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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
AT LOS ANGELES

R S I T A T I S C A L
UNIVE -
LVM
TIDIMSDC CLXV

FI
AT
SIS
II

EX LIBRIS
 THE

PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION
OF

GREECE,
TRANSLATED FROM THE SECOND EDITION OF CORINTH,
ACCOMPANIED BY THE ORIGINAL GREEK ;

PRECEDED BY

A LETTER TO THE SENATE OF THE

GRECIAN CONFEDERATION,
AND BY

A GENERAL VIEW OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS

OF THE REVOLUTION,

BY A GRECIAN EYE- WITNESS ;

AND FOLLOWED BY OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS .

THE WHOLE TRANSLATED FROM THE INEDITED FRENCH MANUSCRIPT ,

AND DEDICATED, WITH WHATEVER PROFITS IT MAY PRODUCE,

TO THE

GREEK COMMITTEE,
BY ONE OF THEIR MEMBERS .

LONDON :

JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET .

MDCCCXXIII .

9082
1
 JN
5038
10

TO
1/126/39
LIBRARY
SETS
BL

THE SENATE

OF THE

GREEK CONFEDERATION .

GENTLEMEN,

THE Provisional Constitution by which you

are called to regulate the march of our glorious
revolution, not being in my opinion sufficiently
known in Europe, I have thought fit to publish
APR
1938

a faithful translation of it, which I beg to pre-

26

sent to you. This constitutional attempt of a

nation scarcely shaking off the dust of degra-
dation, and struggling to link its present exist-
ence with its past destiny, cannot fail of excit-
ing such benevolent remarks as may tend to
our benefit. Already in the centre of Greece
HARDING

had a different form of government been pro-

posed, and the eyes of the public had been
directed towards one of the first generals in
Europe to invite him to share the lot of our
B

300979
 ( 2 )

country, by putting himself at the head of the

national representation. It was proposed to
concentrate the executive power in a triennial
President, to limit the number of Secretaries of
State, and to restrain to two years the recom-
position of the Senate. The mode of rewards,
and the institution of decorations were criticised.
Several corrections, or secondary additions were
demanded. In short, greater method in the
arrangement of the matter, and more precision
and clearness in the draught of the laws, were
thought wanting.
But ought we to be over anxious about a
premature judgment, passed from afar, on a
political constitution which is not yet esta-
blished ? Time and experience only should
guide a legislator at once patriotic and cautious.
By watching with an attentive eye the sudden
modifications whichnational manners experience
amidst the most violent trials, and calculating
the elements of the popular character, as well
as the various local and individual interests, he
will be able to discover, combine, and perfect
the barriers, which should protect the rights,
that are the basis of the whole social edifice.
To attempt impossibilities would be not merely
a fault, but a species of treason against the in-
terests of humanity.
 ( 3 )
That which, in this our earliest act of le-
gislation, seems to me calculated to attract
strongly the attention of Europe, and which
has determined me on publishing it at this very
moment, are the two great points on which it
is founded : on the one side civil liberty, and
perfect social equality before the law; on the
other, the vow of independence, and of national
inviolability, expressed in the energetic lan-
guage which they deserve. These form the
immutable and indestructible basis of our final
establishment.
The high powers of Europe have mistaken
equally the origin and the object of our revolt.
They have confounded two distinct epochs of
this great revolution : the accidental or insur-
rectional epoch, and the national or constitu-
tional epoch. Hence the anathema launched
against us by Austria and Russia, who, at
Troppau and at Laybach, assimilated our
enterprise to the machinations of the Carbonari.
In vain did our government in its declaration
of the blockade of March the 31st, 1822, and
in that addressed to the Christian Powers on
the 15th of April of the same year, explain the
principles and the objects of our revolution.
In vain did it send Mr. Andreas Metaxas to
B2
 ( 4 )

make, at Verona, the same representations. *

Not only did Austria and Russia refuse even
to hear our envoy, but they persisted in calling
our attempt thoughtless andculpable : thoughtless,
because it was prompted by despair, and was
not politically convenient to any one ; culpable,
because it was directed against the legitimacy
of our executioners. Let us leave, gentlemen,
these strange prejudices of an enlightened age
to be judged by posterity.
As for England, seeing our communion in faith,
and the influence which Russia has always exer-
cised over the minds of the Greeks, who were
accustomed to see in her their future deliverer,
considering moreover the earliest incidents of
the revolution, and the declarations of General
Hypsilanti, England, I say, was naturally led to
think that we were only labouring for the ad-
vantage of Russia ; hence her scandalously par-
tial, unfair, and vexatious neutrality. All the
devotion and constancy with which a people
worthy of their forefathers has met want and
danger alike, has been needed to make a ra-
tional and just policy preponderate-to prove
that Greece, though deserted and feeble, step-
ping forward from success to success, exhaust-
ing admiration and baffling every conjecture,
* See the three documents at the end.
 ( 5 )
was on the point of escaping from the Ottoman
rule ; and that, either in a political or a com-
mercial point of view, the establishment of a
new Christian state could not injure the in-
terests of a power of the very first order.
Doubtless, gentlemen, on the stage of the world,
a nation must prove its manhood by bravely
bursting its chains, and must authenticate all
its claims before history will allow it a place.
On this principle, what bounds can we fix for
our gratitude to those heroes, who with their
blood have sealed the glory and the fate of
their country ?
At present, gentlemen, let us weigh our po-
sition, and sketch out the career which the
nature of things seems to lay open to us.
Austria has been invariably hostile to our vows
for emancipation. To her the dreadful con-
dition to which we were condemned appeared
a right, sanctioned by long prescription, and
guaranteed by treaties to our oppressors. Rus-
sia has indeed gloated over our beautiful
country with affectionate greediness; but has
she ever done any thing to favour our free-
dom ? Has she not, abusing our confidence,
and the eagerness with which our miseries
seemed to meet her protection, still, from ca-
price or from selfishness, mercilessly deserted
our cause ? Did she not, after fostering the
 ( 6 )
embers of discontent till she had fanned them
into a flame, leave her victims to extinguish
the conflagration with their blood ? Senators,
fathers of your country, let not the sad lesson of
the past be in vain. It is not half a century
since this very Peloponnesus, in whose bosom
you now sit, surrounded by the banners of li-
berty, and protected by the faulchions of va-
lour, was abandoned by Russia to the ferocious
orgies of Mussulman vengeance. Besides, what
precedents for civilization or liberty could we
find in Russia ? If only knowledge and freedom
can again raise us to the rank of a nation, let
us throw off with indignation the chain of ty-
ranny and barbarism which an insidious pro-
tection is endeavouring to coil round the extre-
mities of our suffering country. Our beginning
has been hitherto good. Without assuming a
tone of hostility, let us thank Russia for the
time she has given us, and seek elsewhere a
compensation for the refusal we have expe-
rienced from her . *

* I cannot resist noticing on this occasion a pamphlet attri-

66
buted to a Greek, and called Remarques Politiques sur la
Cause des Grecs." It is evidently got up at the suggestion,
and in the interest of a Great Northern Power, and its Au-
thor lavishes on a foreign Sovereign the basest flatteries, and
the most anti-national hints. The servile tone of this writer
merits the indignation and contempt of good Greeks. The

1
 ( 7 )

Reflect, in short, gentlemen, on the feelings

and language, with which the people of Frank-
lin hails the dawn of our regeneration. Listen
to that generous voice which, from the curule
chair of their first magistrate, expressed aloud,
before the earth and its monarchs, the prayers
of humanity ! Mark how French genius and
power applaud the triumph of this most Chris-
tian cause : the deliverance of the birth-place
of Science. See those proud islanders, whose
character and whose interest seem equally
insulated from the rest of mankind, ready to
extend the hand of friendship to Greece.
It is only by such alliances that laws and
sciences can revive in a land, which once was
their cradle. Let us, with a dignified caution,
accept the omen of these good wishes, without
forgetting our own manly efforts, and without
such mean deference, as the shades of Riga
and Philopœmen might reprove in their child-
ren. Above all, let us bear in mind that oracle,
whose wisdom was evinced by their trophies at
Salamis, and is confirmed by our triumph at
Tenedos : " All the efforts of the barbarians
will be unavailing against wooden walls."
Candiot authorities have pronounced judgment upon his wishes
by banishing, with almost one voice, the chief Affendoulief, a
Greek, proceeding from Russia.
 ( 8 )
In a word, let us be still ourselves, and
never forget the blessing of independence, for
without that there is neither honour, hope, nor
safety on earth.
Filled with confidence in your judicious
patriotism, and with respect for your eminent
office,
I am, Gentlemen,
Your devoted fellow-citizen,
CRITO .
PARIS.
March 23, 1823 .
 GENERAL VIEW

OF THE

ORIGIN AND PROGRESS

OF THE

REVOLUTION .

STATE OF GREECE UNDER THE TURKS .

