International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622

International Conference On Emerging Trends in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering

(ICETMEE- 13th-14th March 2014)

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Numerical Techniques For Bus Bar Protection

1 2
Simmi Bhadauria Kirpal Singh Doad
1 2
Student (M.Tech) Assistant Professor

Lovely Professional University, Punjab

1 2
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract: -
With the advancement in power system and increasing demand of interconnected grid system, the
security/protection has become a major concern. As busbar being the coupling point of many circuits in the
power system, it has led an interest towards protection of busbar. Keeping this in view several numerical
techniques have been developed. This paper contains an overview of numerical techniques that have been
proposed for busbar protection.
Keyword: - Busbar protection, numerical techniques.
high current when passes through CT the CT gets
I. INTRODUCTION saturate. Due to this it is not possible to deliever
A bus in a power system is the energy concentration appropriate current to the relay through this saturated
and distribution point i.e. it is a connection point for CT. The degree of CT saturation can be lowered in
many circuits like generation, transmission and load case the current through other circuits becomes
circuit etc. It is therefore the most important element considerably lower. This makes difficult for the relay
in the power system. Although fault on a busbar is to distinguish between internal and external fault.[11]
very rare, but if it occurs it may cause a damage
equivalent to many simultaneous faults and results in It is the dc component of the fault current that
complete shutdown of the system. saturates the CT more as compared to ac component.
Due to fault on a busbar, system stability and supply Thus while selecting the suitable bus protection
services gets hindered. So in order to make the system relaying scheme it is important to select proper L/R
operation more flexible and to improve the continuity ratio in order to decay the dc component of the fault
of supply, complex bus arrangement is being used by current.[12] This L/R ratio is referred to as dc time
some of the power system station which in turn constant and its value varies from 0.1sec for lines to
requires highly sophisticated bus protection schemes. about 0.3sec or more for generating plants.
Bus protection scheme should be fast and reliable. If
the busbar protection relay fails to operate for an A. Equivalent circuit for CT
internal fault or if it mal-operates for an external fault
then it can have disastrous effects on the power system An equivalent circuit for current transformer is shown
stability. in the figure below:-
With the advancement in digital signal processing
some numerical protection techniques have been
designed for busbar protection. By improving the
measurement and computation using numerical
technology it is possible to improve the reliability of
bus protection by exploring more selective and
dependable centralized solution.
Numerical techniques are thus providing a mean to
enhance the system performance and its operation by
providing new solutions for busbar protection.
due to external fault or through fault. When the
external fault occurs then in that condition the current
through all the circuits that are connected to that
particular busbar contributes to this external fault. This
then causes the higher current to flow through the
circuit breaker of faulty circuit as compared to the
current flowing through other healthy circuits. This X = magnetizing impedance

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference On Emerging Trends in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
(ICETMEE- 13th-14th March 2014)

II. SATURATION OF CURRENT During CT saturation it has the capability to detect

TRANSFORMER and capture the important features of fault current
The main protection problem in the field of busbar signal that are very sensitive to CT saturation. The
protection is the CT saturation. CT saturation mainly current signal can be decomposed into different
occurs components in different particular time windows and
Ra = CT resistor frequency bands through wavelet packet transform
and thus the component reflects the features of
Rb = cable resistor original signal.

Rc = load resistor By applying differential relay principle, the coefficient

of differential signal is given as:-
The magnetizing impedance X and the secondary
current of CT both becomes zero as soon as the CT
gets saturate. SDC(K)= (1)

Ideally the primary as well as the secondary current of Where, SDC (K) — differential signal coefficient.
CT has identical waveshape but just after saturation
the secondary current waveform gets distorted from its m — no of lines connected to the bus
primary current. This causes mal-operation due to
incorrect information delivered by the saturated CT to K— fault sample just after fault occurrence.
all the relays and measuring equipments.
To represent the energy level of SDC in the frequency
Thus in protection relaying scheme CT is the most band following equation must hold : -
important component, so in order to avoid the CT
saturation following numerical techniques play an trip (K) = trip (K-1) + SDC (K) (2)
important role.
Now the trip signal will be initiated by the protective
B. Factors influencing CT saturation relay only when trip(K) remains stay above a
threshold level for a number of samples continuously
Following factors influences CT saturation: - (atleast for 3 samples after fault inception). So, in case
of external faults or through faults, to maintain the
 Current transformer saturation  stability of the relay it is necessary to maintain the
 threshold level to a value equal to 0.125, this value
 DC offset their direction and amount in the have been found by carrying out extensive series of
current.  studies. This set value of the threshold is greatly
 affected by the system environment.
 Cross-sectional area of the core. 
 Implementation of wavelet packet transform in real
 Presence of remnant flux and its amount.  time is possible because it requires small amount of
computation.

