-ideal solution:
(b) Sprinkling of salt causes depression in freezing point
The solution does not obey Raoult’s law.
and snow easily melts.
∆Vmixing ≠ 0 and ∆Hmixing ≠ 0
WB 1000
WB 12. Tf  i K f 
M B WA
PAo  PA MB
(b) 
PAo WB WA 0.3 1000
 0.45  i  5.12 K kg mol 1  
MB MA 60g mol1 30 kg

30 i  0.527
PA
1  60
23.8 846 1  i 1  0.527
   0.946or 94.6%
18 1 1
1 1
n 2
46.5
PA = × 23.8 = 23.5 mm Hg
47 13. (b)

14. (a)
15. (a) • Positive deviation, p o  0.9p o w / 50  78 
 ....  n1  1
• On adding acetone, some of the hydrogen bonds of p o
w / 50  1  78 

ethanol are broken down causing an increase in vapour w  w

0.1  1 
pressure/ the ethanol-acetone shows weaker interactions  50  50
than pure ethanol-ethanol and acetone-acetone
w  5.55g (or 5g if dilute solution is considered)
interactions.
(Full marks may be awarded if the student substitutes
OR
MA for molar mass of benzene as the molar mass of
(b) A liquid binary mixture that distills at constant
benzene is not given in the question).
temperature without undergoing a change in
∆Tb = i Kb m
composition.
i=3
Maximum boiling azeotrope
10 1000
68% HNO3 + 32% H2O ∆Tb = 3 × 0.512 × 
95 200
nB
16.   i RT ∆Tb = 0.81 K or oC
V
OR
W 1000
6.5  i  B   0.0821 (b) (i) Ethanoic acid molecules associate to form dimer
MB V
so the number of particles are nearly reduced to half.
6.1 1000
6.5  i    0.0821 300 K (ii) π = i CRT
122 100 L
i=3
6.5  122
i  0.528
6.1 0.0821  300  10 2.32  102
  3  0.082  298
174  2
1  i 1  0.528
   0.944 or 94%
= 4.88 × 10–3 atm
1 1
1 1
n 2
w 2 1000
(iii) Tb  K f 
17. (b) M 2 w1

18. (d) 25.6 1000

0.512  5.12  
19. (a) (i) Dissociation of NaCl/more number of particles in M 2 1000
NaCl solution/Value of 'i' for NaCl is greater than that M2 = 256
of glucose.
S×X= 256
po  p 32 × X = 256
(ii)  x2
po
256
x= = 8 i.e. S8
n2 32
 (n1 = WA/MA = 78/MA)
n 2  n1

p  0.9p o
12 CHEMICAL KINETICS

01
CHEMICAL KINETICS
CHEMICAL KINETICS 1

Previous Year Questions

When a sequence of elementary reactions gives us the
products, the reactions are called complex reactions.
1. Define rate of reaction. Write two factors that affect the
Molecularity and order of an elementary reaction are
rate of reaction.
same. Zero order reactions are relatively uncommon but
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2022)]
they occur under special conditions. All natural and
2. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 40 minutes. artificial radioactive decay of unstable nuclei take place
Calculate the time required for the completion of 90%
of reaction. [Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 10 = 1] by first order kinetics.

[CBSE-56-1-1-(2022)] (a) What is the effect of temperature on the rate constant

3. In the given reaction of a reaction?

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) (b) For a reaction A + B → Product, the rate law is given
by, Rate = k[A]2 [B]1/2. What is the order of the reaction?
the rate of formation of NH3 is 3.6 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1.
Calculate the (c) How order and molecularity are different for
complex reactions?
(i) rate of reaction, and
(d) A first order reaction has a rate constant 2 x 10 –3s–1.
(ii) rate of disappearance of H2 (g).
How long will 6g of this reactant take to reduce to 2g ?
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2022)]
OR
4. A first order reduction takes 30 minutes for 75%
The half life for radioactive decay of 14C is 6930 years.
decomposition.
An archaeological artifact containing wood had only
Calculate t1/2.
75% of the 14Cfound in a living tree. Find the age of the
Given : [log 2 = 0.3, log 3 = 0.48, log 4 = 0.6, log 5 = sample.
0.7] [CBSE-56-2-1-(2022)]
[log 4 = 0.6021 log 3 = 0.4771 log 2 = 0.3010 log 10 =
5. Read the following passage and answer the questions 1] [CBSE-56-3-1-(2022)]
that follow :
6. Read the passage given below and answer the questions
The rate of reaction is concerned with decrease in that follow:
concentration of reactants or increase in the
The rate law for a chemical reaction relates the reaction
concentration of products per unit time. It can be
rate with the concentrations or partial pressures of the
expressed as instantaneous rate at a particular instant of
reactants. For a general reaction aA + bB → C with no
time and average rate over a large interval of time. A
intermediate steps in its reaction mechanism, meaning
number of factors such as temperature, concentration of
that it is an elementary reaction, the rate law is given by
reactants, catalyst affect the rate of reaction.
r = k[A]x[B]x, where [A] and [B] express the
Mathematical representation of rate of a reaction is
concentrations of A and B in moles per litre. Exponents
given by rate law:
x and y vary for each reaction and are determined
Rate = k[A]x [B]Y experimentally. The value of k varies with conditions
x and y indicate how sensitive the rate is to the change that affect reaction rate, such as temperature, pressure,
in concentration of A and B. Sum of x + y gives the surface area, etc.
overall order of a reaction.
 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

