Ultimate NCE Study Guide

Welcome to the Ultimate NCE Study Guide! If you are here I am assuming you have scheduled
the National Counselors Exam. This guide is designed to help you study for the NCE by
providing information on the 8 Common Core Areas that will be covered on the test. These
common core areas are:
1. Professional counseling orientation and ethical practice
2. Social and cultural diversity
3. Human growth and development
4. Career development
5. Counseling and helping relationships
6. Group counseling and group work
7. Assessment and testing
8. Research and program evaluation

Exam Taking Tips

Schedule your exam here: https://www.nbcc.org/licensure/examregistration
1. Schedule your exam at a time you know your brain will be the most efficient. For
instance, if you are a morning person- scheduling your exam early may be most
beneficial for you.
2. If you are taking your exam at a testing center, you must provide 2 forms of
identification. (Drivers license, passport, birth certificate, etc.) You should arrive at the
testing center at least 30 minutes before your scheduled exam to ensure the check in
process goes smoothly.
3. The testing center will provide you with noise canceling headphones. If you find yourself
easily distracted by any noises USE THEM.
4. Don’t know the answer? Don’t freak out! Choose the best answer and flag the question to
review later. You may find the answer in a later question. You WILL NOT know all of
the answers. Release yourself of that expectation.
5. TAKE BREAKS. Although the test is timed, find a time that works best for you to take a
bathroom break and to grab a drink of water. Your brain is not wired to stare at a screen
 for 4 hours. (When I took the exam I answered all of the questions and then took a break
before reviewing the flagged questions.)
6. This test is a READING test. This means you must learn how to read the questions
carefully while simultaneously applying the information you have learned.
7. USE MULTIPLE SOURCES: It is vital to use more than one source to study. This will
give you many ways to see how questions are written.
8. TAKE PRACTICE TESTS.
a. Pay $40 one time and get access to over 800+ questions as well as analytics about
your progress. Tests.com
b. Pocket prep app: Behavioral Health Pocket Prep on the App Store
c. Dr. Rosenthal's Purple book: https://amzn.to/42Ijo9w
d. Mastering the National Counselor Exam (This book provides summaries for each
section, section quizzes, and 2 full NCE practice tests.) https://amzn.to/3ZgTu9Q
e. Wellspring Review: This is a LIVE and INTERACTIVE exam prep taught by
LPCs that offers instruction via Zoom with ALL the same benefits of in-the-same-
room with up to date exam changes + a study binder.
NCE Prep Course Dates
f. Flashcards (or create your own): https://amzn.to/3LUXVUR
9. Choose one core area and study that one for a chosen length of time (1 day or 1 week).
This will help solidify that subject, rather than jumping around. An easy way to do this is
to write which subject you will focus on each day or week on a calendar. Each day
choose a different form of studying (i.e. watch videos about one subject, only study the
flashcards about that one subject, etc.)
10. As of 2023 there is a heavy emphasis on Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Career
counseling.
 Helping Relationships:
VIDEO: NCE: Human Relationships- Dr. Pam

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

- Freud
o All about the UNCONSCIOUS
o Focuses on the first 6 years of life
o Major premise: man is deterministic in nature and is governed by unconscious
drives and impulses.
● Goals of Freudian Therapy:
○ to make the unconscious repressed memories conscious
○ Work through memories in a cathartic manner to gain insight
○ Insight results in a more mature personality that results in the
ability to form more intimate relationships
o The therapist REMAINS ANONYMOUS and does not create a true
relationship with the client
- ID (iot)
o Develops at birth and is ruled by the pleasure principle. Contains the libido and
seeks immediate gratification
- EGO (Mediator)
o Mediator of the impulses of the ID and controls the superego
- SUPEREGO (Morality)
o Provides the foundation of the conscience and morality principle
- 5 PSYCHOSXUAL stages:
o (Orphan) ORAL: focus on the mouth
o (Annie) ANAL: focus on the anus which causes difficulties such as being
overly rigid or stingy
 o (Pretty) PHALLIC: focus on genitals. Development of the Electra and Oedipus
Complexes
o (Little) LATENCY: considered a dormant stage of development. Can result in
repressed sexuality or limited social connection
o (Girl) GENITAL: Focus on genitals.
- Transference: projection of the client’s history onto the therapist
- Countertransference: projection of the therapist’s history on the client
- Techniques:
o Interpretation of dreams (dream analysis)
o Free association (“Tell me the 1st word that comes to mind when I say…”)
o Analysis of the therapeutic relationship
o Identification of the ego defenses
o Making the unconscious conscious
- ANXIETY is a major concept in psychoanalytic theory.
o Ego defense mechanisms are created as a way to ward off anxiety
- DEFENSE MECHANISMS:
o Denial: a firm belief that an event did not happen
o Displacement: a person directs their focus to a safer object or person rather than
the original cause of the anger
o Introjection: the person internalizes the characteristics of another individual as
a way of warding off the loss of a significant individual in their life
o Intellectualization: By using intellect and logic, one distances themselves from
the emotional aspects of a situation
o Projection: attributing unacceptable characteristics of the self onto others
o Reaction formation: a way of denying unacceptable feelings or beliefs, the
individual acts in the opposite manner
o Regression: The person retreats to an earlier form of development and behaves
in a manner that is not reflective of their current developmental stage.
o Repression: The person forgets a traumatic or anxiety provoking event
 o Sublimation: utilizing a more socially acceptable behavior to substitute for a
basic impulse
o Identification: association with a cause, person, or organization in order to
increase ones self-worth or self-concept
o Compensation: individuals who feel limited in a specific area develop talents in
another to achieve increased self-esteem
o Conversion: making psychological symptoms physical
VIDEOS:
● FREUD'S THEORIES Mar 30, 2022- Dr. Pam
● Freud's Theories
● PSYCHOTHERAPY - Sigmund Freud