 Consideration of core steel saturation flux B. Cos-Sin Technique
density. 
 Thus technique is explained as follows:-
 Effect of load i.e. the total load connected
and its magnitude.  For a given busbar the voltage signal at any instant is
given by [4]:-
III. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
A. Wavelet Packet Transform Va (t) = Vmax Cos (ωt+ ) (3)

A linear combination of wavelets is called a wavelet The complement of the above voltage signal can be
packet. These wavelet packets have the properties of represented as:-
their parent wavelet like they are orthogonal, smooth
and also have location property. Recursive algorithm Vg (t) = Vmax Sin (ωt+ ) (4)
is used in order to compute the coefficient of linear
combination. For signal analysis and processing Now a discriminating signal M(t) can be obtained
wavelet packet transform is considered as the most from above two equations by first squaring and then
significant tool also it is possible to carry out on line adding and finally normalizing the above two
monitoring of the process through wavelet packet equations. So the discriminating signal obtained is as
transform.[2] follows:-

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference On Emerging Trends in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
(ICETMEE- 13th-14th March 2014)

2 2 2 2 (7) and
M (t) = V a (t)/V max + V g (t)/ V max
(8) and is given as:-
Or
2 2
M (t) = Cos (ωt+ ) + Sin (ωt + ) (5) +
u = (∆u + Zc ∆ i) / 2 (9)
If the effective value of Vmax do not changes and also -
if there is no extraordinary condition taking place then u = (∆u– Zc ∆ i ) / 2 (10)
the result of equation remains unity. But if fault occurs
then this unity relation is distorted. The peak value of D. Intelligent Techniques
the voltage is updated after every one complete cycle Recently for protecting the busbar various soft
(say 20ms for frequency of 50 Hz). computing intelligent techniques have been proposed
which are based upon human knowledge features.
To detect a fault the deviation ‗δ‘ in M (t) is These are as follows :-
calculated for one complete cycle starting from the
instant when the fault occurs. To calculate this (a) ANN: - It is defined as Artificial Neural
deviation following formula is used:- Network. Through thus number of specific
problems is solved by using mathematical
δ (t) = | 1 – 1/n ∑ M(i) | (6) algorithm. It has got the learning capability due
to which, at the output, simply by adjusting the
where i = 1, 2, 3………n and n represents the number weights it is possible to compensate the error.
of samples of one complete cycle of system power (b) FIS: - It is defined as fuzzy interface system. It
frequency. represents a mapping between inputs and
outputs which is basically non-linear in nature.
C. Travelling Wave Technique In this FIS system IF-THEN rules are used to
obtain a solution to a problem. These IF-THEN
rules are easily understood by the human
The technique works on the following principle: operator and are therefore helpful to design a
controller system which adds to its advantages.
If a fault occurs on a busbar then in that case the These rules are also useful to perform the tasks
direction detected for all the travelling waves is that have been already performed by the
positive for all the lines connected to that particular human. FIS has a limitation that it depends on
busbar. [1] fixed membership function and also it is not
possible to compensate the error at the output of
the FIS controller.
However if a fault occurs on any one of the lines then (c) ANFIS: - It has been found that it is very
in this condition the direction of the travelling waves complex to model a differential protection
detected for the healthy lines is positive whereas the using FIS and ANN. Since the transient period
travelling wave direction for the faulty lines is
during power system operation is greatly
detected as negative.
affected by unknown parameters so it is not
easy to describe the transient period by artificial
To identify a fault the amplitude integral relationship
explicit knowledge. These limitations faced by
between positive and negative travelling waves is used
just after the short time when fault occurs. ANN and FIS have been overcome by Adaptive
Neuro Fuzzy Interface System which provides
The transient voltage and current are thus given as :- integration between Fuzzy Interface System
and Artificial Neural Network System. This
+ -
∆u = u (t– x/v) + u (t + x/v) ANFIS provides further integration to ANN
(7)
technology and logic concepts of fuzzy
+ - becomes much more embedded due to this new
∆i=1/Zc [u (t – x/v) – u (t + x/v) (8)
intelligent technique [5]. Both linguistic
Where v = 1/√LC is called wave propagation speed information and numerical information can be
combined together through a natural frame
Zc = √L/C is called wave impedance. work provided by ANFIS. Linguistic
information consists of IF-THEN rules while
L and C represents inductance and capacitance if the numerical information consists of input- output
line pairs.
+
u represents forward travelling wave along positive Thus these Intelligent Soft Computing Techniques are
-
direction and u represents backward travelling wave becoming an important mean for enhancing the busbar
in negative direction. protection.
+ -
Thus u and u can be obtained by solving equation

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 International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622
International Conference On Emerging Trends in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
(ICETMEE- 13th-14th March 2014)

IV. IMPACT OF ABOVE NUMERICAL [2.] M.M Eissa (Nov 2005), ― High Speed
TECHNIQUES ON BUSBAR PROTECTION Differential Busbar Protection Using Wavelet
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and ratio mismatch which is major protection Measurement Technique For Extra High
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different faults and fault inception angle and Intelligence Based Approach For Busbar
are sensitive to high fault resistance that Differential Systems‖, 21st International Con.
usually occurs on busbar. Computer Theory and Application(ICCTA),
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Wavelet Transformation‖, IEE.
V. CONCLUSION [8.] R.Huges and E.Legrand (2001), ―Numerical
There are numerous of busbar protection systems that Busbar Protection Benefits Of Numerical
have been implemented till now. The common factor Technology In Electrical Substation‖, IEEE.
in all the protection techniques is that they all demand [9.] Shiyong Wang.et.al. (2001), ―A Novel Busbar
for full confidence in normal operation of the power
Protection Scheme Based Wavelet Multi
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There are some conventional protection systems
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[11.] Mohindar S.Sachdev.et.al (2000), ― A busbar
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