The sum of these exponents is known as overall reaction

order. A zero order reaction has a constant rate that is
independent of the concentration of the reactants. A first
order reaction depends on the concentration of only one
reactant. A reaction is said to be second order when the
overall order is two. Once we have determined the order
of the reaction, we can go back and plug in one set of
(a) What is the order of the reaction ?
our initial values and solve for k.
(b) What is the slope of the curve?
(i) Calculate the overall order of a reaction which has
the following rate expression : (c) Write the relationship between k and t1/2 (half life period)

Rate = k[A]1/2 [B]3/2 [CBSE-56-5-1-(2022)]

(ii) What is the effect of temperature on rate of reaction? 9. Which of the following is affected by catalyst?

(iii) What is meant by rate of a reaction? (a) ∆H (b) ∆G

(iv) (a) A first order reaction takes 77·78 minutes for (c) Ea (d) ∆S
50% completion. Calculate the time required for 30% [CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
completion of this reaction. (log 10 = 1, log 7 = 0·8450) 10. The order of the reaction
OR
H2(g) + Cl2(g) ⎯⎯
hv
→ 2HCl (g) is
(b) A first order reaction has a rate constant 1 × 10–3 per
(a) 2 (b) 1
sec. How long will 5 g of this reactant take to reduce to
(c) 0 (d) 3
3 g?
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
(log 3 = 0.4771; log 5 = 0.6990)
11. Assertion (A): The molecularity of the reaction H2 +
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2022)]
Br2 → 2HBr appears to be 2.
7. Answer the following questions (Do any two):
Reason (R): Two molecules of the reactants are
(a) Identify the order of reaction from the following unit
involved in the given elementary reaction.
for its rate constant: Lmol–1s–1
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
(b) The conversion of molecules A to B follow second
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion
order kinetics. If concentration of A is increased to three
(A).
times, how will it affect the rate of formation of B?
(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
(c) Write the expression of integrated rate equation for
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
zero order reaction. [CBSE-56-5-1-(2022)]
Assertion (A).
8. Observe the graph shown in figure and answer the
(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
following questions:
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]

12. The rate of reaction is concerned with decrease in

concentration of reactants or increase in the
concentration of products per unit time. It can be
CHEMICAL KINETICS 1

expressed as instantaneous rate at a particular instant of 16. A first order reaction is 50% complete in 30 minutes at
time and average rate over a large interval of time. 300 K and in 10 minutes at 320 K. Calculate activation
Mathematical representation of rate of reaction is given energy (Ea) for the reaction.
by rate law. Rate constant and order of a reaction can be [R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1]
determined from rate law or its integrated rate equation.
[Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021]
(i) What is average rate of reaction?
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
(ii) Write two factors that affect the rate of reaction.
17. The unit of the rate of reaction is the same as that of the
(iii) (1) What happens to rate of reaction for zero order rate constant for a:
reaction?
(a) first order reaction
(2) What is the unit of k for zero order reaction?
(b) second order reaction
OR
(c) zero order reaction
(iii) (1) For a reaction P + 2Q → Products
(d) it cannot be same
1/2 1
Rate = k[P] [Q] . What is the order of the reaction?
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
(2) Define pseudo first order reaction with an example.
18. Assertion (A): Order and molecularity of a reaction are
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)] always same.
13. The slope in the plot of ln[R] vs. time for a first order Reason (R): Complex reactions involve a sequence of
reaction is elementary reactions and the slowest step is rate
+k determining.
(a) (b) –k
2.303 (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
−k Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion
(c) (d) +k
2.303 (A).
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)] (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
d  B Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
14. Find the reaction 3A → 2B, rate of reaction + is
dt Assertion (A).
equal to (c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

−3 d  A  −2 d  A  (d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

(a) (b)
2 dt 3 dt
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
−1 d  A  2d  A  19. A chemical reaction
(c) (d) +
3 dt dt
2N2O5(g) → 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
in gas phase was carried out in a closed vessel. The
15. (a) The conversion of molecule A to B followed second concentration of NO2 was found to increase by 5 × 10–3
order kinetics. If concentration of A increased to three mol L–1 in 10 seconds. Calculate :
times, how will it affect the rate of formation of B?
(a) the rate of formation of NO2, and
(b) Define Pseudo first order reaction with an example.
(b) the rate of consumption of N2O5.
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)] [CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

20. The rate of a reaction doubles when temperature changes (Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, log4 = 0.6021)
o o
from 27 C to 37 C. Calculate energy of activation for [CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
the reaction.
25. The following experimental rate data were obtained for
–1 –1
(R = 8.314 J K mol ) a reaction carried out at 25oC
(Given: log 2 = 0.3010, log3 = 0.4771, log 4 = 0.6021) A(g) + B(g) → C(g) + D(g)
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
Initial Initial Initial
21. The half-life for a zero order reaction equals: [A(g)]/mol dm– [B(g)]/mol dm– rate/mol dm–3
2k 1 k 3 3
s–1
(a) (b)
R 2 R2
3.0 × 10–2 2.0 × 10–2 1.89 × 10–4
2
R R
(c) (d) 3.0 × 10–2 4.0 × 10–2 1.89 × 10–4
2k 2k

where R is the initial concentration. 6.0 × 10–2 4.0 × 10–2 7.56 × 10–4

[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)] What are the orders with respect to A(g) and B(g)?
22. In a reaction, the initial concentration of the reactants
Order with respect to Order with
increases four fold and the rate becomes sixteen times
A(g) respect to B(g)
its initial value. The order of the reaction is
(a) Zero Second
(a) 2.0 (b) 3.5