NEO-FREUDIANS
- KAREN HORNEY
o Viewed basic anxiety as the child’s lasting feeling of insecurity that stems from
the effects of harsh or indifferent parenting
o Harsher parent = more anxiety
VIDEO: Introduction to Karen Horney (Basic Anxiety, Neurotic Needs and Trends, Tyranny of
the Shoulds...)
- ERIK ERIKSON
o Developed the psychosocial stages
VIDEO: SHORT: ERICKSON'S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT- Dr. Pam
- 8 Stages of Development by Erik Erikson
- HARRY STACK SULLIVAN:
o Believed 3 modes of experience and thoughts about the world influence ego
formation and these 3 modes remain active throughout the lifespan
● Protaxic
● Parataxic
● Syntaxic
- ALFRED ADLER
o Keywords: encouragement and discouragement
 o Believes that Individual psychology is a growth model that posits that an
individual is not “sick” but discouraged
o Key concepts:
● Private logic: faulty assumptions that we develop about ourselves, others,
and our world
● Social interest: a person’s awareness of being part of a larger society and
his attitudes about the greater world
o Birth order: (Test will describe child’s behavior and you have you choose
which 1 it falls under)
● 1st born: hard-working and dependable
● 2nd born: competes with 1st born and often does the opposite
● Middle child: feels left out and becomes the peacemaker
● Youngest: pampered and able to get their way
● Only child can relate well with adults but may have difficulty getting
along with others.
o Adlerian therapy + techniques:
● Views the therapeutic relationship as collaborative and the goals are too:
· Explore faulty goals and premises
· Modify life goals
· Foster social interest
· Increase self-awareness
● Adler = Collaborative (2 LL looks like an equal sign)
o Adlerian Techniques:
● Spitting in her soup
· Exploration of payoffs and purposes of bad behavior It reminds
us that sometimes it is necessary to spoil the fun in order to alter
negative patterns and create positive behavior change
· (Ex. A child is manipulating the adult
· Calling someone out on behavior
VIDEOS:
Introduction to Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology (Adlerian Psychology)
Inferiority and Superiority | ALFRED ADLER'S Individual Psychology (Adlerian Psychology)
Short: Alfred Adler- Coach Elian

- CARL JUNG
o Animus and Anima
● Our masculine and feminine traits (AniMA = mom) (female)
● Animus = Male
o Jung created the Myers Briggs (MBTI)
● Introversion & extroversion are 2 major types for the Myers Briggs:
○ Where you focus your attention – Extraversion (E) or Introversion
(I)
○ The way you take in information – Sensing (S) or INtuition (N)
○ How you make decisions – Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)
○ How you deal with the world – Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)

VIDEOS:
Short: Jung and the MBTI - Coach Joyce
Introduction to Carl Jung & Analytical Psychology: Collective Unconscious, Archetypes,
Shadow, Anima