THE Greek nation, precipitated from the height

of fame and prosperity to the lowest depth of
degradation and woe, and successively com-
posed of citizens, subjects, and slaves, was ex-
piating all its errors under the yoke of the Otto-
man. Forgotten by the whole earth, it appeared
at most in the pages of travellers, who, in visit-
ing the land of great recollections, heaped con-
tempt and sarcasm on its wretched inhabitants,
or, from a better impulse, compassionated their
destiny, and offered up prayers for their deli-
verance . But soon the feelings of both were
to be buried in the oblivion of libraries .
 ( 10 )
Prolonged slavery and a succession of masters
had effected a visible change in our manners.
A similar alteration has taken place in the lan-
guage. But in this, as in the national charac-
ter, there are still many precious remains of
the original substance ; and philosophical writ-
ers or sagacious legislators need only foster the
germs of perfection.
Christianity, whose corruption led to the
Greek empire's fall, shed some comfort over
this disgrace of a nation, and under the shield
of the church, gathered its mangled limbs into
something like a political frame. It is to their
religious books likewise that the Greeks owe
the preservation of that language, which had
such influence over their fate.
After the taking of Constantinople and the
death of the last Palæologus, the conqueror in-
vested the professor Scholarius with the office
of patriarch, and acknowledged him as head
at once of his church and his nation. After him
came the patriarchs of Alexandria, of Antioch,
and of Jerusalem. A synod, composed of
twelve Metropolitan archbishops, submitted
the election of each new patriarch of Constan-
tinople to the Sultan for his confirmation. The
patriarch presided over a special tribunal, com-
posed of the officers of his court, both priests
 ( 11 )
and laymen. This was open twice a week.
He pronouncedjudgment in ecclesiastical affairs
and sometimes in civil causes. He was gene-
rally guided in his decisions by the Justinian
code. He had the powerof enjoiningpenance and
penalty, and of fulminating excommunications .
Archbishops, bishops, and abbots, invested
with powers analogous to their titles, were the
provincial directors of their several Christian
flocks ; they all depended upon the mother
church, and together completed the hierarchy.
Such were the concessions destined to console
the Greeks for the loss of their political exis-
tence. The pompous titles of ecumenical
patriarch, judge of the earth, father of fathers,
and thirteenth apostle, &c. that the chiefs of the
church assumed by tradition, and the marks of
dignity granted them by the Sultan, did not
prevent their being frequently, on frivolous
pretexts, displaced, exiled, and sometimes
even put to death .
Subsequently, privileges and offices of a
different kind, sprung from new relations of
the Ottoman power, were secured to that part
of the Greek nation which chose to enjoy them .
These were the place of grand interpreter of
the Porte, or counsellor and agent for foreign
affairs, that of the interpreter of the Archipe
 ( 12 )
lago, in attendance upon the grand admiral,
and the two situations of Hospodar, or reign-
ing prince, in Wallachia and in Moldavia .
The Fanal, or Fanari, the quarter of Constan-
tinople, which the families destined for these
employments inhabited, has procured them
the name of Fanariotes. Having the distribu-
tion of subordinate offices, they exercised a
powerful patronage over several families at-
tached to their interests ; and, by their habi-
tual contact with government, they were, to-
gether with the church dignitaries, arbitrators
of the national interests. Their ministry, mo-
delled after that of their masters, was tolerably
lucrative. They thus prepared resources
against the day of dismissal ; too happy if the
cabals of their rivals, and the jealousy of
their tyrants, left them life to enjoy them.
The clerical profession and this Fanariot
system were thus a source of honours, digni-
ties, and emoluments, for those whom neces-
sity, or indolence, or meanness, seduced into
such a course of existence ; and accordingly
the Sultan has mentioned it in a proclamation,
in which he accuses and curses the ingratitude
of the revolted Greeks .
It would be unjust to suppose, that these
two classes deprecated their country's disen-
 ( 11 )
and laymen . This was open twice a week.
He pronouncedjudgment in ecclesiastical affairs
and sometimes in civil causes. He was gene-
rally guided in his decisions by the Justinian
code. He had the powerof enjoining penance and
penalty, and of fulminating excommunications.
Archbishops, bishops, and abbots, invested
with powers analogous to their titles, were the
provincial directors of their several Christian
flocks ; they all depended upon the mother
church, and together completed the hierarchy.
Such were the concessions destined to console
the Greeks for the loss of their political exis-
tence. The pompous titles of ecumenical
patriarch, judge of the earth, father of fathers,
and thirteenth apostle, &c. that the chiefs of the
church assumed by tradition, and the marks of
dignity granted them by the Sultan, did not
prevent their being frequently, on frivolous
pretexts, displaced, exiled, and sometimes
even put to death.
Subsequently, privileges and offices of a
different kind, sprung from new relations of
the Ottoman power, were secured to that part
of the Greek nation which chose to enjoy them.
These were the place of grand interpreter of
1 the Porte, or counsellor and agent for foreign
affairs, that of the interpreter of the Archipe
 ( 12 )
lago, in attendance upon the grand admiral,
and the two situations of Hospodar, or reign-
ing prince, in Wallachia and in Moldavia .
The Fanal, or Fanari, the quarter of Constan-
tinople, which the families destined for these
employments inhabited, has procured them
the name of Fanariotes. Having the distribu-
tion of subordinate offices, they exercised a
powerful patronage over several families at-
tached to their interests ; and, by their habi-
tual contact with government, they were, to-
gether with the church dignitaries, arbitrators
of the national interests. Their ministry, mo-
delled after that of their masters, was tolerably
lucrative. They thus prepared resources
against the day of dismissal ; too happy if the
cabals of their rivals, and the jealousy of
their tyrants, left them life to enjoy them.
The clerical profession and this Fanariot
system were thus a source of honours, digni-
ties, and emoluments, for those whom neces-
sity, or indolence, or meanness, seduced into
such a course of existence ; and accordingly
the Sultan has mentioned it in a proclamation,
in which he accuses and curses the ingratitude
of the revolted Greeks .
It would be unjust to suppose, that these
two classes deprecated their country's disen-
 ( 13 )
thrallment; but, finding their private advan-
tage in the existing state of things, and not
thinking the nation strong enough to work out
its own deliverance, they limited their zeal to
recommending her to the divine mercy.
Besides, there were honourable exceptions
among them. Such were, among the princes,
the Mavrocordati, that root of branches now
dear to Greece ; and, in our time, the Mou-
rousis and Hypsilantis, relatives of those who
have shone in our revolution ; all generous and
enlightened protectors of literature and of its
cultivators . Nor can I omit the unfortunate
Demetrius Mourousi, who, in 1812, fell be-
neath the axe of the headsman, the victim of
a guilty intrigue. Courteous and polished, he
was eminently stored with information at once
extensive and varied, and no one ever made a
more truly national use of his power and
wealth . Several prelates, too, deserve to be
mentioned ; but they would themselves insist
on my placing at their head the metropolitan
Ignatius, successively archbishop of Arta and
of Wallachia, and whose venerable head has
whitened amidst meditations . Devoted to the
welfare of his country, he sacrificed every
thing to her cause ; the Mæcenas of youth,
he established schools, founded libraries, en-
 ( 14 )

couraged every useful institution, and numbered

his days by good actions.
Meanwhile, what was the condition of the
Greek nation in the depth of the provinces ?
How were personal liberty, property, honour,
and industry, secured ? How was commerce
protected ? How was justice administered ?
What encouragement was given to public in-
struction and religious establishments ?
I do not introduce a few tribes in Epirus,
Morea, and Candia, who maintained a species
of savage freedom by their courage, their
poverty, and the ruggedness of their moun-
tains.
There was neither property, nor safety,
nor industry, throughout Greece. The most
fertile land was possessed by the Turks. A
devouring swarm of great and small imperial
farmers, and rich proprietors, inflicted upon
the Greeks, mere labourers, as it were, tied
down to the soil, all the rigours of an insatiable
tyranny. Perpetual compulsory labours, in-
exorably enforced, exhausted whole families .
No man was master of his own plough, or his
team, or hismule. If he made a piece of poor soil
produce, or succeeded in rearing a wretched
flock, in the hope of thus supporting his family,
he was compelled to share with his tyrants all
 ( 15 )
the fruits of his labours. If the taxes proved
too heavy for his means, he was forced to
borrow from these very farmers, at an usu-
rious interest of from 20 to 30 per cent. If,
on the day fixed for repayment, he was found
in default, he gave up his property, if he had
any, or he pledged all, even to his wife and
his children, or else he was thrown into a
dungeon to rot there. As an addition to the
horrors of such a system, an appeal to justice
was a measure completely illusory. Before
the Cadi, a creature, at once coarse and ig-
norant, who had purchased his judicial situ-
ation, our powerful adversaries, by means of
some presents, and of three false witnesses,
were sure to crush us. The Turks, too, were
all firmly united against those whom they
denominated infidel dogs. The inferior col-
lector, the governor of the spot, and the pasha,
had but one year to accumulate riches. The
frequent change of rulers, occasioned by the
gloomy and suspicious despotism, and by the
rapacity of the present Sultan, and his favourite
Haled, leaving no chance of habitual benevo-
lence, has turned entirely against the repose
of the provinces. A fact difficult to believe,
but which is not, therefore, a bit the less true,
is that the pashas, in their progresses, after
 ( 16 )
having all the expenses of their suite complete-
ly paid by the country, received in addition
a considerable present of money, called " The
remuneration for teeth," inasmuch as their teeth
had been fatigued by masticating the provisions
of the whole province. In short, all recourse
to the capital against the governors, besides
requiring a heavy expenditure, generally re-
mained without any result, if it did not bring
upon the appellants vexations and indignities
worse than those of which they complained.
The inhabitants of several hamlets in the Morea
have assured me, that, wearied out by their
sufferings, they were on the point of em-
bracing Mahometanism, when the revolution
broke out . If a part of the Albanese and
Candiot population have abandoned Christiani-
ty, this deplorable necessity was produced by
despair. Thus the fanatical Mahmoud had
only to plunge deeper and deeper into this
labyrinth of oppression, in order gradually, in
the pride of his legitimacy, and before the
eyes of the Holy Alliance, to effect the conver-
sion of all his Christian subjects.
A Turk might strike or even kill a Greek
without his violence occasioning any serious
judicial proceeding. In Candia, fathers have
been stabbed for hiding their children from the
 ( 17 )

brutal passions of ravishers. And elsewhere

the most cruel persecution was the chastise-
ment of a noble resistance. In other places,
a Greek, suspected of being in easy circum-
stances, was forced, by the threat of losing his
life, to lend to the first comer an appointed
sum, which he was sure of never receiving
again. When seated in his shop, he was obliged
to rise with folded hands before any armed
Turk who might pass, and respectfully salute
him with the title of " master." If on horse-
back, he had to dismount on any similar meet-
ing. Even the form and colour of our clothes
were the object or rather the pretext of prohi-
bitions, of fines, and of severe penalties. The
most innocent actions of life were shackled
with endless restraints. In short, we groaned
under a thousand humiliations, equally absurd,
tyrannical, and disgusting.
The system pursued with respect to com-
merce, and the table of duties were not
less unfavourable to the Greeks . An in-
judicious hospitality showered upon strangers
privileges, which were most detrimental to
the industry of the subjects and natives. 1

The Greeks had no means of eluding this

inconceivable injustice and folly, except by
seeking protection under some foreign flag.
C
 ( 18 )
But wealth acquired by a praiseworthy indus-
try was no less exposed to official rapacity,
than riches squeezed out of the national plunder.
Accordingly the flower of our merchants, aban-
doning their native country, found safety on a
foreign soil. There, beneath the Ægis of Chris-
tianity, they sought consolation, for being
parted, frequently for ever, from their families,
by creating to themselves a new existence ; and
Greece was left desert. It is to these emigra-
tions that Trieste and several cities of Italy,
Austria, and Russia, owe a material part of their
population.
Casting our eyes on foundations for religion
or for education, foundations solely owing to
the voluntary taxation of individuals, we shall
find them every where always subject to simi-
lar shackles, and exposed to the same caprice.
Leave was to be purchased for its weight in
gold, to lay the foundation of a church or a
college. Permission must be bought before
they could be even repaired. Frequently in the
midst of the holy work, came an order to stop
it; then the hymns and prayers of religion were
chaunted within a roofless enclosure . No sciences
could be taught, but with exceeding reserve,
and their practical application was to be left
half in shade ; for the herd of informers were
 ( 19 )
on the watch to make the professors and
students their prey. I will not dwell on a
varietyof details, which may easily be deduced
from the general facts which I have stated. I
will only say, that, notwithstanding the many
volumes written upon that subject, Europe as
yet knows but little of the frightful oppression
under which Greece was groaning, and that no
one could fully appreciate it, who had not been
its victim.
This however is the political system, antiso-
cial and impious, and guarded by the horrid
train of torture, profligacy, and pestilence ;
this is the system which venal pens have dared
to hold out as legitimate, while they called our
resistance revolt ! What European sovereign
would consent to be compared with the Sultan ?
By what oaths, or what ties were we bound
to our tyrants ? The lapse of time, and a tacit
submission may legalize the blows of force or
of chance ; but, for this, all traces of usurpation
must have been long effaced, and order, which
is the life-spring of the political frame, must,
by a mild and impartial administration, identify
the victor with the nation he conquered. Is
this what has been done by the Turk ? Is this
what can be expected from him ? Has the
Porte ever had any other characteristics, than
c2
 ( 20 )