(c) 1.5 (d) 2.5 (b) First Zero

[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)] (c) Second Zero

23. The rate constant for the first order decomposition of (d) Second First
N2O5 is given by the following equation:
[CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]
2  104 K
log k = 23.6 − 26. Assertion (A): For a zero order reaction the unit of rate
T
constant and rate of reaction are same.
Calculate Ea for this reaction.
Reason (R): Rate of reaction for zero order reaction is
[R = 8.314 JK–1 mol–1]
independent of concentration of reactant.
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
24. The following data were obtained during the first order Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion
thermal decomposition of C2H5Cl at a constant volume: (A).
C2H5Cl(g) → C2H4(g) + HCl(g) (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Experiment Time (s–1) Total pressure Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
(atm) Assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

1 0 0.4
(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
2 100 0.6
[CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]
Calculate the rate constant.
CHEMICAL KINETICS 1

27. What happens to the rate constant k and activation

energy Ea as the temperature of a chemical reaction is
increased? Justify

[CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]

28. (a) For the reaction

2N2O5(g) → 4NO2(g) + O2(g) at 318 K

Calculate the rate of reaction if rate of disappearance of

N2O5(g) is 1.4 × 10–3 m s–1

(b) For a first order reaction derive the relationship t 99%

= 2t90%

[CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]
 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

Solutions
2.303  R 0
(d) k = log
1. Decrease in concentration of reactant with time or
t R 
increase in concentration of product with time. 2.303 6
t= −3
log
Factors: Concentration, temperature (or any other two 2  10 2

factors). 2.303
t=  0.4771 = 549.38s
2. t1/2 = 0.693/k 2  10−3

k = 0.693/t1/2 = 0.693/40 min–1 OR

90% completion 2.303  R 0

k= log
t = 2.303/k log [R0]/[R]
t R 
= 2.303/0.693 × 40 × log 100/10 0.693
t1/ 2 =
k
= 2.303/0.693 × 40 = 132.9 min
0.693
− ( N 2 ) −1  ( H 2 ) +1  ( NH 3 ) k= year −1 = 10−4 year −1
3. (i) Rate = = = 6930
t 3 t 2 t
2.303 100
1 t= −4
log
Rate = × 3.6 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1 = 1.8 × 10–4 mol L–1 10 75
2
s–1 2.303
= 0.6021 − 0.4771
10−4
− ( N 2 )
(ii) = 3 × 1.8 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1 = 5.4 × 10–4 t = 2878.75 years
t
mol L–1 s–1 1 3
6. (i) Order = + =2
2 2
2.303 ( R )o
4. k= log
t (R ) (ii) The rate of a reaction increases with the increase in
temperature.
2.303 100
k= log (iii) The change in concentration of the reactants or
30 25
products per unit time.
2.303
k= log 4 = 0.046 min −1
30 0.693 0.693
(iv) (a) k = = = 0.008909 min −1
t1 77.78
0.693 0.693
t1/ 2 = = = 15 min
2

k 0.046
2.303 a
t= log
5. (a) The rate constant increases. k a−x

1 5 2.303 100
(b) 2 + = t= log
2 2 0.008909 100 − 30
(c) Order is applicable for complex reaction whereas t = 258.5026 (log10 – log 7)
molecularity has no meaning for complex reaction.
= 258.5026 × 0.155

= 40.06 min or 40.02 min

CHEMICAL KINETICS 1

OR (b) A reaction that appears to be of higher order but

2.303  R 0 follows first-order kinetics.

(b) k = log
t R  Example: Hydrolysis of an ester (or any other correct
example)
2.303 5
t= log
1 10−3 3 0.693
16. k=
t1/ 2
t = 2.303 ×103 [0.699–0.4771]
0.693
t = 511 s. k1 = min −1
30
7. (a) Second order
0.693
(b) Nine or 9 times k2 = min −1
10
 R 0 −  R 
(c) k = k2 Ea  1 1 
t log =  − 
k1 2.303R  T1 T2 
8. (a) First order
Ea  1 1 
log 3 = −
2.303  8.314  300 320 

(b) Slope = k/2.303

0.693
(c) k = 0.477119.147  300  320
t1/ 2 Ea =
20
9. (c)
Ea = 43848 J mol–1 or 43.848 KJ mol–1 or 43.85 k J mol–
10. (c)/Full mark to be awarded for any option 1

11. (a) 17. (c)