HUMANISTIC & EXISTENTIAL THEORIES

- CARL ROGERS:
o Founder of (all are the same theory)
● Person Centered
● Client Centered
● Non-Directive counseling
o Philosophy:
● All humans possess a natural inclination to self-growth that
includes self-awareness, a desire for inner directedness, trust in
others, and spontaneity.
● Roger’s theory is humanistic, positive framework of human nature
o Goals of counseling:
 ● Have the client become aware of the problem and provide them with a
setting that allows his ability to resolve them.
● The focus of treatment is on the person rather than the problem or
symptom
● “the issue is never the issue”
● Person-centered = relationship
o Techniques:
● NONE. The primary focus of therapy was the relationship. The counselor
needs to provide congruence, unconditional positive regard, acceptance,
warmth, and accurate empathy. The counselor gives little direction and
allows the client to choose their own goals to set the direction for
counseling.
VIDEOS:
Carl Roger - Dr. Pam
- GESTALT THERAPY
● Original Founders: Wertheimer, Kohler, and Koffka
● Fritz Perls: extended the findings of Gestalt psychology into a therapy
modality
o Goals for the client:
● Gain awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing
● Accept responsibility
● Create a shift from external support to internal support
o Gestalt = unfinished business
● 5 layers of Neurosis that keep people from living a full life:
○ (Remember PPIIE) Like an edible PIE
○ (P) Phony: reacting to others in a stereotypical, unauthentic way
○ (P) Phobic: avoidance and resistance of painful emotions
○ (I) Impasse: a sense of being stuck or of deadness or confusion
○ (I) Implosive: occurs when a client allows herself to fully
experience deadness
 ○ (E) Explosive: after a release of energy, authentic feelings of
anger, sadness, joy or sex emerge
o 5 neurotic devices:
● Projection: disowning parts of self and placing them onto others
● Introjection: internalizing self-beliefs that belong to others (should &
oughts)
● Retroflection: turning back onto the self those thoughts, beliefs or actions
that one would like to do to others
● Confluence: possessing no boundaries between the self and others
● Deflection: employing humor, questions, and generalizations in
encounters as a way of avoiding sustained contact
o Techniques:
● Perls = most techniques
· Top dog/underdog
· Empty chair
· Body language
· Dreamwork
VIDEOS: What is Gestalt Therapy?
REALITY THERAPY (Control therapy or Choice therapy
● Founded by William Glasser
● The basic philosophy is that all humans must take personal responsibility for their
thoughts, feelings, and actions
- Glasser identified 5 basic needs:
- Survival
- Love
- Power
- Freedom
- Fun
The reality therapist conducts a self evaluation with the client to develop a plan of action:
● W (wants)
● D (direction and doing)
 ● E (evaluation)
● P (planning)
● (What Did Emery Plan)
VIDEOS: REBT Therapy- Coach Elian
EXISTENTIAL THERAPY (Meaning & Purpose):
● Existentialists believe that people are capable of striving for growth and self-awareness
that create meaning and purpose in life
● NO TECHNIQUES
○ Key concepts:
■ Existential anxiety is inevitable and serves as a catalyst for growth and
change
■ Neurotic anxiety differs from existential anxiety in that it immobilizes an
individual and is outside ones awareness
Existential therapists:
Victor Frankl
- Author of a Man’s Search for Meaning
Maslow
- Hierarchy of needs (know the order)
- MNEMONIC: People See Love Every Summer
- Physiological
- Safety
- Love
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
VIDEOS: Short: Existential Therapy- Coach Elian
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
OTHER THERAPY MODALITIES:
● Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP)
○ Observing eye movement and language
EMDR:
● Eye movement and trauma
 BEHAVIORAL AND LEARNING THEORIES
- Behavior therapy does NOT equal feelings
o Philosophy:
● Behavior can be learned and unlearned
● Behavior is deterministic and shaped by social conditioning
● Focus on present behavior and unlearning maladaptive behavior
● Scientific, experimental, objective and measurable goals are used
● Therapy is active and focuses on the presenting problems rather than the
therapeutic relationship
● Useful in treating anxiety disorders, sexual disorders, and behavioral
disorders
o Theorists
● John B. Watson
● Ian Pavlov
● BF Skinner
● Edward Thorndike
○ Developed laws of effect
o Principle of contingency
o Principle of deprivation
o Principle of immediacy
o Principle of size
● Joseph Wolpe
 · Systematic desensitization uses relaxation training as a counter
condition to anxiety. The client is taught relaxation as a hierarchy
of anxiety-producing stimuli called Subjective Units of Distress
(SUDS)
· EX: Scale of anxiety: “How do we get from a 10 to a 5?”
● Albert Bandura
· Self-efficacy: the more you do something the better you get at it
● Dollard and Miller
· Identified 4 types of conflict situations that individuals find
themselves in
o Approach-Approach: choosing between 2 desirable goals
(choosing between 2 attractive men)
o Approach-Avoidance: approach and avoidance of the
same goal (want it but cant have it)
o Classical Conditioning
● Conditioned response (CR):
· The learned response occurs in the presence of a conditioned
stimulus. (taught or learned)
● Techniques from Classical Conditioning:
· Flooding: client is confronted with a feared situation in real life
(in vivo) for an extended period of time
· Implosive therapy: similar to flooding but it is done in imagery
(in vitro) or visualization
· Aversion therapy: utilizing punishment. I.E. the Schick treatment
for smoking and drinking. Pairing sickness with alcohol to deter
drinking
VIDEOS: The difference between classical and operant conditioning - Peggy Andover
o Operant Conditioning
● Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement (no behavior is repeating)
● Types of reinforcement:
· Positive reinforcement:
 o a behavior is repeating because something good is
happening so they want to do it again
· Negative reinforcement:
o a behavior is repeating because you are trying to avoid
something negative from happening (avoiding conflict
because of a negative response)
· Intermittent reinforcement:
o Interval: deals with clock time (every 5 seconds)
o Ratio: # of times a response is made
· Fixed interval:
o Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed period of time.
Ex: every Friday at 5pm I get paid.
· Shaping:
o Providing immediate reinforcement in the beginning and
then tapering off reinforcement as the behavior becomes
learned. Infant language is learned through the use of a care
takers shaping.
· Ratio strain:
o When the ratio reinforcement is so large that the
reinforcement is not strong enough to maintain a desired
response
VIDEOS: Skinner’s Operant Conditioning: Rewards & Punishments
SKINNER: Operant Conditioning Mar 12, 2022- Dr. Pam
- COGNITIVE THERAPY:
- Theorist:
- Aaron T. Beck
- developed cognitive distortions Types:
- Arbitrary interference: woman believes she is a bad mother
because she isn’t with her child all day
- Selective abstraction: taking detail out of context. Assuming a
stranger does not like you because he frowned at you.
 - Overgeneralization: Asking 2 people to a party who already had
plans that evening results in the distortion that no one will come to
the party
- Magnification: doing poorly on SATs so you believe you will
never get into college
- Minimization: running a high fever and believing that you are just
a little bit “under the weather”
- Personalization: a coworker is short with you and you assume you
have done something wrong the previous day for her to treat you
that way
- Labeling and mislabeling: because i failed at marriage at the age of
19, i will never be a good spouse
- Dichotomous thinking: i am either a complete success or a
complete failure
- Techniques:
- Decatastrophizing: using a “what if” approach
- Decentering: teaches the client to focus on others and is challenged
to think about the reality of his thoughts and feelings. Good for
anxiety
- Redefining: the client is tasked to reformulate her beliefs and
cognitions into problem-specific and concrete statements that are
behavioral in nature
VIDEOS: Short: CBT- Coach Elian
- REBT (Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy)
- Founder: Albert Ellis
- Philosophy: people are born with the ability to think rationally but
have a tendency to think irrationally. As a result, their beliefs,
cognitions and attitudes are colored by this bias towards irrational
thinking patterns. Due to these errors in thinking, problematic
behaviors develop
- Techniques:
 - ABC Theory of personality
- Activating event (divorce)
- Belief about the event (failure)
- Consequences of the beliefs (feelings of depression)
- Disputing (its sad but not the end of the world)
- Effect (to move on with life)
- New Feeling (curiosity, hope, optimism)
- Rational emotive imagery:
- Imagining the way he/she would like to be (Imagine
yourself passing the NCE everyday)
- ECLECTIC and HETEROGENEOUS THEORIES
- Eclectic theories bring together a variety of techniques and concepts in counseling
clients
- BASIC ID (developed by Lazarus):
- The purpose is to assess what works for the client, whom it works
for, and under what circumstances
-SOLUTION FOCUSED BRIEF THERAPY (Solution Oriented Therapy)
- It is present oriented and explores possible solutions rather than understanding the
problem. The focus is on achieving small measurable goals.
- Techniques:
- The miracle question
- If the problem were solved overnight, how would the client know?
- The exception question
- When in family life did the problem not present itself?
- The scaling question:
- On a scale of 1-10 how anxious are you right now? How can we get you from a
7 to a 4?
- Progressive narrative
-“Tell me about a time when you felt good…”
-
- FAMILY THERAPY
 - Bowenian/ Multigenerational Family Therapy
- Bowen concepts include:
- Genograms (looks for familial substance abuse and mental health
disorders)
- Triangles: human relationships is a 3 person triangle. During a
stressful situation a couple may recruit a 3rd person into the system
to gain stability (usually a child)
- The parentified child: refers to the child that has taken on so much
parental responsibility that the child no longer trust that fairness
will prevail
VIDEOS: What is Bowen Family Systems Model? | MFT Model Reviews
- Structural Family Therapy
- Disengaged families: have rigid boundaries and are characterized by a lack
of warmth, affection, and nurturance.
- Enmeshed families: have diffuse boundaries which may provide a sense of
mutual support, but set prohibitions against independence and autonomy
VIDEOS: What is Structural Family Therapy? | MFT Models
Structural Family Therapy- Coach Elian
- Experiential Family therapy
- Focuses on the here and now, and communication patterns and
interactional styles among family members
- Individuals in the family may take on the Placater role who is self-
sacrificing in order to please other members
VIDEOS: What is Experiential Family Therapy? | MFT Model Reviews
- Strategic Family Therapy
- a therapist designs interventions with the family to replicate family
interactions and conversations in order to resolve problems specific to the
family's structure and create behavioral change. SFT is an active form of
therapy. It is designed to be brief, directive, and task-oriented.
VIDEOS: What is Strategic Family Therapy? | MFT Model Reviews