a gloomy and inflexible obstinacy, an osten-

tatious and insulting partiality ?
It is not true that the Greek people ever
signed its own sentence of slavery. From the
date of the conquest to the dawn of the revolu-
tion, it was in a state of permanent insurrection,
though continually quelled. Often has it re-
called by an energetic protest its rights. From
the learned Greeks, who were forced in the
fifteenth century to take refuge in France and
in Italy, to the brave Riga, basely betrayed to
a Turkish scaffold by Austria, some pen more
or less daring has been constantly bewailing
our woes, or exciting Greece to the conquest of
knowledge and freedom .
The wars which Christian powers waged
against the Porte at different periods, revived
their hopes, but roused them to arms, only to
overwhelm them in wretchedness. At length
the advances of their maritime commerce, the
habit of travelling, the adoption of new methods
of education, and the extraordinary events
which have succeeded each other for the last
forty years, have given to Grecian intellect and
sensibility an electric shock, calculated to make
them more keenly taste all the blessings of
civilization. The writings of Coray, while they
enlightened manhood, threw open the paths of
 ( 21 )

real science to youth; but this salutaryimpulse,

checked by a thousand impediments, was far
from embracing that great mass of the nation,
which can alone determine events. This was
all felt in Greece ; the necessity of assidu-
ously labouring to raise the multitude out of
the depths of ignorance was well understood.
Primary education was either defective or
inefficient; and the means of improving it were
prepared with caution and zeal. It was with
this object that the society of Philomusi was
formed at Vienna in 1814, a society composed
of both strangers and Greeks . This excellent
association offered to form a fund, for the pur-
pose of educating in the best European univer-
sities young Greek professors, who might return
enriched with the treasures of knowledge, and
usefully occupy chairs in the various Greek
schools.
A second association, formed subsequently
under the shadow of the first, proposed pursu-
ing another path. Its object was to arm at all
risks. Unfortunately, with this martial ardour,
it evinced too much carelessness or too little
sagacity in availing itself of the funds with
which it had been entrusted by several patriots.
The activity of its measures was far from equal
to the dreadful struggle, which its principles
 ( 22 )

were accelerating ; so that, at the commence-

ment of operations, arms, ammunition, provi-
sions, all, were wanting, and the nation was
within an inch of destruction. So little caution
too was observed in conversation, so little care
was taken to conceal the plots that were
hatching, that the most indolent government in
police which exists, was soon aware of them all ;
and from that moment it was necessary for the
insurrection to burst, though before the ap-
pointed time..

INSURRECTION OF GREECE .

ALEXANDER HYPSILANTI, eldest sonof the prince

of that name, having served in the Russian
armies, was placed by the second of the asso-
ciations which I have mentioned, at the head of
the enterprize. He took the title of General in
Chief, and commissioner of the general govern-
ment, and displayed a tricolor banner, bearing
for emblem a Phenix rising out of its ashes.
In order to draw the nation into an insurrection
for which it was so little prepared, deceived
 ( 23 )
by his own emissaries, he found himself
obliged to practise the like deception on Greece,
and he declared, by a proclamation dated from
Yassy (in Moldavia), Feb. 24, 1821, O. S. that
a great power was prepared to support her. At
the same time he published a circular to the
members of the society, to exhort them to make
patriotic contributions towards the expenses
of war. The erroneous idea, which these two
documents spread, led Europe for several
months to suppose, that Russia was fomenting
our insurrection in the hope of advancing her
frontiers towards the south. Hence arose
against us an unfavourable impression, which
seemed to justify the animosity ofEngland and
Austria. In fact it was difficult to suppose that
Russia was ignorant of the projects of the Hetæ-
rists, till the moment when they openly quitted
her states, or that she had not even promised
to aid them eventually ; but she probably
thought the moment premature or inopportune
for advancing her interests. Subsequently,
the assembled sovereigns, deceived by a coinci-
dence in the events, considered our attempt as
a “ sequel to the criminal machinations, which have
troubled the west of Europe." This accusation
has been already refuted by the statement of
 ( 24 )
our political situation. It differed too widely
from that of nations subject to a Christian go-
vernment, for us to be placed, without manifest
injustice, upon the same line, or for our conduct
to be judged by the same rules.
The event of the expedition in Wallachia is
well known. It was owing to the inexperience
of the chief, the incapacity or treachery of those
who surrounded him, the insubordination of his
troops, which indisposed the inhabitants, and
the cabals of the Austrian agents, especially
Mr. Oudriski. Greece in this unfortunate ex-
pedition saw her immortal Chief Georgaki
perish, the victim of patriotism ; she saw him
bury himself with his companions under the
blazing ruins of a convent which he defended
till it was deluged with the blood of his ene-
mies ; Greece then lost, too, that noble body of
youths, the Sacred Battalion, which was offered
up as a holocaust to their country's honour, at
the battle of Dragachan.
Hypsilanti, instead ofgloriously fallingat the
head ofthese heroes, preferred taking refuge in
the Austrian territory. There he secretly cir-
culated an order of the day, dated Rimnik, the
8th ofJune, in which he imputes to the soldiers
and to their commanders the fatal consequences
 ( 25 )
of his own faults. Greece owes him many
bitter reproaches. Austria confined him in the
prison of Mongatz .
The insurrection in Wallachia served as a
pretext to the barbarians to practise upon the
innocent the most horrible cruelties. But at
the same time it created a diversion extremely
serviceable to the first operations of the Greeks 1

in Morea and Epirus ; for these operations,

which were only intended to feel the way,
might at the time have been easily suffocated
by the Turkish troops which were sent hastily
beyond the Danube, by means of a rational po-
licy, if the Turks had been capable of it.
Meanwhile, about the end of March, the
standard of the Cross was raised at Calavryta,
a town in Achaia. The insurrection soon
spread, and the Mainotes crossed their moun-
tains under the guidance of their noble chief
Petro Mavromichali. Andreas Metaxas, of
Cephalonia, left his family, squandered his
property, and ventured, with a chosen band of
valiant Ionians, to attack Lala, a strong position,
defended by the most warlike Turks of the
Morea, and though severely wounded, after
prodigies of valour, he forced them to retire on
Patras. The archbishop of that city encou-
raged the combatants by his example, and by
 ( 26 )
his pastoral exhortations. The brave chiefs,
Colocotroni, Nicetas, Iatraco, &c. conduct
them to victory. The Turks are driven from
the whole open country, and confined in their
fortresses. A junta of notables assembles at
Calamata in Messenia, presided by the Director
of Maina, appointed Commander-in-Chief of
the Morea. They implore, by an address
dated the 25th of March, the European courts
to aid the people of Greece.
At Psara, Spezzia and Hydra, the Apostoli,
the Mexi, the Botassi, and the Coundourioti,
the Toumbasi, the Boudouri, the Tzamado,
and their friends, fitted out for cruizing, and
commanded in person their merchant vessels.
The Greeks of Candia, and at their head the
warriors of Sphakia, engaged the Turks in va-
rious and deadly combats.
Lower Epirus, profiting by the revolt of Ali
Pasha, flies to arms under the conduct of the
chiefs Zonka, Caraisco, Vlachopoulo, Macri,
&c. and treads closely in the steps of the
Souliotes .
The eastern portion of the Greek continent
pours forth its warriors, and their first blow is
a splendid victory gained by their brave general,
Goura, at Fontana, in Phocis, over three Pa-
shas, on the 23d and 24th of August. Af-
 ( 27 )

terwards, the chieftains Mitzo, Contojanni,

Panouria, Scaltzodimo, and above all Odysseus,
add new exploits of their own to these early
successes .

The strong-holds of Monemvasia and Na-

varino fall shortly after into our hands ; and
Tripolitza is closely surrounded.
While Heaven was thus favouring our efforts,
Demetrius Hypsilanti was crossing the Austrian
states in the disguise of a servant ; he embarked
at Trieste, arrived at Hydra, and crossed over
into the Morea. There he assumed the title of
Highness, of generalissimo, and lieutenant of
his brother, and displayed the same colours
and emblems. The persons who surrounded
him hastened to spread a report that he was
commissioned by a great power to assume the
direction ofaffairs in Greece, and that his brother
Alexander was rapidly advancing upon Adria-
nople. The people believed these declarations,
took courage, and showed an enthusiastic de-
ference for this new chieftain, whom they hailed
every where as a deliverer.
If Demetrius Hypsilanti had been born for
great things, he might from that moment have
mastered Greece and his own fortune ; but al-
though gifted with firmness, when in a camp
he displayed little capacity. His suite, com
 ( 28 )

posed of vain and ambitious persons, per-

haps diminished his means, while they height-
ened his self-conceit. He indisposed the Nota-
bles, and the Senate, which he had form-
ed, by arrogating a ridiculous pre-eminence.
He paralyzed, instead of strengthening, its ac-
tion, and was destitute of those dazzling qua-
lities, and those mental resources which might
have permanently bound to him the military
chiefs and the people. Accordingly the illusion
which was spread around him at first, began
speedily to fade away, and the non-appearance
of the foreign succours, which he had promised,
still farther increased his discredit. Thus the
military operations were not in fact subject to
any central direction. Each chieftain adopted
his own manœuvres at pleasure, and the only
principle which gave a sort of unity to their
individual efforts, was a sympathetic eagerness
to harass the Turks .
It was, however, under this state of anarchy,
that Tripolitza, the capital of the Morea, al-
ready distressed by famine, and summoned
several times to surrender, was taken by as-
sault. Considerable riches became the booty
of the numerous assailants. The Albanian gar-
rison having capitulated, were sent to their
own country. The families of the Supreme
 ( 29 )
Governor, and ofthe Turkish lords, were made
prisoners ; all the rest were slaughtered, or
carried into the provinces.
Far from approving of such excesses, I most
deeply lament them. Would I could blot them
out from our history ! Others have condemned
them before me, but they have done it with
more bitterness than was ever poured over the
most cruel extravagancies of civilized nations.
Have our detractors forgotten that, during four
centuries, the Greek nation has been growing
worse and worse beneath the yoke of oppres-
sion ? Is it wonderful that the most dreadful
tyranny should have stung the sufferers to exas-
peration, and almost to madness ? Our soldiers
only used the right of reprisal, and in that in-
toxication of victory which followed the assault
of Tripolitza no human power could have re-
strained them. Each soldier had to assuage per-
sonal hatred to revenge domestic injuries. The
Turks had been just glutting their vengeance
upon thousands of unarmed Greeks. The
chief of their religion, a patriarch almost
eighty years old, and the aged members of his
synod, had been torn from their sacred chairs,
in the very midst of the Easter solemnities, and
ignominiously executed, and their bodies had
been dragged about by Jews. The chief
 ( 30 )
families in the provinces had been decimated ;
Cydonia, a flourishing city in Asia Minor, had
been sacked, and its temples overthrown, or
profaned. The lieutenant of the Governor of
the Morea, occupied with Ali Pasha, had forced
a passage from Epirus to Tripolitza, and marked
his road by carnage and conflagration. The
Greek hostages at Tripolitza had been put to
death. Lastly, the garrison of Monemvasia,
which had been transported to Asia Minor,
had, in open violation of the convention, re-
sumed their arms, and were then practising
upon our countrymen the most horrible cru-
elties. Such is the evidence which the accused
have to offer ; let impartial judges decide.
On the 27th of May, our sailors commenced
their operations by burning a Turkish ship of
the line, before the island of Mytilene ; they
then rescued as many as they could of the
Greek families who had fled from Asia Minor,
of whom several women were seized with the
pangs of childbirth on board, and they es-
tablished these unhappy beings in different
islands of the Archipelago.* Our squadrons