12. (i) Change in the concentration of a reactant or product 18. (d)
per unit time.
1  ( N 2 O5 ) 1   NO 2   O2 
19. − =+ =+
(ii) Concentration of reactants, Surface area, catalyst 2 t 4 t t
and temperature (any two).
1   NO 2 
(a) Rate of formation of NO2 =
(iii) (l) rate is independent of the concentration of 4 t
reactant(s) /rate remains constant /rate = k
1 5  10 −3
–1 –1 =  mol L–1 = 1.25 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1
(2) mol L s 4 10
OR   N 2 O5  2   NO 2 
(b) − = = 0.5 × 1.25 × 10–4 mol L–
(iii) (1) 3/2 / 1.5 t 4 t
1 –1
(2) A reaction that appears to be of higher order but s
follows first-order kinetics. = 0.625 × 10–4 mol L–1 s–1 OR 6.25 × 10–5 mol L–1 s–1
Example: Hydrolysis of an ester (or any other k2 Ea  1 1 
20. log =  − 
correct example) k1 2.303R  T1 T2 
13. (b)
2k1 Ea  1 1 
log = −
14. (b) k1 2.303 8.314 JK mol  300 310 
−1 −1 

15. (a) 9 times

 2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

0.3010  19.147 Jmol −1  300  310 27. • k increases.

Ea =
10 • Reason: k is proportional to the rate of the reaction /
–1 –1
Ea = 53598.2 J mol or 53.598 kJ mol or 53.6 kJ mol – temperature of the reaction.
1
• Ea unchanged / No effect.
• Reason: Ea only depends on the nature of reactants /
21. (d) depends on the difference between the energy of
activated complex and reactants.
22. (a)
28.
Ea
23. log k = log A − 1   N 2 O5 
2.303RT (a) Rate of reaction = −
2 t
Ea
− = −2 104 K 1
2.303R = × 1.4 × 10–3 = 0.7 × 10–3 Ms–1 or 7 × 10–4 Ms–1
2
Ea = 2.303 × 8.314 J K–1 mol–1 × 2 × 104 K
2.303  R 0
(b) t = log
5
Ea = 3.830 × 10 J mol –1
k R 
24.
2.303 100 2.303
t 99% = log = log100
2.303 p1 k 1 k
k= log
t ( 2p1 − p t ) 2.303 100 2.303
t 90% = log = log10
k 10 k
2.303 0.4
k= log
100 0.8 − 0.6 t 99% log100
= =2
t 90% log10
2.303
= log 2
100

2.303  0.3010
=
100

= 0.0069s −1 or 0.007s −1

25. (c)

26. (a)/(b)
12 D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS

01
D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS
D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS 1

Previous Year Questions

(ii) What is the reason for the irregularity in the above
E⊖ values?
1. Following ions of 3d-transition series are given:

Ti4+, V3+, Cr3+, Mn3+ (iii) Why is E Cu 2+ / Cu value exceptionally positive?

(Atomic number: Ti = 22, V = 23, Cr = 24, Mn = 25) [CBSE-56-2-1-(2022)]

Identify the ion which is 4. Account for the following :
(i) most stable in aqueous solution. (i) Transition metals and their compounds show
(ii) a strong oxidising agent. catalytic activities.

(iii) colourless in aqueous solution. (ii) Zn, Cd and Hg are non-transition elements.

Give suitable reason in each. (iii) Zr and Hf are of almost identical atomic radii.

[CBSE-56-1-1-(2022)] [CBSE-56-2-1-(2022)]

2. Account for the following: 5. Account for the following:

(i) Transition elements have higher enthalpies of (i) Cu2+ salts are coloured while Zn2+ salts are white.
atomisation. (ii) Eo value for the Mn3+/Mn2+ couple is much more
(ii) Separation of a mixture of Lanthanoid elements is positive than that for Cr3+/Cr2+.
difficult. (iii) Transition metals form alloys.

(iii) The E oM 2+ / M value for copper is positive. [CBSE-56-3-1-(2022)]

6. Define transition metals. Why Zn, Cd and Hg are not

OR
called transition metals? How is the variability in
(b) Define transition elements. Which of the d-block
oxidation states of transition metals different from that
elements may not be regarded as the transition
of p-block elements?
elements? Why transition metals generally form
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2022)]
coloured compounds?
7. (i) Which ion amongst the following is colourless and
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2022)]
why?
3.
Ti4+, Cr3+, V3+

E Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
M 2+ / M (Atomic number of Ti = 22, Cr = 24, V = 23)
– – – – – + – (ii) Why is Mn2+ much more resistant than Fe2+ towards
0.9 1.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.7 oxidation?
1 8 4 8 5 4 6
(iii) Highest oxidation state of a metal is shown in its
From the given E⊖ values of the first row transition oxide or fluoride only. Justify the statement.
elements, answer the following questions: [CBSE-56-4-1-(2022)]

(i) Why is E M 2+ / M
value highly negative as compared to 8. (a) (i) Silver atom has completely filled d-orbitals in its

other elements? ground state, it is still considered to be a transition

element. Justify the statement.
 2 D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS

(ii) Why are E M 2+ / M values of Mn and Zn more negative (a) + 2 (b) + 3

than expected? (c) + 4 (d) + 6

(iii) Why do transition metals form alloys? [CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]

OR 12. Complete the following equations :

(b) Answer the following questions on the basis of the (a) 2MnO −4 + 5NO −2 + 6H+ →
figure given below:
(b) Cr2O 72 − + 14H+ + 6e– →

[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]

13. Assign reason for each of the following :

(i) Manganese exhibits the highest oxidation state of +7

among the 3d series of transition elements.

(ii) Transition metals and their compounds are generally

found to be good catalysts in chemical reactions.