METHODS AND TECHNIQUES:

● Errors in use of counselor reflection
○ Identifying feelings: incorrectly using the wrong feeling word
● Errors in meaning
○ Misinterpreting the meaning behind what the client is saying
● Errors in intensity
○ Incorrectly determining the degree of affect
● Errors in timing:
○ Responding when a nonverbal intervention is more effective
● Errors in depth
○ Misinterpreting the level of affect or meaning
● Errors in matching
○ Incorrectly responding to the sensory information presented by the client

ETHICS AND PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

● Advocacy: promotion of the well-being of individuals
● Autonomy: ability for the client to make independent decisions
● Beneficence: do good
● Counseling: a professional relationships empowering individuals and groups to
meet goals
● Distance counseling: through technology
● Duty to warn: counselors must inform the threatened individual of potential harm
● Encryption: encoding of information that limits access to authorized users
● Ethics: moral principles adopted by an individual or group that describe certain
rules of conduct
● Fee splitting: the payment or accepting of fees for client referrals such as a
percentage of fee paid for rent or referral fees
● Fidelity: being truthful and honest with clients
● Gatekeeping: ongoing assessment of student or pre-professional competency for
practice.
● Guidance: old term used for counseling. Now attributed more to working with
occupational and vocational issues
● Justice: fairness
● Malfeasance: act of wrongdoing under the authority of ones office
● Malpractice: harm to a client due to negligence
○ Most common malpractice is sexual misconduct and breach of
confidentiality
● Multicultural/ diversity competence: counselor demonstration of cultural and
diversity awareness
● Negligence: legal term that relates to the standard of care and whether a
counselors actions would be considered reasonable given standards of counseling
○ To prove negligence or malpractice:
■ The counselor owed a duty to the client
■ The counselor failed to exercise an appropriate standard of care
■ A reasonable connection between the breach of duty and alleged
injury existed
■ The counselors action or failure to act was the cause of injury
● Non-malfeasance: do no harm in working with clients
● Personal virtual relationship: relationship via technology
 ● Privacy: the clients right to choose the information about themselves they wish to
be shared
● Privileged communication: protects clients from having their communications
made public
● Tort: legal term whereby one party states that the negligent behavior of another
has resulted in hard and request compensation for the harm
● Ethical codes govern behavior and actions of a profession
○ Ethical codes protect the consumers of a specific profession
○ Ethical codes provide a framework for establishing an acceptable standard
of care within a profession
● 6 Moral Principles of counseling:
○ Autonomy
○ Beneficence: do good
○ Nonmaleficence: do no harm
○ Justice
○ Fidelity
○ Veracity: need for truthfulness
■ NCE will ask “which moral principle is being violated?”
- Informed Consent:
- Counselor explains the rights and responsibility of the counselor and client
- Mandated clients:
○ If services are refused, counselors explain possible consequences
- Personal values
○ Counselors are aware of their own values and beliefs and avoid using them
in the counseling process.
- Relationships
○ Sexual relationships are prohibited
○ Romantic relationships with a former client are prohibited for a period of
5 years
- Managing boundaries in professional relationships
 ○ Previous relationships: counselors must review the risks and benefits of
accepting client they have had a prior relationship with
○ Extending counseling boundaries:
○ Some relationships may be beneficial, such as attending a formal
ceremony or a making a hospital visit only if no harm is upheld
- Documenting boundary extensions:
○ The counselor must document the rationale and potential benefit for
extending boundaries. If the counselor does cause unintentional harm the
counselor must show evidence of an attempt to remedy such harm.
- Multiple clients:
○ A counselor with 2 or more related clients must clarify his relationship
with each client at the beginning. If a conflict exists, the counselor cannot
continue
- Group work
○ Screening: should be completed prior to the group meeting to ensure the
clients needs will be met by the group
- Fees and business practices:
○ o Self-referral
○ Counselors refuse fees or remuneration (a "kick back”) from clients who
are entitled to services through the counselor employer. (Ex: “every client
you send ill give you $10)
- Establishing fees
○ Counselors are obligated to find affordable counseling
- Bartering:
○ Counselor can barter if it does not give the counselor an unfair advantage,
the client requests it, if it is an accepted community practice. All
agreements must be documented
- Receiving gifts:
○ Must check counselor and client motivation for accepting/ giving the gift
- Termination and referral
○ o Competence within termination and referral:
 ○ If the client denies referrals the counselor ends the relationship
- Values
○ The counselor does not terminate or refer based on the counselors
personally held values
○ o Appropriate termination
○ Counseling is terminated when the client no longer needs assistance, does
not benefit, or is harmed
○ Exceptions
o Confidentiality regarding end of life issues
■ Counselors with terminally ill clients who consider quickening
their deaths have the option of breaking or not breaking
confidentiality based on the individual circumstances. State law
supersedes codes
■ Contagious, life threatening diseases
■ When a client discloses they have a communicable disease, the
counselor must assess intent to harm, and their intent to disclose to
third parties (Refer to state laws)
○ Professional Responsibility:
o Counselors are open, honest, and communicate accurately. They
practice within the scope of their training and competence and
abide by the code of ethics. Counselors seek to develop and
improve counseling by participation in counseling associations.
They advocate for the removal of barriers to services and promote
changes to improve the quality of life for clients.
○ Professional competence
o Boundaries of competence
■ Counselors do not exceed the boundaries of their competence
○ Impairment:
■ Counselors assist colleagues of supervisors of the same if showing
signs of impairment, as well as take action to prevent imminent
harm to clients
 ○ Accurate advertising
■ Credentials are presented accurately
○ Testimonials
■ Counselors do not solicit testimonials
● Contributing to the public good:
○ Counselors are obligated to give back to the community by speaking to
groups, sharing professional information, and by offering reduced fees
Evaluation, assessment, and interpretation
● Assessment instruments are used by counselors to promote the well being of both
the individual and group clients, taking into account cultural context
● The counselors must communicate assessment results to the client in plain
language and consider the impact of the results
Research publication:
● Researchers contribute to the knowledge base of the profession and promote a
clearer understanding of circumstances that produce a healthy and just society.
Publications and presentations:
● Duplicate submission: A counselor can only make 1 submission of a manuscript
to a journal. The author or publisher must give permission for republication and
be given acknowledgement
Distance counseling and Social media:
● Virtual professional presence: counselors have separate personal and professional
profiles
● Social media as part of informed consent: counselors clearly state in the informed
consent benefits, limitations, and boundary policies of social media
● Client virtual presence: counselors respect client privacy and do not access their
social media unless permission is obtained
● Use of public social media: precautions are taken to not disclose confidential
information through social media
Resolving ethical issues:
● Ethical dilemmas are resolved with direct, open communication
 ● Counselors use and document an ethical decision making model based on specific
circumstances while considering the welfare of all parties
Suspected ethical violations
● Informal resolutions: when a counselor believes another counselor has violated an
ethical standard, he 1st tries to informally resolve that issues with the erring
counselor without violating confidentiality rights
● Reporting ethical violations: If an apparent violation is not resolved informally
and is likely to cause harm, counselors take action appropriate to the situation.
Consultation:
● External consultant: is hired from the outside the organization, is likely to have a
formal written contract and to be seen as expert by the consultees
● Internal consultant: already belongs to the organization to which the consultation
is being provided.
● Ethical and legal issues:
○ Accountability: consultants are not responsible for how consultees use
their advice. However if the consultant gave poor advice, the consultee
may have legal cause for action
○ assessment : consultants are ethically bound to ensure the validity and
reliability of any assessment tools used.
Supervision:
● Is a professional relationship in which the supervisor oversees the work of a supervisee.
○ Purpose of goals of supervision:
■ Ultimate purpose is to assure high quality service delivery to clients.
○ Supervisory responsibility:
■ Recognize that the supervisor is ultimately responsible for the actions of
the supervisee
■ Know about the case/client of the supervisee
■ Provide performance feedback
■ Monitor the actions of the supervisee
■ Document the supervisory sessions
■ Have a written contract with the supervisee
 ■ Monitor personal development
■ Educate supervisees on ethical issues relevant to working in a managed
care system
VIDEOS: NCE: CODE OF ETHICS- Dr. Pam
NCE: ACA Code of Ethics- Dr. Pam