* The following is an extract from the letter which they ad-

dressed to the islanders upon this subject :
" The inhabitants of Cydonia (Aivali) have still stronger
 ( 31 )
prevented by various means the debarkation of
Turkish troops in the islands, and made head
against the numerous fleets of the enemy. On
the 30th of September, a Turkish brig of war
was sunk by our broadsides before Zante.
Afterwards, five Grecian vessels, separated by
a calm from the rest of the squadron, sustained
with intrepidity the fire of all the enemy's fleet,
which was forced to retire after five hours of
fruitless combat. All these expeditions were
under the command of Jacoumaki Toumbasi, of
Hydra.
Thus did our nation squander its efforts
against a powerful enemy, cherishing the most
flattering hopes of that European assistance
which both humanity and religion claimed in
our favour. But already several chieftains
were recovering from their first illusion about
foreign politics ; uncertain concerning the
future, and considering their country's re-

" claims on our assistance, because they contributed to enlighten

our nation, by erecting their college, by the establishment of
" learned professors, and by the hospitality which they displayed
" towards the young students of Greece, who, initiated in the
" sound doctrines of literature and of philosophy, scattered,
" each in his respective country, the seeds of civilization, and
" raised our nation from that abyss of ignorance into which,
" tyranny had triumphantly plunged it."
 ( 32 )
sources as inadequate to securing her freedom,
they began to reflect on the part which they
ought to adopt. Some talked of invoking the
patronage of Russia; others cast their eyes
towards France ; there were even persons who
inclined towards those very English, who, in
concert with Turks, were at that moment
encouraging recantations among us, which
struck a death-blow at our infant liberty. *
In short the passions and rivalities of indivi-
duals were beginning materially to aggravate
these gloomy symptoms of dissolution.
Alexander Mavrocordato, ex-minister of the

* Without speaking of the Mahometan zeal ofMessrs. Green

and Mayer, two English consuls, I willjust subjoin what Mr.
Barthold, the agent at Patras, wrote to the primates of Misso-
longhi : " Immediately restore Omer Aga (aTurk) , or prepare
" for the terrible visit of a British squadron ! Christians ! open
66
your eyes ; your hopes are vain, your destruction is certain.
" Ali Pasha is in the hands of Chourschid Pasha, and within
"
ten days your blood will flow like a deluge. Have compassion
upon your families, for it is still time ! Come, prostrate
" yourselves, and implore the clemency of Youssouf Pasha."
The municipality of Missolonghi answered, among other things,
" That they were prepared to receive Chourschid Pasha with
" arms in their hands ; that they did not wish for an ensnaring
" clemency; and that an agent of England ought to have
" spared himself the baseness of exhorting a desperate people,
" ignominiously to return into servitude." The Turk was re- 1

leased, upon a friendly letter from M. Pouqueville.

 ( 33 )
Prince of Wallachia, emerged without a stain
from the corruption and effeminacy of despotism,
throwing aside every personal consideration,
offered his whole fortune to his country, and
disembarked on the coasts of Ætolia. The
gentleness of his disposition, and his extensive
information, soon won him all hearts. He tra-
versed Greece in the simple character of a medi-
ator, enduring every fatigue, and exposing him-
self to every danger. By his patience and his
mere moral authority, he calmed the discordant
pretensions which had arisen on all sides, at
the moment when the yoke of oppression was
broken, and which had already materially pre-
judiced the public good. In Greece, in fact,
some primates were but subordinate tyrants ;
some captains, but the agents of a different
species of despotism .
These men, commanding under the Turks a
sort of Christian police or militia, when they
conceived themselves aggrieved by their go-
vernors, took refuge at all risks in the moun-
tains. There, resuming almost the indepen-
dence of nature, they practised knight-errantry,
sometimes like Hercules, sometimes like Pro-
croustes, and always to the national detriment.*
* Under an oppressive and a barbarous rule, such was the
resource of offended courage. When liberty and justice become
D
 ( 34 )
Itwas in the union and combination of these
unsuitable elements, that the skill of Mavro-
cordato achieved a bloodless triumph; and from
him we derived the incalculable advantage of
being able to oppose to our enemies a greater
concentration of resistance and force. He
availed himself with utility of Theodore Ne-
gri, a man both active and intelligent, in or-
ganizing the eastern part of the Grecian con-
tinent.* And it was under auspices like these
that the deputies of the districts already freed,
and those of the principal islands, were con-
voked towards the end of the year, in a na-
tional assembly at Epidaurus.
favours or privileges, he who cannot obtain them by intrigue,
enforces his claim with his arms in his hands. But good often
flows from a fountain of evil. It is through these intrepid
Kleptes that the use of arms has been preserved among us. It
is well known that their exploits against those who attempted
their subjugation were the object of general admiration and the
theme of our war-songs, so remarkable for the poetry and the
generous feelings they breathe.
* The Gerousia, or Provincial Senate of this part of Greece,
has received the name of Areopagus .
 ( 35 )

ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT, AND

STATISTICAL REVIEW.

A new era commences with the year 1822.

Disorders are calmed, and faults diminish. A
political constitution is proclaimed, and a cen-
tral government formed. The Greeks are on
the point of trying if they can govern them-
selves, having already ascertained that they can
defend themselves. May they succeed in both
these attempts ! The national assembly, after
having finished its labours and installed the
government, dissolved itself after publishing
a proclamation.* The Senate, or legislative
body, hitherto composed of thirty-three depu-
ties, was principally taken from this assembly.
Its president is Demetrius Hypsilanti ; and its
Vice-President, Sotiri Charalampi. The mem-
bers of the executive are Alexander Mavrocor-
dato, President ; Athanasius Canacari, a man
of zeal and integrity, Vice-President ; Anag-
nosti Pappajannopoulo, John Orlando and John
Logotheti. The following are the names of the
secretaries who have been named : Th. Negri,
Secretary of State ; John Coletti, for the In
* See the document at the end.
D2
 ( 36 )
terior, and provisionally entrusted with the
War Department ; Panouzzo Notaras, for the Fi-
nances ; a commission of three islanders from
Hydra, Spezzia, and Psara, for the Marine ;
the Bishop of Androussa, for Public Worship ;
Lampro Naco, for the Police ; Vlasios, for the
Administration of Justice. The complete or-
ganization of the judicial tribunals is daily ex-
pected. For the present the ephori or mayors
of the towns and villages decide all disputes .
Among the acts published since the inaugu-
ration of the government are to be remarked
the prohibition of all traffic in slaves, and that on
the oath to be taken by all public officers : “ in
" consideration of the support which an oath
" affords to the weakness of human nature, and
" its being a pledge of usefully serving the pub-
" lic: "-it ends with the following formula :
" I swear before God and men, fidelity to my
" country, submission to the fundamental laws
" and the constitutional authorities of Greece,
" and may the Deity pursue with punishment
66

my prevarication, if it escapes the severity

" of human laws !" the decree and the circular
letter of the secretary for public worship to
the bishops and abbots, for the delivery, as a
loan, of the sacred cups and other articles of a
certain value, to meet the imperious wants of
 ( 37 )
the national treasury: and finally the law, by
virtue of which every soldier who shall have
served six months or more without quitting his
colours, is to receive an acre of land out of the
national domain, for every month, with rever-
sion to his family, if, before the expiration of
the half-year, he should be either wounded or
killed.

The military organization, as well with regard

to the men as to the matériel of war, is still
very far from being completed. But as much
attention is paid to it as circumstances and the
poverty of our finances admit. A battalion of
infantry has been disciplined, which is to serve
as a nucleus for future regiments. Free com-
panies have been formed out of the foreign sol-
diers who have hastened to our shores, with
an eagerness which Greece will never forget.
These friends of freedom and Greece, although
few in number, have already, under the brave
Wirtemburgher General Normann, distinguished
themselves in the defence of Navarin against
a naval attack of the Turks, and by fighting
valiantly in Epirus.* We have no cavalry, and

* Is not this a fit opportunity for answering the calumnies

of certain individuals, who having come into our country under
prétence of serving us, but cherishing the most romantic projects.
300979
 ( 38 )
we feel more and more the necessity of creat-
ing a body. All our troops are equipped as
sharpshooters, on account of the nature of the
country in which they are to act. Without
uniforms, without tactics, often without artil-
lery, they divide into several bodies spread
over various points of the Grecian territory,
and commanded by chiefs of proved cou-
rage. Their total amount may be from 35 to
40,000 men.*
The qualities of these men deserve to be re-
marked ; naturally robust, they easily support
extreme fatigue and privation. Has tyranny
in expiring bequeathed to them these precious
consequences of the absence of luxury ? They
march with such agility as frequently to over

in their imagination, returned to Europe with their expectations

deceived and their mouths filled with gall? Asingle wordwillsuf-
fice to confound them. If what they have circulated was true,
would the majority of those generous strangers have remained
in our service, and have been fools enough to undergo want
and humiliation for no earthly purpose, in seconding the efforts
of a barbarous and ungrateful nation ? Ignorance and penury
are the sum total of their accusations. Who ever told them
that this ignorance and penury had been caused by ourselves ?
* I do not think that the Greek nation, properly so called,
much exceeds three millions of souls. That part of the popu-
lation, which has as yet been able to take a part in the revolu-
tion, I calculate vaguely at about half that number.
 ( 39 )
take horsemen on the gallop; they are full of
intelligence, and their character shows every
day the signs of arapid progress. A state ofwar
certainly is not calculated to inspire gentleness ;
but when it is unavoidable, it re-animates dispo-
sitions degraded by servitude, and renders them
capable of the most noble actions. The Suliotes
deserve a more particular mention. Their valour
merits to be sung in hymns. We fearlessly
९

oppose one Suliote to five Albanians, or ten

Asiatics. Would you know how these fearless
mountaineers treated their prisoners ? They
stripped them for the benefit of the general
stock, and then dismissed them with an invita-
tion to return against them armed and equipped
afresh. No armed Suliote was ever yet taken
prisoner.
The amount of our able seamen may be
about 20,000 ; but hitherto, not having armed
above 60 or 70 vessels, and only on short expe-
ditions, we have hardly made use of a quarter.
The Greek Confederation has as yet no regu-
lar navy. The ships it sends against the enemy
are mere merchantmen of from 250 to 350 tons,
fitted out and often commanded by the owners,
on the faith of their losses being made good
by the government.
The amount of the public receipts and ex-
 ( 40 )
penditure is not yet well known. Contractors
for farming the customs and the national do-
mains could be but very slowly procured.
These lands are of considerable value. Some
formed a part of the imperial domain, others
belonged toTurkish religious foundations, others
formed the apanage of individuals. They con-
sist of arable lands of exceeding fertility, cattle,
fruits, and productions of all kinds ; fisheries,
&c. Besides, but few taxes can be raised while
agriculture and population are equally suffer-
ing from the war. And in order to settle the
contributions upon a fair basis, a census must
first be taken .