(iii) Cr2+ is reducing in nature while with the same

4 3+
d-orbital configuration (d ) Mn is an oxidising agent.

(i) Which element in 3d series has lowest enthalpy of (iv) Zn has lowest enthalpy of atomization.

atomisation? (v) Cu+ is unstable in an aqueous solution.

(ii) Why do metals of the second and third series have [CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
greater enthalpies of atomisation? 14. Which of the following characteristics of transition
(iii) Why are enthalpies of atomisation of transition metals is associated with their catalytic activity?
metals quite high? (a) Paramagnetic nature
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2022)] (b) Colour of hydrated ions
9. (a) Write any two consequences of Lanthanoid (c) High enthalpy of atomisation
Contraction.
(d) Variable oxidation states
(b) Name the element of 3d series which exhibits the
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
largest number of oxidation states. Give reason.
15. Assertion (A): Copper is a non-transition element.
[CBSE-56-5-1-(2022)]
Reason (R): Copper has completely filled d-orbitals in
10. Give reasons for the following statements:
its ground state.
(a) Copper does not displace hydrogen from acids.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
(b) Transition metals and most of their compounds show explanation of (A).
paramagnetic behaviour.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
(c) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals. correct explanation of (A).
[CBSE-56-5-1-(2022)] (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
11. The most common and stable oxidation state of a (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Lanthanoid is:
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS 1

16. (a) (I)Account for the following: (2) The E oMn 2+ / Mn value for manganese is highly
(i) E0 value for Mn3+/ Mn2+ couple is much more
negative whereas E oMn3+ / Mn 2+ is highly positive.
3+ 2+
positive than that for Cr / Cr .
(3) Cu+ ion is unstable in aqueous solution.
(ii) Sc3+ is colourless whereas Ti3+ is coloured in an
aqueous solution. (ii) Write the equations involved in the preparation of
KMnO4 from Pyrolusite ore (MnO2).
(iii) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states.
OR
(II) Write the chemical equations for the preparation of
KMnO4 from MnO2. (b) (i) Identify the following:

(b) (I) Account for the following : (1) Transition metal of 3d series that exhibits only one
oxidation state.
(i) Transition metals form alloys.
(2) Transition metal of 3d series that acts as a strong
(ii) Ce4+ is a strong oxidising agent.
reducing agent in +2 oxidation state in aqueous solution.
(II) Write one similarity and one difference between
(ii) Complete and balance the following equations :
chemistry of Lanthanoids and Actinoids.
(1) Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+
(III) Complete the following ionic equation:
(2) KMnO4 ⎯⎯ ⎯
heat
→
Cr2O 72 − + 2OH– →
(iii) What is Misch metal? Write its one use.
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]
17. Among the following outermost configurations of
transition metals which one shows the highest oxidation 20. The ions of metals of Group 12 (Zn, Cd and Hg) have

state? completely filled d orbitals and so they :

(a) 3d34s2 (b) 3d54s1 (a) behave like semiconductors

(c) 3d54s2 (d) 3d64s2 (b) are very high melting solids

[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)] (c) do not behave like transition metals

18. Assertion (A): Zinc is not regarded as a transition (d) behave like superconductors

element. [CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]

Reason (R): In zinc, 3d orbitals are completely filled in 21. Assertion (A): Zr and Hf have almost identical radii.
its ground state as well as in its oxidised state. Reason (R): Both Zr and Hf exhibit similar properties.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct (a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A). explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the (b) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the
correct explanation of (A). correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true, but (R) is false. (c) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false, but (R) is true. (d) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)] [CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
19. (a) (i) Account for the following: 22. (a) (i) Account for the following :
(1) Transition metals form complex compounds.
 2 D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS

(1) Zn2+ salts are colourless while Ni2+ salts are (d) All Cr - O bonds are non-equivalent.
coloured. [CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]
2+
(2) Cr is a strong reducing agent. 25. (a) Why is chemistry of actinoids complicated as
(3) Transition metals and their compounds show compared to lanthanoids?
catalytic activities. (b) Complete the following reaction and justify that
(ii) Write the ionic equations for the oxidizing action of it is a disproportionation reaction :
–
MnO4 in acidic medium with 3 MnO42– + 4H+ → _____ + _____ + 2 H2O.
–
(1) I ion, and (c) The given graph shows the trends in melting points
2+
(2) Fe ion. of transition metals:

OR [CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]

(b) (i) Name two oxometal anions of the 3d series of the

transition metals in which the metal exhibits the
oxidation state equal to its group number.

(ii) What is the effect of increasing pH on a solution of

K2Cr2O7?

(iii) Why is Cu+ not stable in aqueous solution?

(iv) Name a member of Lanthanoid series which is well-

known to exhibit +4 oxidation state.

(v) Name two elements of 3d series which show

anomalous electronic configuration. Explain the reason why Cr has highest melting point and
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)] manganese (Mn) a lower melting point.

23. Which property of transition metals enables them to

behave as catalysts?

(a) High melting point

(b) High ionisation enthalpy

(c) Alloy formation

(d) Variable oxidation states

[CBSE-56-5-1-(2023)]

24. In the two tetrahedral structures of dichromate ion

(a) 4 Cr - O bonds are equivalent in length.

(b) 6 Cr - O bonds are equivalent in length.