GROUP WORK

● Altruism: the helper and the helpee

● Catharsis: expression of concern and feelings to others
● Cohesion: the feeling of belongingness
● Feedback: has a different impact from peers
● Installation of hope: group members recognize that others are working to solve their
problems
● Universality: realizing that one is not so different than others; one is not alone
● Group sizes:
○ Adults: 8-10
○ Teens: 6-8
○ Children: 2-4
- Group Stages:
- Forming/orientation: trust is major/ interview and select members
- Storming/transition: resistance & defensiveness/ help members deal with conflict
- Norming: cohesiveness/ therapist mainly facilitates
- Performing/working: shared leadership and effective in change/ support members
in risk taking
- Adjourning/termination: loss and separation/ deal with termination issues
- Group leadership:
- Authoritarian = high productivity, low morale (sees self as expert)
- Democratic = high productivity, low morale (MOST EFFECTIVE)
- Laissez-faire = low productivity, high morale (no leadership)
- Sociogram
- Requires a mapping of group interactions with 3 main elements:
- The “star” in the group
- The “cluster” (majority) in the group
- The “isolate” (left out) in the group
- TRUST IS THE MOST IMPORTANT TRAIT IN A GROUP

- Johari Window:
- The goal of the window is to move behavior and feelings into the open area from
the secret area (through self-disclosure) and the blind area (through feedback).
THE UNCONSCIOUS IS NOT DEALT WITH IN GROUP)
 -

Known to self Unknown to self

Known to others Open arena Blind spot

Not know to others Hidden Unknown

-
- REALITY THERAPY GROUPS: founder = glasser
- Glasser originated the concept of “classroom meetings”
- Leader becomes involved with members to help them face reality and develop a
success identity. The focus is on the present behavior. It models success oriented
behavior, helps members make specific behavior changes, and rejects issues for
irresponsible behavior.
- A wide range of techniques are used including role playing, confrontation,
modeling, humor, contracts, and specific plans for action.
- PSYCHOANALYTIC GROUPS:
- The main techniques are free associating using the “go around” technique
- GESTALT GROUPS:
- Neurotic mechanisms to avoid awareness are introjection
- Leader uses his own present centered experiencing, helps members intensify their
experience and be aware of body messages. The leader helps members through
unfinished business.
- Techniques:
- Changing language, attention to non-verbal body language, hot seat,
making the rounds, fantasy and dream work, and exaggeration
- TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS GROUPS (TA GROUPS):
- The leader maintains equal relationship with the members
- Terms used in TA groups
- Strokes (compliments)
- Injunctions (shoulds and donts)
- Games
- Life positions (best is Im ok, you're ok)
 - PSYCHODRAMA GROUPS:
- Developed by MORENO. Participants act out or dramatize past, present, and
anticipated life situations to gain understanding and catharsis, ideally all members
participate
- The protagonist
- Group member who enacts or re-enacts an event from past, present, or
future
- At the end of the drama
- Group members talk about how the drama affected them personally
- TYPES OF GROUP MEMBERS: (Pay special attention to the names and roles of the
members)
- https://nursekey.com/therapeutic-groups-2/