When the chains of a long and severe slavery

have been broken, it is only by degrees that the
empire of the laws can be founded; that a po-
lice is established ; that justice steadies her
march, and that the national welfare is gradu-
ally worked out of these elements. Time alone
produces that submission which is requisite
for the free action of a wholesome authority
founded upon the general interest, and equally
propitious to public morality and intelligence.
 ( 41 )

MILITARY EVENTS SINCE THE INSTALLATION

OF THE GOVERNMENT.

CORINTH, fated to yield afterwards to the tor-

rent of a hostile invasion, opened its gates to
us at the moment when the constitution was
promulgated.
A plot was preparing by some peasants of
Samos and Scio. This fatal aggression, far
from being authorized by the government, was
only subsequently even known to it ; and the
tardy succour which it sent, could not prevent
the unparalleled disasters of a flourishing popu-
lation. Humanity shudders at the horrors of
which Scio was the theatre in the face of the
powers of Christendom.
Meanwhile the great assemblages and the
preparations of the enemy in Epirus, announced
that he was about to strike some decisive
blow. Chourschid Pasha, General in Chief,
owed the favour which he enjoyed near the
Sultan to the destruction of Ali, as he had
owed that success to the treachery of the Al-
banians, who opened the gates of Iannina to
him. He had spared nothing to gain them, and
after this first success he squandered treasures
 ( 42 )
and promises in order to lead them en masse
against Suli. * His plan was to get possession
of the fortress of Kiapha, and then, freed from
all anxiety about his rear, to bend his course
through Acarnania against the Morea. The pre-
sident of the executive power passed from
Corinth into Ætolia, with the contingent of the
Morea. The Suliotes had already repelled,
in the month of May, the first shock of a num-
ber of barbarians at least four times greater
than theirs, commanded by Omer Vrioni, pa-
sha of Iannina, and Chourschid.
These two generals, perhaps the bravest
and most skilful in Turkey, being placed be-
tween these two fires, were forced to separate
and to take different routes. But, soon after-
wards, the Albanians, encouraged by the ac-
cumulation of fresh reinforcements, blockaded
Suli. Unexpected obstacles and difficulties
having split our operations, the Suliotes, after
a long and obstinate defence, found themselves
forced, by the want of provisions, to capitulate .
Having marched out with the honours of war
under the mediation of the English, they were
* It is chiefly by promises and pillage, and by the enthu-
siasm of religious fanaticism, that recruiting is carried on
among the Turks. Hence those undisciplined hordes, those
bands of volunteers, fit to ravage a country badly defended, but
ready to disperse on the slightest resistance.
 ( 43 )
transported to the Ionian islands in order to
cross over from thence into the Morea. But
it was not till after the lapse of several months
that they were permitted to accomplish their
১

passage.
Let me be allowed to pay the due homage
to these extraordinary warriors of both sexes.
The ferocious attacks of a numerous and long
prepared enemy were repulsed during several
successive days with an incredible loss. As-
saulted and surrounded on all sides, the rocks
of Suli, which had always afforded a refuge to
honour and liberty, appeared to be its impreg-
nable bulwark. This is the simple and noble
language of those mountaineers, in their bul-
letin, published on the 11th of May, on the
eve of their glorious defence :-" Learn, " say
the chiefs to the people, " that at Potamia
" there are 7,000 Turkish cavalry and 3,000
" infantry; that 15,000 have marched out of
" Iannina; that there are 2,000 at the Five
" Wells, and that their united force will be
" 50,000. Such, brethren, is the report. You will
" know it with greater certainty in a few days.
" As for us, we are prepared to await them with-
" out shrinking. We have met, and we have
" counted our forces, and our total number is
" 4,500. We have taken our posts in order
 ( 44 )

" to close our lives in defending our liberty.

" Noti occupies Scoura with 1,500 warriors .
" Nicholas Zavella,* and George Draco, have
66

gone to Livikista with 1,000 ; Zigouri Za-

" vella and George to Zivroucho with 1,100 ;
" Goussi Zavella commands 350 combatants at
66

Scoupa, and at the mill of Dala ; 500 have

" followed Nassi and George Photomara to
" Sirizana; and we learn that Lampro Veco,
" and Leon Padoula, are arriving from Xero-
" mero. " Might we not fancy that the souls
of the companions of Leonidas have passed
into the bodies of Suliotes ?
The evacuation of Suli, and the infamous
conduct of two traitors, Gogo and Varnakioti,
necessarily protruded the theatre of war into
Ætolia and Acarnania ; there, on the banks of
the Achelous, and before Anatolicon, a hand-
ful of heroes, commanded by Marco Botzari,
by Zonka, and by other chiefs, disputed the
approach to Missolonghi with an enemy 8,000
men strong. Feeling the full importance of
this place, after fruitless offers and threats,
the enemy, rendered furious by failures, re-
solved to get possession of it by assault on the
morning of the 25th of December. The com-
bat was fierce and bloody, and lasted four hours .
* The uncle of the celebrated Marco Botzari, the terror of
Turkey.
 ( 45 )
Never were a more obstinate attack and de-
fence beheld ; never did our heroes cover them-
selves with greater glory. The fate of Greece
almost hung on their efforts. These intrepid
citizens all swore, between the hands of our
excellent president, to perish amidst the ruins
of Missolonghi sooner than yield. The enemy,
after losing 500 men, and nearly twice as many
wounded, was obliged to retreat. Soon after-
wards, having learnt the debarkation accom-
plished at Xeromero by 1,500 of our troops
under the conduct of General Mavromichali,
and fearing to be attacked on the flanks, he fled
suddenly on the morning of the 31st of Decem-
ber, leaving in our power thirteen pieces of
cannon, three mortars, two howitzers, twelve
standards, a great number of prisoners, with
stores, the whole matériel of an Asiatic camp .
Several corps instantly set out in pursuit of
the fugitives, who were dragged forward by
the pashas of Arta and Iannina. All the out-
lets are closed upon them, and every thing
leads us to hope that Acarnania will be their
tomb .
The enormous losses which the Turks sus-
tained every time they presented themselves
before the barriers of Phocis are well known.
Though a simultaneous irruption at several
 ( 46 )

points answered to them better this year, on

account of their numerical superiority, they
did not the less encumber with their corses
the fields of Livadia. Subsequently, after
surprizing Corinth with the assistance of seve-
ral Austrian vessels, and believing themselves
already masters of the Morea, they found an
insurmountable barrier in the plains of Argos.
Their lot was still disgrace or destruction.
There it was that Nicetas and Colocotroni im-
mortalized themselves by the vigour of their
resistance. There it was that Niketas, al-
ready named, for his disinterestedness, the
Peloponnesian Aristides, was saluted by his sol-
diers with the surname of Turcophagus. These
successes of the Greeks were naturally follow-
ed by the fall of the proud Napoli di Romania,
which was taken by assault by Captain Staïkos
on the 30th of November. The Citadel of
Athens was already ours since the middle of
the year.
With respect to maritime operations, our ves-
sels, as early as February, attacked, in the gulf
of Lepanto, the Barbary fleet which had suc-
ceeded in reinforcing the garrison ofPatras ; but
which immediately cut its cables and put to sea .
Andreas Voco, of Hydra, a sexagenarian com-
mander, on board his brig, and Manoli Toumbasi
 ( 47 )
on board his corvette the Themistocles, showed
on this occasion what courage and coolness can
effect against superior force. Notwithstanding
the great violence of a contrary wind, the com-
bat was maintained during three hours, under
the incessant fire of five hostile frigates. Da-
maged by our frail artillery, and still more dis-
concerted by our skilful manœuvres, the Turks
reached Zante, and afterwards the open sea,
where, assaulted by the fury of the elements,
they lost the greater part of their vessels.
Our squadron then directed its course towards
the coast of Albania, sure of capturing a divi-
sion of the Turkish fleet, which had long since
taken post, or rather refuge at Mourto ; but
the Ionian government made a formal opposi-
tion to this attempt, and facilitated the escape
of our enemies . *

* The details and the circumstances of this affair deserve

to occupy our attention. Six Greek vessels, armed at Riniassa,
(a little fort near the sea, about thirty miles to the south of
Parga) agreed with the Suliotes, who happened to be there at
thetime, toembark two hundred of them, and to attempt taking
possession ofa frigate, a corvette andfour Turkish brigs, moored
at Mourto. They were only about ten miles from them, when
an English brig accosted them with the following message :
" Learn, O Greeks, that we do not permit you to cross the chan-
" nel of Corfu. If you propose approaching the coast of Alba-
"

nia, pass on the other side, or retrace your steps." To this we

 ( 48 )

Meanwhile the most powerful fleet that Tur-

key had sent to sea since the insurrection, and

answered, " Why then do you allow this passage to the Turks ?
" and how shall we be able to combat them sheltered as they
" arewithin your arms ? " Without answering a word, the Eng-
lishman gave us his message in writing and disappeared. Dis-
pirited by this unexpected obstacle, Mr. Voco, our commander,
thought fit to write to the government of Corfu a letter of com-
plaint. His envoy arrived there on board the schooner Terpsi-
chore on March 6, at noon. He was instantly put under arrest.
The flag of the schooner was forcibly lowered, the captain was
ordered to cast anchor in the midst of four vessels, and to unfit
his ship. The only reason given is, that our sailors had formerly
ventured to provide themselves with some sheep on the island
of Santa Maura. It was in vain that the Greeks protested
against a proceeding so irregular and so vexatious. On the
14th, a Turkish vessel entered the port of Corfu, and, after
remaining some hours, departed. On the 19th, the Turkish
division, at Mourto, came and moored before the fortress
of Corfu. On the 21st, our schooner was at length released,
with an intimation, that a frigate had been sent to Hydra,
to exact satisfaction. This resolution was taken after the arrival
of the worthy admiral, Sir Graham Moore.
Meanwhile, the Greek government had sent to Corfu, Mr.
George Spaniolaki. He was charged with a letter for the Lord
High Commissioner, in which the liberation of the schooner was
claimed, and complaint made of the arbitrary acts exercised
over her ; with a promise to repair the faults, if any, of our
sailors. Positive information was likewise requested on the
distance to be observed by our squadron, whenever it might
enter the waters of the Ionian Islands. The conclusion of the
letter ran thus : " We have heard with pleasure, the reiterated
 ( 49 )

at its head an experienced sailor, the Capitan

Pasha, the second personage in the Empire,

" assurances that England would remain a tranquil observer of

" the efforts of despair against tyranny ; that she would aid
" at least by the languor of indifference a wretched people,
"
struggling against the chains of their master. Nevertheless
" the Central Government of Greece cannot help expressing to
"

your Excellency its surprise and its grief, at seeing a formal

" refutation given to these protestations by the long stay of its
" enemies at Mourto, and by the prohibition laid upon our
" squadron against attacking them there, &c."
Sir Thomas Maitland charged his secretary Sir Frederick
Hankey to answer the Greek envoy as follows :
Corfu, April 28, 1822, 8 p. m.
Sir,
THE Lord High Commissioner of H. M. in the Ionian Islands
has received letters purporting to proceed from a government,
which gives itself the name of the government of Greece, and
from an agent who is at present in this port, charged by his
government to treat with the Lord High Commissioner. His
Excellency is entirely ignorant of the existence of any such 1

government, and cannot consequently recognize any such agent.