(c) All Cr - O bonds are equivalent in length.

D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS 1

Solutions
5. (i) Because Cu2+ has one unpaired electron in 3d-orbital
whereas Zn2+ has no unpaired electron / Cu2+ shows d-d
1. (i) Cr3+, due to stable t2g3 configuration.
transition whereas Zn2+ does not.
(ii) 3 Mn3+, as Mn is more stable in +2 oxidation state /
(ii) Because Mn is more stable in +2 due to stable 3d 5
stable half-filled d5 configuration of Mn2+.
configuration whereas Cr is more stable in +3 due to
(iii) Ti4+, no unpaired electrons / no d-d transition / d0
stable t2g3 configuration / Much larger third ionization
configuration.
energy of Mn as compared to Cr.
2. (a)(i) Because of greater number of unpaired electrons
(iii) Because of similar atomic radii.
which cause strong metallic bonding / strong
6. * Metals which have incomplete d-orbital in ground
interatomic interaction forces.
state or in its oxidation state.
(ii) Because of lanthanoid contraction / similar atomic
*Because of completely filled d-orbitals in ground state
or ionic radii / similar properties.
or in its oxidation state.
(iii) Because of high ∆aHo and low ∆hydHo
*Oxidation states differ by +1 unit in transition metals
OR
whereas by +2 units in p-block elements / heavier
(b) The elements with partially filled or incompletely elements are stable in higher oxidation state in transition
filled d-subshell either in the ground state or in the elements whereas heavier elements are stable in lower
oxidation state. oxidation states in p-block elements.
Zinc, cadmium and mercury are not considered as 7. (i) Ti4+
transition elements.
no unpaired electrons in d-orbital / no d-d transition / d0
Due to d-d transition or presence of unpaired d configuration.
electrons.
(ii) Mn2+ is d5 and is more stable than Mn3+ (d4)
5
3. (i) Because of the stable half-filled 3d configuration in
whereas Fe3+ (d5) is more stable than Fe2+ (d4)
Mn2+.
(iii) Because fluorine and oxygen are highly
(ii) Because of the irregular sum of (∆iH1 + ∆iH2) values
electronegative / both are strong oxidising agents.
and much less sublimation enthalpies for Mn and V.
8. (a) (i) Silver has incompletely filled d-orbitals / d9
(iii) Because of high ∆aH and low ∆hydH
o o
configuration in +2 oxidation state.
4. (i) Variable or multiple oxidation state / ability to form
(ii) Mn2+ and Zn2+ has stable half-filled and fully filled
complexes / they provide large surface area for
configurations / relatively less sublimation enthalpy of
adsorption (utilises (n-1) d and ns electrons for
Mn and Zn.
bonding).
(iii) Because of similar atomic radii.
(ii) Zn, Cd and Hg have completely filled d-orbitals in
OR
its ground state as well as in its oxidised state.
(b) (i) Zn
(iii) Because of lanthanoid contraction / poor shielding
effect of 4f orbitals. (ii) It is because of frequent metal-metal bonding / due
to poor shielding effect of d and f orbitals.
 2 D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS

(iii) Due to strong intermetallic bonding / strong 2 Cu+ (aq.) → Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu (s)
interatomic interaction. 14. (d)
9. (a) (i) Similarity in the size of the atoms of the elements 15. (d)
nd rd
belonging to same group of 2 / 4d and 3 / 5d transition
16. (a) (I)
series / the second and the third d-series exhibit similar
(i) Cr2+ changes from d4 to stable half-filled t2g3
atomic / ionic radii.
configuration while Mn3+ changes to stable half-filled d5
(ii) Difficulty in separation of Lanthanoids in pure state.
configuration.
(iii) Similar physical and chemical properties.
(ii) Because of no unpaired electron in the d-orbital of
(iv) Basic character of the lanthanide hydroxides Sc3+ whereas there is one unpaired electron in Ti3+ / Ti3+
M(OH)3 decreases with increase in atomic number. to show d-d transition.
(Any two consequences)
(iii) Because of comparable energies of Sf, 6d
(b) Mn, it has maximum number of unpaired electrons / and 7s orbitals.
It has maximum number of electrons that will
(II) 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
participate in bonding.
3MnO 24 − + 4H+ → 2MnO −4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
10. (a) Copper shows positive E° value / Cu is less reactive
than hydrogen. (or any other suitable chemical equations of
preparation)
(b) Because of presence of unpaired electrons.
OR
(c) They have fully filled d-orbitals and hence weak
metallic bonding / low enthalpy of atomisation due to (b) (I)

fully filled d-orbitals / Weak Metal-Metal bonding. (i) Because of almost identical atomic radii.

11. (b) (ii) Because Ce4+ changes to the common + 3 oxidation

state.
12. (a) 2MnO −4 + 5NO −2 + 6H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5NO 3− + 3H2O
(II)
(b) Cr2O 72 − + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
• Similarity: Both Lanthanoids and Actinoids show
13. (i) Due to the participation of all 3d and 4s electrons in contraction I stable in + 3 oxidation state.
bond formation / due to the presence of maximum
• Difference: Lanthanoids are mainly non-radioactive
number of unpaired electrons.
whereas Actinoids are radioactive.
(ii) Due to variable oxidation state/ due to the ability to
(or any other suitable similarity and difference)
adopt multiple oxidation states / due to the large surface
(III) Cr2O 72 − + 2OH– → 2CrO 24 − + H2O
area / due to complex formation.