VIDEOS: Group Work Intervention- Dr. Pam

HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

- Freud's psychosexual stages: (Orphan Annie, Pretty, Little, Girl)
- Oral
 - Anal
- Phallic
- Latent
- Gential
- Erikson Psychosocial stages
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Adulthood
- Concern for others within and outside ones family
- Integrity vs despair
- Old age
- Satisfaction with ones life
- Despair vs hope and faith
- Very old age
- Wisdom and transcendence
- Locus of control
- Internal locus of control
- They control their behavior and lives
- External locus of control
- Believe that other people, fate, or luck control their lives
- Assimilation
- Incorporating new information into existing schemas
- Accommodation
- Adjusting schemas to fit new ideas or situations
- Kohlberg's moral development stages: (KOLBERG = MORALITY)
- Preconventional: aim is to avoid punishment
- conventional : aim is to gain approval
- Postconventional: aim is to uphold one's own ethical principles
VIDEOS: Kohlberg's Moral Development- Dr. Pam
Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development
- Vygotsky's sociocultural theory:
 - Emphasizes the importance of groups in shaping individuals development.
Follows that in order to understand development an individual must be observed
in a social activity
- Contact comfort experiment::
- Experiment by Harlow and Zimmerman with monkeys. Distressed monkeys clung
to wire “mothers” covered in terry cloth even though bare wire mothers dispensed
food and warmth
VIDEOS: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrNBEhzjg8I
- Maslows Hierarchy of needs:
- People are motivated by the lowest level of unmet needs
- Bottom to top: People See Love Every Summer
- Physiological needs
- Safety
- Love and belonging
- Esteem
- Self-actualization
- Mental retardation:
- Etiology:
- onset has to be before the age of 18
- Down syndrome
- most cases are caused by trisomy 21, an extra copy of the 21st
chromosome pair
- PKU:
- A genetically caused metabolic disorder
- Basic Physiology
- Hemispheric specialization
- The right hemisphere is specialized for nonverbal, visual and spatial tasks,
it processes input simultaneously
- The left brain is specialized for language and processes input, sequentially
- Neurotransmitters:
- Serotonin
 - Associated with sleep disturbances, depression, and memory. It is
sometimes called the mood molecule
- Dopamine
- In excess = schizophrenia. Dopamine deficiency is responsible for
parkinson's disease
- Parenting
- authoritative: MOST EFFECTIVE. Firm standards and reasonable
freedoms.
- This type of parenting produces children who have a healthy sense of
autonomy and positive attitudes toward and work and achieve school
- Death and dying
- Stages: (DABDA)
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
- Adolescence
- Tasks of adolescence:
- Coping with physical and sexual maturation, emotional preparation for
becoming independent and leaving the family. Becomes more peer
centered.
- Havighurst
- Believed that there are sensitive periods containing teachable moments
during which individuals are poised to learn developmental skills
- Adolescent egocentrism
- Belief that others are constantly preoccupied with them and believe that
their own experiences are unique
- “Only somewhat stormy”
- Turbulence of adolescence has been overstated
- Gender specific concerns
 - Girls: Studies show that as girls enter early adolescence, there is a drop in
IQ scores, math and science grades. Explanation is that formal education
discouraged female confidence and assertiveness
- Boys: need positive role models and adult support to guide their
development. The lack of this contributes to bad behavior
- Middle adulthood
- Midlife crisis optional:
- A midlife crisis may be triggered by events such as divorce, children
leaving the home, and chronic dissatisfaction. Most adults do not
experience a dramatic midlife crisis
- The sandwich generation
- Middle aged adults find themselves simultaneously
- caring for their offspring and aging parents
- Late adulthood
- Changes:
- The senses decline. Exercise improves both health and happiness.
- Cognitive performance declines, often because of physical limitations
such as poor eyesight and hearing, but verbal are better at 65 than 25.

CAREER DEVELOPMENT
VIDEOS: NCE: Careers
 - TRAIT AND FACTOR THEORY:
- The OLDEST THEORY in career counseling. Suggests that one particular type of
job is suited for each type of person.
- Founder: FRANK PARSONS
- Personality based theories
- ANN ROE
- Proposed that a relationship between the type of parenting one receives
and ones career choice.
- Parents who are warm = children who select person oriented jobs
(have a need for affection and belonging)
- Parents who are cold and rejecting = seek scientific occupations
(needs for safety and security)
- Roe arranged occupations into 8 occupational groups, each with 6
levels. Levels range from unskilled (level 6) to
professional/managerial (level 1)
VIDEOS: Short: Anne Roe & Linda Gottfredson- Coach Joyce
- JOHN HOLLAND
- 6 personality types into hexagonal pattern with the types that are most
closely related placed in adjacent corners and the least related in opposite
corners. (RIASEC)
- Realistic: agriculture, construction, skilled trades
- Investigative: mathematicians, scientist
- Artistic: musical, artistic
- Social: educators, counselors
- Enterprising: sales, leadership
- Conventional: banking, business offices
- Consistency:
- The closer the types are on the hexagon, the more they have in
common, so having a preference for adjoining codes indicated
higher consistency
- Letters to the left and right they will also be interested in
 - RIASEC; look in binder to see the diagram ADD DIAGRAM
VIDEOS: Short- Holland: Coach Joyce
Holland's Personality Types
- DEVELOPMENTAL CAREER THEORIES
- Linda Gottfredson
- Read her theory breakdown here:
- https://careersintheory.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/
theories_gottfredson.pdf
- GINZBERG AND ASSOCIATES
- Studied males between ages 11 and 23 from a upper middle class,
urban, angelo-saxon origin.
- Conclusions
- 4 factors bear on career choice
- 1. Reality factor: the person's response to environmental
responses
- 2. Educational process: either limits or opens the range of
choices one can make
- 3. Emotional factors: personality aspects
- 4. Personal values
-Ginzberg also hypothesized that the vocational choice process covers 3 developmental
periods which take between 10-15 years to complete
- fantasy period (birth-12): choices are influenced by the child's environment
- tentative period (11-17): child recognizes the individual interests and skills in
which he/she can excel
- realistic period 17-20s): includes substages of exploration, crystallization, and
specification
- Gizberg revisions:
- the occupational decision-making process remains open
- career decisions made in the early years shape later career choices
- the choice process ends in compromise between the individuals needs
● DONALD SUPER
 ○ Developmental stages
■ Growth (Birth to 15): stage that develops self-concept
■ Exploratory (15 to 24 or fantasy stage): choices are narrowed but not
finalized
■ Establishment: (25-44): trying out careers with the option to change if a
career is not what is desired
○ Crystallization: forms a preferred career plan and thinking about ways to
implement it
■ Used by Ginzberg and Super
○ Vocational maturity:
■ A person's ability to complete appropriate tasks as each level of
development
■ Crites also studied the concept of career maturity
○ Super concepts:
■ People can succeed in many different occupations
■ Career development is a lifelong process
■ The nature of the career pattern is determined by an individual's parental
socioeconomic level, mental ability, and personality characteristics
■ A person's satisfaction depends upon doing the work that suits his
interests, fits his personality, and values
■ SUPER AND KIDD
● Suggested the term “career adaptability” for an individual's ability
to face, pursue, or accept career change
■ Supers contributions:
● LIFE CAREER RAINBOW
● TIEDEMAN & O’HARA
○ Career development exists throughout a lifetime and is tied to self-development.
○ Career stages mirror Erik Eriksons psychosocial stages
■ Way to remember this ^: Erikson and Tiedeman are friends
○ A major goal of development is differentiation which is accomplished by
resolving the trust-mistrust crisis as it applies to work. The focus is on self-
 development and belief in the individual's I-power or potential for self-
improvement.
● Vocational Rehabilitation:
○ Assists individuals with disabilities to return to work or identify a new career in
order to become employed. To be eligible for vocational rehabilitation one must
■ Have a disability that interferes with employment
■ Have a reasonable possibility of becoming suitably employed
■ Be in an employable range
○ Available services include
■ Medical exams
■ Assessment and counseling
■ Surgical, psychological, and hospital treatment
■ Education and training
■ Artificial limbs, hearing aids, braces
■ Tools, licenses, and occupational equipment
■ Placement and follow up
● Career publications
○ The Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT)
■ Has been replaced by the O*Net
○ Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH)
■ Used by the department of labor and Is updated every 2 years
○ Computer systems are objective, readily available, and have a capacity to store
and retrieve large amount of materials quickly.
■ SIGI: used in collages
■ GIS
■ CHOICES
● Counseling Economically disadvantaged clients
○ Delayed entrants:
■ Women, displaced homemakers, former military, and prior offenders
○ Midlife changers:
■ usually occurs between ages 35-45
 ○ Late-life changers
■ Are early retirees or those who were mandated retirement. AARP reported
that less than 25% of people between 65-74 considered themselves to be
retired. They have returned to work because of boredom or for financial
reasons