The necessity of maintaining, as he has always done, the
principles of the strictest neutrality, alone induces him to con-
sent to answer some passages in these letters. His Excellency,
in short, is pleased to signify and say, that he will not enter
into any further communication with a nominal power, which
he does not acknowledge : and that his final determination may
be thus stated :

1. No vessel calling itself Greek, under a flag, neither

acknowledged nor authorized in the world, can be received in
E
 ( 50 )

had just passed the Dardanelles. In front of

the smoking ruins of Scio, and an eye-wit-
ness of those abominations which he favoured
by order of his master, the haughty satrap
was enjoying the consternation of the Archi-
pelago, and revelling in that anticipated feast of
universal destruction of which he was so soon
to partake. But a secret uneasiness filled him
at the same time with doubt; and seemed like

any British port. 2. His Excellency is not bound to discuss

with an unacknowledged power what he has thought fit to do :
he nevertheless goes so far as to say that the Isle of Mourto, in
Albania, is a dependency of the Ionian government, and that
the king of England is its sole protector ; * that he considers the
whole channel of Corfu, from Mourto to Cosopo, as being in fact
the port of Corfu. The Ionian government cannot but de-
plore (under the principles of the same neutrality which it
has always maintained) the mad presumption of that of the
two belligerent parties, which has occasioned the present state
of things. His Excellency desires that the person who is now
in this port will immediately set sail, &c."
I wish to think that the British government never authorized
such a serious abuse of power. Its sagacity and its honour
seem to trace out for it a far better line of conduct. Surely it
has not abused the noble principles on which it is founded, and
which it was the first to transmit to modern Europe.

* There is not, however, any vestige of English government on the de-

sert islet of Mourto, which was never suspected of belonging to a European
power.
 ( 51 )
a presentiment of his fate, which chained him
to his anchors .

On our side, it was necessary to arm both

against him, and against new armaments which
were announced from Egypt. It was more-
over necessary to sustain by naval forces, the
blockade of Patras, and the operations in Epi-
rus. Could a military chest, hardly yet formed,
suffice for this ? Amidst the sad uncertainty
in which this situation placed us, two brigs
were, from the top of Acro-Corinthus, seen ad-
vancing up the gulph-they were Englishmen,
sent by Chourschid, who brought from him a
heavy ransom for his women, who had been.
taken at Tripolitza. The women are given up,
and with their ransom, whatever vessels couldbe
collected are hastily armed. Thus the fruits of
our victory were destined to procure us one
still more brilliant. The fleets are soon met.
An unequal struggle is about to commence-
what will be its result ? If our flotilla is de-
stroyed, what more can we hope from our enter-
prize? But skill is again victorious over
mere numbers, and masses of men give way
before courage and enthusiasm. Suddenly the
flag-ship is with its commander blown up.
The shock of its destruction scatters alarm and
disorder among our E2
enemies ; the ardour of
 ( 52 )
the Greeks is redoubled by it, and the total
rout of the Ottomans is the recompense of
their valour .
Though scarcely recovered from this catas-
trophe, the enemy presents himself before the
gulph of Napoli, determined to throw provi-
sions into the place. He invokes the Prophet
and endeavours to break through our line. He
is repulsed, and our blockade is maintained.
Upon this he retires in despair, and takes
refuge at Tenedos. There it was that he was
fated to be overtaken by our sailors, guided by
the intrepid captain Canari of Psara.
On the 13th of November they set sail in order
to brave the new grand admiral and his fleet ;
assailed by the flames of the fire-ships, by terror
and storm, it is scattered, shipwrecked on all
sides, and its remnant is scarcely able to reach
the Dardanelles. As for me, I am convinced
that the grand drama, whose subject is our ex-
istence, will be closed on the sea. Therefore
I am anxious above all things that the Greek
Government should spare no sacrifice, but pro-
fit of the respite which the confusion of our
enemies gives us, in order to put our marine
upon a really respectable footing.
It is thus that the Greek revolution beholds
its developement every day completed, and its
 ( 53 )

consistency increased. Will a holy and ever-

memorable war be terminated to the advantage
of humanity ? Will Europe be delivered, for
the last time, from the Asiatic plague ? Greece,
the preceptress of the human race, is at length
recovered to herself and to Europe, amidst the
plaudits of the universe.
By her constancy throughout an unequal
struggle she has given to her friends and to her
enemies time to become acquainted with her.
Though forsaken or persecuted, the Genius of
her ancestors has hovered over her, and has
supported her weakness. O Greece ! may the
repose of thy future generations be the price of
so many painful sacrifices, and of the generous
blood with which thy children are bathing thy
soil !
 ( 55 )

ΠΡΟΣΩΡΙΝΟΝ ΠΟΛΙΤΕΥΜΑ

ΤΗΣ

ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ .

THE

PROVISIONAL CONSTITUTION

OF

GREECE.
 ( 56 )

ΕΝ ΟΝΟΜΑΤΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΓΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΑΔΙΑΙΡΕΤΟΥ

ΤΡΙΑΔΟΣ.

Τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ἔθνος, τὸ ὑπὸ τὴν φρικώδη᾿ οθωμα-

νικὴν δυναστείαν, μὴ δυνάμενον νὰ φέρῃ τὸν βα-
ρύτατον καὶ ἀπαραδειγμάτιστον ζυγὸν τῆς τυραν-
νίας, καὶ ἀποσεῖσαν αὐτὸν μὲ μεγάλας θυσίας,
κηρύττει σήμερον διὰ τῶν νομίμων Παραστατῶν
τε, εἰς Ἐθνικὴν συνηγμένων Συνέλευσιν, ἐνώπιον
Θεῖ καὶ ἀνθρώπων “ Τὴν Πολιτικὴν αὐτῷ ὕπαρ-
ξιν καὶ ἀνεξαρτησίαν ” ἐν Ἐπιδαύρῳ, τὴν ἁ.
Ἰαννουαρίου, ἔτει αωκβ' καὶ ἁ. τῆς ἀνεξαρ-
τησίας .
 ( 57 )

IN THE NAME OF THE HOLY AND INDIVISIBLE TRINITY.

THE Greek Nation, wearied by the dreadful

weight of Ottoman oppression, and resolved
to break its yoke, though at the price of the
greatest sacrifices, proclaims to-day, before
God and Men, by the organ of its lawful Re-
presentatives, met in a national Assembly,
its Independence.

EPIDAURUS,

1st of January, 1822, and the First Year

of Independence.
 ( 58 )

ΤΙΤΛΟΣ Α΄. ΤΜΗΜΑ Α΄.

ΠΕΡΙ ΘΡΗΣΚΕΙΑΣ .

ά. Ἡ ἐπικρατᾶσα Θρησκεία εἰς τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν

ἐπικράτειαν εἶναι ἡ τῆς ᾿Ανατολικῆς ὀρθοδόξε τῶ
Χριστῦ Ἐκκλησίας· ἀνέχεται ὅμως ἡ Διοίκησις τῆς
Ἑλλάδος πᾶσαν ἄλλην Θρησκείαν, καὶ αἱ τελεταὶ
καὶ ἱεροπραγίαι ἑκάστης αὐτῶν ἐκτελῦνται ἀκωλύτως.
ΤΜΗΜΑ Β'.
ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΓΕΝΙΚΩΝ ΔΙΚΑΙΩΜΑΤΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΟΙΚΩΝ
ΤΗΣ ΕΠΙΚΡΑΤΕΙΑΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΛΛΑΔΟΣ .

β' Ὅσοι αὐτόχθονες κάτοικοι τῆς ἐπικρατείας

τῆς Ἑλλάδος πιστεύεσιν εἰςΧριστὸν, εἰσὶν Ἕλληνες,
καὶ ἀπολαμβάνεσιν ἄνευ τινὸς διαφορᾶς ὅλων τῶν
πολιτικῶν δικαιωμάτων.
' Ὅλοι οἱ Ἕλληνες εἰσὶν ὅμοιοι ἐνώπιον τῶν
γ
νόμων, ἄνευ τινὸς ἐξαιρέσεως, ἢ βαθμᾶ, ἢ κλάσεως, ἢ
ἀξιώματος.
δ' Ὅσαι ἔξωθεν ἐλθόντες, κατοικήσωσιν, ἢ παροι-
κήσωσιν εἰς τὴν ἐπικράτειαν τῆς Ἑλλάδος, εἰσὶν
ὅμοιοι μὲ τὸς αὐτόχθονας κατοίκες ἐνώπιον τῶν
νόμων.
έ. Ἡ Διοίκησις θέλει φροντίσει νὰ ἐκδώση προσ-
εχῶς νόμον περὶ Πολιτογραφήσεως τῶν ξένων, ὅσοι
ἔχεσι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν νὰ γίνωσιν Ἕλληνες.
 ( 59 )

CHAPTER I.

SECTION I.

Of Religion.
** 1 . THE established religion in Greece is that of
the Orthodox Church of the East. All other
forms of worship are however tolerated, and
their ceremonies and religious practices are
followed without molestation .

SECTION II .

General Rights of the Inhabitants of Greece.