(iii) Cr2+ changes from d4 to stable half-filled t2g3 17. (c)

configuration while Mn3+ changes to stable half-filled d5 18. (a)
configuration. 19. (a) (i)
(iv) Due to the absence of unpaired electrons and weak (1) Because of small size, high ionic charge and
interatomic interactions. availability of d-orbital.
+ 2+
(v) Cu ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu
(aq.) and Cu/
D- AND F- BLOCK ELEMENTS 1

(2) Because of stable half-filled 3d5 configuration in (i) Dichromate ion/ Chromate ion/ Permanganate ion
2+
Mn . (ii) Changes to CrO42– / K2CrO4
(3) Cu+ ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu 2+ (iii) Cu+ ion (aq.) undergoes disproportionation to Cu 2+
(aq.) and Cu / 2 Cu+ (aq.) → Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu. (aq.) and Cu/ 2 Cu+ (aq.) → Cu2+ (aq.) + Cu (s)
(ii) 2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 → 2 K2MnO4 + 2H2O (iv) Cerium /Terbium
3 MnO 24 − + 4 H+ → 2MnO −4 + MnO2 + 2 H2O (v) Chromium, Copper

(or any other suitable method of preparation) 23. (d)

OR 24. (b)

(b) (i) 25. (a) Actinoids show wide range of oxidation states / most
of them are radioactive elements.
(1) Sc
(b) 3 MnO42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O
(2) Cr/ Fe
Oxidation state of Mn increases from +6 to + 7
(ii) (I) Cr2O 72 − + 14 H+ + 6 Fe2+ → 2 Cr3+ + 6 Fe3+ + 7
(oxidation) and decreases from + 6 to + 4 (reduction)/
H2O
Mn undergoes increase and decrease in oxidation state

(2) 2 KMnO4 ⎯⎯
→ K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 simultaneously.

(iii) An alloy of Lanthanoide (95% lanthanoid + 5% Fe) (c) Due to the presence of a greater number of unpaired
is Mischmetal. It is used in bullets, flints etc. electrons which leads to strong interatomic metal-metal

20. (c) bonding whereas Mn with a stable half-filled d5

configuration has a weaker metallic bond.
21. (b)

22. (a) (i)

(1) Because of no unpaired electron in d-orbitals in Zn2+

whereas, Ni2+ has 2 unpaired electrons in d-orbitals/ Ni2+
shows d-d transition while Zn2+ does not.

(2) Because Cr is more stable in+ 3 oxidation state due

to stable t2g3 configuration.

(3) Because of their ability to show multiple or variable

oxidation states/ ability to form complex I provide larger
surface area for the reactants.

(ii)

(1) 2 MnO4– + 10I– + 16H+ → 2Mn2+ + 5I2 + 8H2O

(2) MnO4– + 5 Fe2+ + 8 H+ → Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O

OR

(b)
12 BIOMOLECULES

01
BIOMOLECULES
BIOMOLECULES 1

Previous Year Questions

Proteins are the polymers of a-amino acids and perform
various structural and dynamic functions in the
1. The glycosidic linkage involved in linking the glucose
organisms. Deficiency of vitamins leads to many
units in amylase part of starch is :
diseases.
(a) C1 – C6 α linkage (b) C1 – C6 β linkage
Answer the following :
(c) C1 – C4 α linkage (d) C1 – C4 β linkage
(a) The penta-acetate of glucose does not react with
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
Hydroxylamine. What does it indicate?
2. An a-helix is a structural feature of:
(b) Why cannot vitamin C be stored in our body?
(a) Sucrose (b) Starch
(c) Define the following as related to proteins :
(c) Polypeptides (d) Nucleotides
(i) Peptide linkage
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
(ii) Denaturation
3. (a) Write chemical reaction to show that open structure
OR
of D-glucose contains the straight chain.
(c) Define the following as related to carbohydrates:
(b) What type of linkage is responsible for the formation
(i) Anomers
of protein?
(ii) Glycosidic linkage
[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)]
[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)]
4. (a) What are the hydrolysis products of (i) Lactose, (ii)
Maltose? 8. On hydrolysis, which of the following carbohydrates
gives only glucose?
(b) Give the basic structural difference between starch
and cellulose. (a) Starch (b) Fructose

[CBSE-56-1-1-(2023)] (c) Lactose (d) Sucrose

5. An α-helix is a structural feature of [CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]

(a) Sucrose (b) Polypeptides 9. Which of the following vitamins is water soluble?