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY

● Acculturation
○ Degree of acceptance of a new culture
● Alloplastic:
○ The idea that clients should be encouraged to change their circumstances to
accommodate themselves
● Autoplastic
○ The idea that clients should be encouraged to change themselves to accommodate
their external environments
● Emic
○ Uniqueness of a specific group
● Ethnocentrism:
○ The tendency to view ones culture as intrinsically and significantly superior to all
others
● Etic:
○ The sameness among different cultural groups
● Race
○ Race identifies the innate physical characteristics that define a group of people as
being different from others
● Integrative awareness
○ In this stage the individual arrives at a point where she experiences appreciation
for her own cultural background and those of others. She is able to see both
desirable and undesirable qualities in both the dominant and her own culture
● Characteristics of Effective Multicultural Counselors
 ○ Learn more about your own cultural background and its influence on your way of
thinking and behaving
○ Identify your basic assumptions in relation to culture
○ Learn to pay attention to the common ground that exists among people of diverse
backgrounds
○ Realize that you cant learn everything about diversity in your clients before
working with them
○ Recognize the importance in being flexible in applying methods of counseling
interventions based upon their cultural background
○ Spend time preparing clients for a successful counseling experience especially if
the clients experience differs from your own
○ Gain the ability to develop culturally appropriate intervention techniques
● African American
○ Family and kinship are strong influences extended family often become caretakers
of the children
○ Infant mortality rates continue to be higher than that of the dominant culture
○ The head of the household is often female. Institutional care is often rejected and
the elderly are cared for by family
○ COUNSELING IMPLICATIONS
■ Discuss and explore racial differences within the 1st session. Address
anxiety concerns with cross-racial issues
■ Include church and community in counseling interventions
■ Emphasize clients strengths rather than deficits
■ Averited eye contact is not a sign of defiance
■ Use of a overconfident attitude may be a defense mechanism and should
not be interpreted as aggressive
■ Focus on counseling interventions that address problem solving skills
■ Explore issues pertaining to identify development if a client is biracial or
multiracial
● Hispanic Americans
 ○ The spirit world has a important influence and clients may speak of spiritual
events as being the cause of a emotional problem
○ COUNSELING IMPLICATIONS
■ Use formalismo (formalism) during 1st contact, move towards
personalismo (personalism) in later contacts
■ Include church in use of assessment and intervention
■ Include the father in counseling to recognize the role in the family
■ Include the role of espiritismo in interventions
■ Respect gender roles
■ Do not confront clients on lateness to appointments as this is due to time
orientation and not client resistance
■ If a language barrier exists, identify a translator to work with and explain
the ethical issues of confidentiality and privileged communication
■ Identify the various levels of acculturation with the family unit.
Acculturation often creates stress within the family system
● Asian Americans
○ Direct forms of communication, open expression and confrontation are avoided
○ IMPLICATIONS
■ Problem solving interventions and medication is suggested rather than
insight oriented or psychodynamic interventions
● American Indian
○ Viewing the tribe as an extended family is important. The tribal network provides
discipline and child caretaking
○ IMPLICATIONS
■ Listening rather than talking
■ Including tribal leaders, medicine men, and tribal members in treatment
■ Avoiding personalism
■ Recommending therapies that involve working together
■ Recognizing excessive use of alcohol and drugs
● LGBTQ Implications
○ Being aware of your own heterosexism and be careful to use gender free language
● Socioeconomic Status
○ Clients with lower SES were given inferior treatment and were more often
diagnosed with mental illness than clients with a higher SES
● Cycle of Violence Theory
○ 1. Tension building stage: the batterer using verbal abuse over minor issues
○ 2. Acute battering incident: physical abuse takes place
○ 3. Loving contrition stage: the abuser shows remorse and may tend to the partners
injuries
● Causes of death
○ The leading physical causes of death in adults are
■ 1. Heart disease
■ 2. Cancer
■ 3. Strokes
○ The leading causes of death in youth are
■ 1. Alcohol related incidents
■ 2. Homicide
■ 3. Suicide
● Self-help groups
○ Not grounded in formal counseling theory
 RESEARCH AND PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT
● Setting up a research project
○ Independent variable:
■ The treatment being given
■ Way to remember this: (Giving a patient an IV (the treatment)
○ Dependent variable
■ Outcome- how you know the treatment works or doesn’t
■ Remember D=data
○ Researchers must set the level of significance (= probability) when setting up their
research design. Level of significance has to do with researchers' decision of
how/when to accept or reject a null hypothesis and state whether there is or is not
a significant difference.
○ Confidence level is the “flip side” of level of significance. If the level of
significance is .05, we say we are 95% confident in our findings.
● In counseling research the level of significance is most frequently set at p=.05, which
means that probability is less than 5 times out of 100 that obtained results are due to
chance.
● Errors in research
○ Type 1 Error
■ Rejects the null
○ Type 2 error
■ Failing to reject the null
● Types of sampling
○ Simple: draw names out of hat
○ Stratified: arrange people into layers and then select so many subjects from each
layer
○ Cluster: select so many subjects from an already intact cluster (like a classroom)
○ Systematic: select every nth individual from list or roster
● Experimental research
○ The researcher must be able to control or manipulate independent variables
○ Subjects must be randomly assigned
● Quasi-experimental research
○ Subjects are not usually randomly assigned because the groups under study are
already intact (such as classroom groups). It is used when experimental design is
desired, but the setting does not allow control of all relevant variables. Much
research in the counseling field is quasi-experimental
● Correlations
○ + correlation: ↑↑ or ↓↓ r = +1.0
■ Relationship between smoking and lung cancer
■ Points up from right to left going up
○ - correlation: ↑↓ or ↓↑
■ Relationship between toothbrushing and occurrence of cavities
■ Starts from left to right going down r = -1
○ None related correlation
■ R = 0,
■ Example: relationship between zip code and math aptitude
● Threats to validity
○ History: events occur in a subjects life
○ Maturation: subjects grow physically, emotionally, socially
○ Testing: subjects can remember answers from the pre-test that they remembered
for the post-test
○ Statistical regression: the tendency of extreme scores
○ Subject attrition: subjects drop out of the study
● External validity common types
○ Multiple treatment interference
■ Researcher administers more than one treatment consecutively to the same
subjects
○ Placebo effect
○ Novelty Effect:
■ subject will show great gains at the beginning of the treatment because it
is something new, but gains will diminish over time
○ Experimenter effect:
 ■ Occurs when the experimenters behavior or appearance affects subjects
performance
○ Halo effect
■ The researcher allows one characteristic of an individual to effect the
rating of that individual in some other area.
○ Leniency effect
■ The evaluator tends to rate a subject too high
● Types of measurement scales
○ Nominal and ordinal
■ No #’s (nonparametric)
○ Interval
■ No true or meaningful zero point (math involved = parametric)
○ Ratio
■ Meaningful zero point (math involved = parametric)
● Measures of central tendency
○ Mode = the most
■ The score obtained by more subjects than any other (8, 8, 8)
■ Bimodel has 2 modes
○ Median: the midpoint (middle number)
○ Mean: the average
■ The mean is the most precise
○ Range
■ Highest # - the lowest #
● Skewed distributions
○ Positive skew
■ Right
○ Negative skew
■ Left
● 3 types of inferential statistics
○ Chi square, t-test, ANOVA
● Chi square is used with nominal data (therefore there is no mean)
○ Chi Squared tells us when the difference is great enough to know “something is
going on.” In other words, if you were flipping a coin and you got 51% heads and
49% tails, you would think that variation from 50/50 was just chance. Chi square
tells us when to suspect the coin.