* 2. Every individual of the Christian faith,
whether a native or definitively settled in
Greece, is a Greek, and entitled to an equal
enjoyment of every right.
3. All Greeks are equal before the law,
without regard to rank, class, or dignity.
4. Foreigners enjoy in Greece every social
security.
5. The government will speedily promulgate
a law concerning naturalization.
* These two articles suffice to refute the common-place de-
clamations of those who contend that the Greeks persecute the
Roman Catholics .
 ( 60 )

5΄ Ὅλοι οἱ Ἕλληνες εἰς ὅλα τὰ ἀξιώματα καὶ

τιμὰς ἔχεσι τὸ αὐτὸ δικαίωμα· δοτὴς δὲ τέτων μό-
νη ἡ ἀξιότης ἑκάστε.
ζ' Ἡ ἰδιοκτησία, τιμὴ, καὶ ἀσφάλεια ἑκάστε
τῶν Ἑλλήνων εἶναι ὑπὸ τὴν προστασίαν τῶν νόμων.
ἡ Ὅλαι αἱ εἰσπράξεις πρέπει νὰ διανέμωνται
δικαίως εἰς ὅλας τὰς τάξεις καὶ κλάσεις τῶν κατοίκων
καθ' ὅλην τὴν ἔκτασιν τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς ἐπικρατείας.
καμμία δὲ εἴσπραξις δὲν γίνεται ἄνευ προεκδοθέντος
νόμε.

ΤΙΤΛΟΣ Β΄ . ΤΜΗΜΑ Γ΄.

ΠΕΡΙ ΣΧΗΜΑΤΙΣΜΟΥ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΕΩΣ .

9΄ . Ἡ Διοίκησις σύγκειται ἐκ δύω σωμάτων,

Βουλευτικοῦ καὶ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ.
ί. Τὰ δύο ἀυτὰ σώματα ἰσοσταθμίζονται μὲ
τὴν ἀμοιβαίαν συνδρομήν των εἰς τὴν κατασκευὴν
τῶν νόμων· διότι οὔτε αἱ τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ ἀπο-
φάσεις ἔχουσι κῦρος νόμου ἄνευ τῆς ἐπικυρώσεως
τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ σώματος, οὔτε τὰ σχέδια νόμων,
ὅσα προβάλλονται παρὰ τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ πρὸς
τὸ Βουλευτικὸν, ἔχουσι κῦρος, ἂν δὲν ἐγκριθῶσιν ἀπὸ
τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σῶμα.
 ( 61 )

6. All Greeks are eligible for all dignities

and employments, in proportion to their ca-
pacity, and to their merit.
7. The laws secure to every citizen his pro-
perty, his honour, and his personal safety.
8. The taxes are fairly divided among the
citizens of every class. No tax is levied with-
out a previous law.

CHAPTER II .

SECTION III.

On the Form of Government.

9. The Government is composed of the
Senate and of the Executive Power.
10. The concurrence of these two powers is
requisite for passing a law; the decisions of
the Senate not having the force of a law, with-
out the sanction of the Executive Power ; nor
can the proposals of the Executive be operative
unless adopted by the Senate.
 ( 62 )

· ιά. Τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σύγκειται ἐκ πληρεξουσίων

ἐκλελεγμένων Παραστατῶν τῶν διαφόρων μερῶν τῆς
Ἑλλάδος .
ιβ' Ὁ ἀριθμὸς τῶν παραστατῶν εἶναι ἀόριστος
μέχρι τῆς ἐκδόσεως νόμου περὶ ἐκλογῆς.
'. Θέλει ἐκδοθῆ παρὰ τῆς Διοικήσεως νόμος
ιγ
προσωρινὸς περὶ ἐκλογῆς τῶν Παραστατῶν, περιέχων
ὅμως ἐξ ἅπαντος τοὺς δύο ἀκολούθους ὅρους.
ιδ΄. Οἱ Παραστάται πρέπει νὰ ἦναι Ἕλληνες.
ιε. ᾿Απαιτεῖται νὰ ἔχωσιν ἡλικίας τριάκοντα
πλήρη ἔτη.
15΄. Εἶναι δεκτοὶ, καὶ προστίθενται εἰς το Βου-
λευτικὸν σῶμα ὅλοι οἱ Παραστάται τῶν ἐλευθέρων
μερῶν τῆς Ἑλλάδος μετὰ τὴν ἀκριβῆ ἐξέτασιν καὶ
ἀποδοχὴν τῶν ἐγγράφων τῆς πληρεξουσίου ἀποστολῆς
των.

ιζ΄. Τὸ Βουλευτικὸν ἔχει Πρόεδρον καὶ ᾿Αντι-

πρόεδρον, ἡ διάρκεια τῶν ὁποίων εἶναι ἐνιαύσιος, ἡ δὲ
ἐκλογὴ διὰ τῆς ψήφου τῶν πλειόνων.
ιή. Ἐκλέγει κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον πρῶτον καὶ
δεύτερον Γραμματέα, ἐπίσης ἐνιαυσίους, ἔχοντας
τοὺς ἀναγκαίους ὑπογραμματεῖς .
ιθ΄ . Τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σῶμα διαρκεῖ ὁλόκληρον ἕνα
ἐνιαυτὸν ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας τῆς ἐνάρξεως αὐτοῦ.
κ΄. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα σύγκειται ἐκ πέντε
μελῶν ἐκλεγομένων ἐκτὸς τῶν μελῶν τοῦ Βουλευ-
τικοῦ ὑπὸ Συνελεύσεως ἐπίτηδες ἀθροιζομένης κατὰ
τὸν περὶ τούτου ἰδιαίτερον νόμον.
κά. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἔχει Πρόεδρον καὶ
᾿Αντιπρόεδρον, ἐνιαυσίους καὶ αὐτοὺς, ἐκλεγομένους
κατὰ τὸν ἀνωτέρω νόμον.
 ( 63 )

11. The Senate is composed of Representa-

tives chosen in the different parts of Greece.
12. Till the promulgation of a law of elec-
tion the number of Representatives is unde-
termined .

13. The government will provisionally de-

cree a law of election, combining the two fol-
lowing conditions :
14. The representatives must be Greeks.
15. They must be thirty years of age .
16. All the Deputies of the free parts of
Greece are admitted and have seats in the
Senate, after the examination and verification
of their powers .
17. The Senate names its President and
Vice-President for one year, by the plurality
of voices .
18. In like manner it names two Secretaries
and their adjuncts .
19. The functions of the Senators end at the
expiration of a year.
20. The Executive Power is composed of
five members, taken out of the body of the
Senate, and named by a special college, accord-
ing to a law, which is to regulate the election.
21. The President and Vice-President of
the Executive Power are annual officers . The
mode of their election is prescribed by the
same law.
 ( 64 )

κβ΄. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἐκλέγει ὀκτὼ

ὑπουργοὺς, πρῶτος μεταξὺ τῶν ὁποίων εἶναι ὁ ᾿Αρχι-
γραμματεὺς τῆς ἐπικρατείας, ἔχων ἐν ταυτῷ τὴν
ἐπιστασίαν τῶν ἐξωτερικῶν· οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἑπτὰ εἰσὶν
οἱ ἑξῆς.
2. Ὁ τῶν Ἐσωτερικῶν.
3. Ὁ τῆς Οἰκονομίας.
4. Ὁ τοῦ Δικαίου.
5. Ὁ τῶν Πολεμικῶν .
e

6. Ὁ τοῦ Ναυτικοῦ.
7. Ὁ τῆς Θρησκείας.
8. Ὁ τῆς ᾿Αστυνομίας.
κγ' . Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα διορίζει ὁμοίως
ὅλους τοῦς ὑπαλλήλους ὑπουργοὺς τῆς Διοικήσεως.
κδ΄. Ἡ διάρκεια τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ σώματος
εἶναι ἐνιαύσιος, ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας τῆς ἐνάρξεως αὐτοῦ
λογιζομένη.

ΤΙΤΛΟΣ Γ΄. ΤΜΗΜΑ

ΠΕΡΙ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ .

κέ. Διὰ τὰς κατεπειγούσας περιστάσεις, εἰς τὰς

ὁποίας εὑρίσκεται ἡ Πατρὶς, τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σῶμα
ὀφείλει κατ᾿ ἀυτὸ τὸ ἔτος νά ἀκολουθῇ ἀδιακόπως
τὰς ἐργασίας του.
κς΄. Ὁ Πρόεδρος προεδρεύει εἰς τὰς καθη-
μερινὰς συνελεύσεις, διορίζει τὰς ὥρας τῆς ἐνάρξεως
 ( 65 )
22. The Executive Power names eight Secre-
taries ; of whom the first is the Secretary of
State, who directs the department of foreign
relations. After him come the Secretaries of
the Interior, of Public Economy, of Justice, of
War, of the Marine, of Divine Worship, and of
the Police .

23. All the subaltern agents of administra-

tion are in like manner named by the Execu-
tive Power.

24. This power is renewed every year.

CHAPTER III .

SECTION IV.

Duties of the Senate.

25. Considering the urgency of the circum-

stances in which our country is placed, the
Senate is this year to pursue its operations
without repose.
26. The President is to preside over the
F
 ( 66 )

αὐτῶν, καὶ αὐτὸς μόνον ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ διαλύῃ

ἀυτάς.
κζ'. Αὐτὸς ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ προσκαλῇ ἐν
καιρῷ χρείας τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα εἰς ἔκτακτον
συνέλευσιν.
κή. Ἐν ἀπεσίᾳ τῶ Προέδρε ὁ Ἀντιπρόεδρος ἐκ-
πληροῖ τὰ καθήκοντα ἐκείνε.
κθ΄. Τὰ δύο τρίτα τῶν μελῶν τε Βελευτικέ
σώματος εἶναι ὁ ἀπαιτέμενος ἀριθμὸς, διὰ νὰ λογί-
ζηται πλήρης ἡ Συνέλευσις.
λ΄. Αἱ ἀποφάσεις τᾶ Βελευτικέ σώματος γίνονται
διὰ τῆς ψήφε τῶν πλειόνων.
λά. Ὅταν αἱ ψῆφοι εἶναι ἐπίσης μεμερισμέναι,
τὸ μέρος, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι ἡ ψῆφος τῶ Προέδρε,
ὑπερισχύει . ‫او‬