(c) Nucleotides (d) Starch (a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin D

[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)] (c) Vitamin E (d) Vitamin C

6. Write the difference between DNA and RNA [CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)]

[CBSE-56-2-1-(2023)] 10. (a) (i) How are carbohydrates stored in animal body?
Mention any one organ where they are present.
7. Carbohydrates are optically active polyhydroxy
aldehydes and ketones. They are also called saccharides. (ii) What is the basic structural difference between

All those carbohydrates which reduce Fehling's solution starch and cellulose?

and Tollen's reagent are referred to as reducing sugars. OR

Glucose, the most important source of energy for (b) Differentiate between :
mammals, is obtained by the hydrolysis of starch.
(i) Peptide linkage and Glycosidic linkage
Vitamins are accessory food factors required in the diet.
(ii) Nucleoside and Nucleotide
 2 BIOMOLECULES

[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)] 14. Deficiency of which of the following vitamins causes

11. Write the structure of product when D-Glucose reacts Pernicious anaemia?

with the following: (any three) (a) Vitamin B1 (b) Vitamin B2

(a) HI (b) Cone. HNO3 (c) Vitamin B6 (d) Vitamin B12

(c) Br2 water (d) HCN [CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]

[CBSE-56-3-1-(2023)] 15. The following questions are case-based questions. Read

12. Which of the following structures represents α-D- the case carefully and answer the questions that follow.

glucose? Living systems are made up of various complex

biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic
acids, lipids, etc. Carbohydrates are optically active
polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or molecules which
provide such units on hydrolysis. They are broadly
classified into three groups - monosaccharides,
(a) oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are held together by glycosidic
linkages to form disaccharides like sucrose, maltose or
polysaccharides like starch and cellulose.

Another biomolecule: proteins are polymers of α-amino

acids which are linked by peptide bonds. Ten amino
(b)
acids are called essential amino acids. Structure and
shape of proteins can be studied at four different levels
i.e. primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary, each
level being more complex than the previous one.

Answer the following questions:

(c) (i) What is the difference between a glycosidic linkage

and peptide linkage?

(ii) Which amino acids are called essential amino acids?

(iii) What are the common types of secondary structures

of proteins? Write any two forces which stabilise the
secondary and tertiary structures of protein.
(d)
OR
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
(iii) Define denaturation of protein with an example.
13. On hydrolysis, which of the following carbohydrates
During denaturation which structures of protein lose
gives only glucose?
their biological activity?
(a) Maltose (b) Sucrose
[CBSE-56-4-1-(2023)]
(c) Lactose (d) Galactose
16. Hydrolysis of sucrose is called
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BIOMOLECULES 1

(a) inversion (b) hydration

(c) esterification (d) saponification

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17. Assertion (A): Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids

connected by a peptide bond.

Reason (R): A tetrapeptide contains 4 amino acids

linked by 4 peptide bonds.

(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and
Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion
(A).

(b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the
Assertion (A).

(c) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.

(d) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.

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18. Give the reaction of glucose with hydrogen cyanide.

Presence of which group is confirmed by this reaction?

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19. Give reasons for any 3 of the following observations:

(a) Penta-acetate of glucose does not react with

hydroxylamine.

(b) Amino acids behave like salts.

(c) Water soluble vitamins must be taken regularly in

diet.

(d) The two strands in DNA are complimentary to each

other.

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Solutions
8. (a)

1. (c)/Award Full mark if attempted (Printing error) 9. (d)

2. (c) 10. (a) (i) Glycogen

3. (a) liver/muscles/brain (Any one)

(ii) Starch is a polymer of α-Glucose whereas Cellulose

is a polymer of β-Glucose.

OR
(b) Peptide linkage
(b) (i) Peptide linkage: A linkage formed when two
4. (a) (i) Glucose and Galactose
amino acids are joined through - CONH - bond.
(ii) Glucose and Glucose
Glycosidic linkage: When two monosaccharides are
(b) Starch is a polymer of α-glucose while cellulose is a joined through oxygen atom.
polymer of β-glucose
(ii) Nucleoside: Base + Sugar
(or any other correct structural difference)
Nucleotide: Base + Sugar + Phosphate
5. (b)
11. (a) CH3(CH2)4 – CH3
6. DNA
(b) HOOC – (CHOH)4 – COOH
1. Double stranded
(c) HOCH2 – (CHOH)4 – COOH
2. Thymine base is present
(d)
RNA

1. Single stranded

2. Uracil base is present

(Any other correct differences)

7. (a) Absence of free - CHO group.

12. (a)
(b) Because being water soluble it is excreted through
13. (a)
urine.
14. (d)
(c) (i) -CONH- linkage between two amino acids.
15. (i) Peptide linkage: A linkage formed when two amino
(ii) Loss of biological activity when protein is subjected
acids are joined through – CONH – bond.
to change in temperature, pH, etc.
Glycosidic linkage: When two monosaccharides are
OR
joined through oxygen atom.
(c)
(ii) Those which are not synthesised in the body and
(i) The isomers (carbohydrates) having a change in must be obtained through diet.
configuration at C-l (for aldoses) or C-2 (for ketoses).
(iii) α-helix and β-pleated sheet.
(ii) A linkage joining two monosaccharides through
Hydrogen bond, van der Waals forces, disulphide
oxygen atom.
linkages, electrostatic force of attraction.
BIOMOLECULES 1

OR

(iii) Loss of biological activity when native form of

protein is subjected to change in temperature, pH, etc.
Example, curdling of milk.

Secondary and tertiary structure lose their biological

activity.

16. (a)

17. (c)

18.

Confirms the presence of aldehydic / carbonyl group.

19. (a) Absence of free - CHO group.

(b) Due to the presence of both acidic (-COOR) and

basic (-NH2) groups in the same molecule/ formation of
Zwitter ion.

(c) They are excreted in urine/ cannot be stored in body.

(d) Because the H-bonds are formed between specific

pairs of bases/ pairing between A & T and between C &
G.