Yes No

Expected 50% 50%

Observed 70% 30%

 ASSESSMENT AND TESTING
● Likert scales
○ Respondents indicate the degree to which they agree with a statement
● Mental measurement yearbook
○ Provides info on available mental health professionals
● Tests in Print
○ Lists all test commercially available
● Ways to interpret test scores
○ Ipsative comparison:
■ compare the 2 scores from the same person
○ Criterion referenced
■ Compare your score to meet a criteria (NCE)
○ Norm referenced
■ Compare your score to a group
● Individual and Group testing
○ Individual advantages
■ Establishing rapport and individual observation of each client
■ Disadvantages: cost and possible examiner bias
○ Group testing advantages
■ Economy of cost
■ Disadvantages: absence of a way to know what may be influencing an
individual's answers and dependence upon reading skills
● Test reliability
○ Reliability = consistency
○ Reliable does not mean it is good
● True score
○ An individual is on their A game when testing
● Error
○ An individual is off their A game when testing
● Confidence band
○ The closeness between the true score and the degree of error
● The “Pearson r” is most commonly used
● A RELIABILITY COEFFICIENT ALWAYS RANGES FROM +1.0 TO -1.0.
○ Closer to +1 or -1 the better
● Factors that affect reliability are:
○ Test length examinees
○ Item difficulty guessing
● Standard error of measurement (SEM)
○ Johnny scores a 50 on his test and the SEM of is 5. What's his score?
■ Add the SEM and subtract (always subtract 1st)
■ Answer: Between 45 and 55
● Validity
○ The usefulness of a test. Does it measure what it says it will measure
○ Construct validity
■ The extent to which a test measures a theoretical concept
○ Content validity
■ Determines the extent to which a rest represents a content area (NCE)
○ Criterion-related validity
■ Measures the extent to which a test can predict or diagnose an individuals
behavior in specific situations
○ Predictive
■ Predicts future outcomes
● Types of reliability
○ Test-retest
■ The same subjects are given the same test twice to see if scores are
consistent
○ Alternate form
■ 2 equivalent forms of a test are constructed and given to the same subjects
on separate occasions
○ Interratter or scorer reliability
■ Compares the degree of difference in score or judgements given by more
than one observer (2 people are grading papers)
● Wechsler Intelligence Scale
○ Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)
○ Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- IV (WISC)
○ Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS)
● Intelligence tests-group administered
○ Otis Lennon School Ability Test-8th edition
● Culturally fair intelligence tests
○ Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT)
○ Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test
○ Ravens Progressive Matrices
● Achievement Tests
○ Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-3)
○ Woodcock Johnson III (WJ III)
○ Peabody Individual Achievement test
● Multiple Aptitude Tests
○ General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) has been replaced by the O*NET
■ O*NET is always the most current
● Personality Inventories
○ Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
■ Based on Jung concepts
■ Extraversion-introversion, sensing-intuition, thinking-feeling, judging-
perceiving
● Interest Inventories
○ The Kuder General Interest Survey (KGIS)
○ Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS)
○ The Self-Directed Search
○ Newly Revised Strong Interest Inventory (SII)
● Neuropsychological Tests
○ Halstead Reitan Battery
■ Detects brain damage
●
● Tests for individuals with physical disabilities
○ Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test III
● Tests for Intellectual disabilities (Mentally retarded)
○ Public Law 94-142 which mandates that children are to be educated in the least
restrictive environment
○ Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales revised
■ Assess personal and social skills for daily living
○ AAMR’s Adaptive Behavioral Scale-2
■ Measures the ability to cope with the natural and social demands of the
environment
● Tests for problems of children
○ Gessell Developmental Schedules
■ Gross motor skills, fine motor skills, language development, adaptive
behavior, and personal social behaviors
○ Bayley Scales of Infant Development
■ Assesses cognitive, language, personal-social, fine and gross motor
development
● Genogram
○ Pictorial representation of family structure