λβ΄. Ὅλαι αἱ πράξεις, ἢ τὰψηφίσματα τε Βε-

λευτικό σώματος ὑπογράφονται ἀπὸ τὸν Πρόεδρον,
καὶ προσυπογράφονται ἀπὸ τὸν πρῶτον Γραμματέα.
λγ΄. Ο Πρόεδρος πέμπει τὰς ἀποφάσεις τῶ
Βελευτικέ σώματος πρὸς τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν, τὸ ὁποῖον
ἀφῶ τὰς ἐπικυρώση, ἔχεσι κῦρος νόμε.
λδ΄. Ἂν τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἀρνηθῇ τὴν ἐπι-
κύρωσιν, ἢ κάμη προσθαφαιρέσεις, ἀποδίδον τὲς
λόγες τῆς ἀρνήσεως, ἢ τῶν προσθαφαιρέσεων, ἡ
ὑπόθεσις ἀναφέρεται ἐκ νές εἰς τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα
μετὰ τῶν παρατηρήσεων τὸ Ἐκτελεστικό, καὶ
διαφιλονεικεῖται πάλιν, καὶ ἢ ἡ τελεία ἄρνησις, ἢ αἱ
προσθαφαιρέσεις τῦ Ἐκτελεστικό σώματος ἐγκρίνον-
ται , ἢ ἐπιμένοντος τε Βελευτικέ σώματος εἰς τὰ
αὐτὰ, ἡ ὑπόθεσις διευθύνεται ἐκ δευτέρε εἰς τὸ ᾿Εκ-
τελεστικὸν σῶμα, τὸ ὁποῖον ἂν καὶ πάλιν δὲν ἐνδίδῃ,
πίπτει ὁ νόμος εἰς ἐκείνην τὴν περίστασιν.
 ( 67 )
daily sittings, to mark the hour of their open-
ing, and alone to have the right of closing
them.
27. In case of necessity he is entitled to con-
voke the Senate for an extraordinary sitting.
28. In the absence of the President the Vice-
President is to discharge his duties .
29. The Senate is sufficiently numerous to
deliberate, when two-thirds of its members are
present .
30. The decisions of the Senators are deter-
mined by a majority of votes .
31. When the votes are equally divided, the
party with whom the President votes carries it.
32. The acts or decrees of the Senate are to

be signed by the President and the first Secre-

tary.
33. The President communicates the deci-
sions of the Senate to the Executive Power,
which, by its approbation, gives them the force
of law.
34. If the Executive refuses its sanction, or
makes amendments for which it gives reasons,
the proposed law is referred again to the dis-
cussion of the Senate. And ifit persists in its
first opinion, and the Executive continues to
reject it, the law is not promulgated .
F2
 ( 68 )

λέ. Τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα δέχεται περὶ παντοίων

ὑποθέσεων ἀγωγὰς, καὶ σκέπτεται περὶ αὐτῶν.
λέ΄ . Τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα διορίζει ἐξ ἑαυτῶ ἐπι-
τροπὰς, ἰσαρίθμες μὲ τὰ ὀκτὼ ὑπεργήματα, ἀνα-
νεεμένας περιοδικῶς κατὰ τριμηνίαν.
λζ΄. Ὁ Πρόεδρος τᾶ Βελευτικό διορίζει εἰς
ἑκάστην τῶν ἐπιτροπῶν τὰς ἀναγομένας ἰδίως εἰς
αὐτὴν ὑποθέσεις, καὶ ἑκάστη αὐτῶν ἐπεξεργάζεται
τὰ σχέδια τῶν νόμων, οἱ ὁποῖοι ἀνάγονται εἰς τὸν
σχετικὸν αὐτῆς κλάδον τῶν ὑποθέσεων.
λή. ἕκαστον τῶν μελῶν τε Βελευτικό σώματος
ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ προβάλλῃ ἐπὶ συνελεύσεως
ἐγγράφως σχέδια νόμων διὰ τὸ Προέδρο. ὁ δὲ
Πρόεδρος διορίζει ἕκαστον αὐτῶν εἰς ἣν ἀνήκεσιν ἐπι-
τροπήν.
λθ΄. Τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα δέχεται ὅσα σχέδια
νόμων προβάλλονται ἀπὸ τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν, καὶ ἤ
ἀποδέχεται, ἤ ἐπεξεργάζεται ἀυτά .
μ΄. Οὔτε κήρυξις πολέμε, ἔτε συνθήκη εἰρήνης
ἀποφασίζεται ἄνευ τῆς συγκαταθέσεως τε Βελευ-
τικᾶ σώματος. ὁμοίως καὶ ὅσας συνθήκας τὸ Ἐκ-
τελεστικὸν συνδέση με ἄλλας δυνάμεις, ἀνάγκη νὰ
ἐγκριθῶσι προηγεμένως ἀπὸ τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα˙
ἐξαιρεῖται δὲ κατὰ ταῦτα τὸ δικαίωμα τῶν περὶ
ὀλιγοημέρε ἀνακωχῆς συνθηκῶν.
μά. Τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα ἐπεξεργαζόμενον
ἐγκρίνει εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν ἑκάστε ἔτες τὸν ὑποθετικὸν
λογαριασμὸν τῶν προσόδων καὶ ἐξόδων, ὁ ὁποῖος
καθυποβάλλεται εἰς τὴν ἐπίκρισίντε ἀπὸ τὸ
Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα˙ εἰς δὲ τὸ τέλος τοῦ ἔτους ἐπι-
θεωρεῖ τὸν καθολικὸν λογαριασμὸν τῶν προσόδων
 ( 69 )
35. The Senate is to deliberate on the peti-
tions which it may receive .
36. It names eight committees of corres-
pondence for the Secretaries of State, and
changes them every three months.
37. The President of the Senate allots to
each committee its respective labours, and each
proceeds to examine the proposed laws which
answer to the nature of its attributions .
38. Any Deputy may propose a law. He
delivers it in writing to the President, who
orders the appropriate committee to make a
report on it to the assembly.
39. The Senate, deliberating on the bills
which the Executive submits to it, may adopt
or reject them .
40. No declaration of war nor any treaty of
peace can be made without the participation of
the Senate. In like manner, every agreement
of whatever nature , between the Executive and
a foreign power, must be previously approved
by the Senate, except in the case of a very
short armistice .
41. The Senate discusses and votes, at the
beginning of every year, the probable amount
of the public receipts and disbursements. At
the end of the year it regulates and verifies the
general state of the same articles. But for the
 ( 70 )

καὶ ἐξόδων. ἀλλὰ δι αὐτὸ τὸ πρῶτον ἔτος χρεωστεῖ

τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σῶμα ἄνευ μικρᾶς ἀναβολῆς νὰ προ-
μηθεύσῃ εἰς τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν τὴν ἀνάλογον εἰς τὰς
χρείας χρηματικὴν ποσότητα, μολονότι διὰ τὸ ἀρτι-
παγὲς τῆς Διοικήσεως, καὶ διὰ τὸ δυσπρόβλεπτον
τῶν ἐσομένων ἐξόδων, δὲν δύναται τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν
νὰ καταστρώση τὸν ὑποθετικὸν ἐνιαύσιον λογαριασ-
μόν. εἰς δὲ τὸ τέλος τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ὀφείλει νὰ παρα-
στήσῃ τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν τὴν κατάστρωσιν τοῦ ὅλου
λογαριασμοῦ.
μβ΄. Τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σῶμα ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα
νὰ ἐγκρίνῃ τοὺς στρατιωτικούς προβιβασμὲς, προ-
βαλλομένους παρὰ τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ σώματος.
μγ. Ἔχει ὁμοίως τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ ἐγκρίνῃ
τὰς ἐπισήμους ἀμοιβὰς διὰ τὰς πρὸς τὴν πατρίδα
ἐκδουλεύσεις, κατὰ τὴν πρότασιν τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ
σώματος.
μδ΄. Θέλει διατάξει νέον σύστημα νομισμάτων,
χαραττομένων εἰς ὄνομα τοῦ Ἔθνους διὰ τοῦ Ἐκτε-
λεστικοῦ σώματος.
μέ. Εἶναι ἀπολύτως ἀπηγορευμένον εἰς τὸ Βου-
λευτικὸν σῶμα νὰ συγκατατεθῇ εἰς ὁποιανδήποτε
συνθήκην, σκοπὸν ἔχουσα τὴν κατάργησιν τῆς πολι-
τικῆς τοῦ Ἔθνους ὑπάρξεως· ἂν μάλιστα ἀναφανῇ,
ὅτι τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα περιεπλέχθη εἰς τοιαύτας
παρανόμους συνθήκας, τὸ Βουλευτικὸν σῶμα χρε-
ωστεῖ νὰ κατηγορήση τὸν Πρόεδρον, καὶ μετὰ τὸν
ἔλεγχον αὐτοῦ νὰ τὸν κηρύττη πρὸς τὸ ἔθνος ἔκ-
πτωτον τοῦ ἐπαγγέλματός του.
μέ· Εἰς τὰς τακτικὰς καὶ ἐκτάκτους συνελεύ-
σεις τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ σώματος ἔχει τὴν ἄδειαν τῆς
 ( 71 )
service of this first year it is without delay to
supply the government with a credit propor-
tioned to its wants, although it is as yet unable
to draw up the annual budget, by reason of its
having been so recently instituted, and of the
difficulty of foreseeing the rate of expenses .
The government will not, however, be the less
bound to present the general accounts at the
end of the year.
42. The Senate has the right of approving the
military promotion which the government pro-
poses .
43. It is likewise entitled to decree, on the
proposal of the government, the distinguished
recompenses due to patriotic services.
44. It is to settle a new system of money to
be struck at the national mint, under the di-
rection of government.
45. The Senate is expressly forbidden to
accede to any transaction, which threatens the
political existence of the nation. On the con-
trary, if it perceives the executive engaged in
negociations of this nature, the Senate is to
prosecute the president; and after his condemna-
tion to declare his charge forfeited in the face
of the nation.
46. Every periodical writer has a free entry
in the sittings of the Legislative body. He is 1
 ( 72 )
εἰσόδε ὁ ἐμφημεριδογράφος, ἀποκλείεται δὲ ἀπὸ τὰς
μυστικὰς συνελεύσεις, αἱ ὁποῖαι γίνονται, ὁσάκις
ζητηθῶσιν ἀπὸ πέντε μέλη τοῦ σώματος.

ΤΜΗΜΑ Ε΄ .

ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΔΥΩ ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΩΝ

ΤΟΥ ΒΟΥΛΕΥΤΙΚΟΥ ΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ.

μζ΄. Ὁ πρῶτος Γραμματεὺς τῆ Βουλευτικέ σώ

ματος συνθέτει ὅλας τὰς πράξεις, ἢ ψηφίσματα
τῶν συνελεύσεων, καὶ κρατεῖ ἀκριβῆ αὐτῶν κώδικα .
μή. Ἔχει τὴν ἐπιστασίαν νὰ λαμβάνῃ παρὰ τῆ
Προέδρου, καὶ νὰ διευθύνῃ πρὸς τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν
σῶμα τὰ ψηφίσματα, καὶ λοιπὰς πράξεις τε Βε-
λευτικό σώματος.
μθ΄ . Εἰς ἀπεσίαν τε πρώτε Γραμματέως, ὁ
δεύτερος Γραμματεὺς ἀναπληροῖ ὅλα τὰ χρέη τῶ
πρώτε .

ΤΜΗΜΑ 5 .
‫او‬

ν. Αν ἓν, ἢ πλείω τῶν μελῶν τῷ Βελευτικέ σώ-

ματος κατηγορηθῶσιν ἐπὶ πολιτικῷ ἐγκλήματι ,
διορίζεται ἐπιτροπὴ ἑπτὰ μελῶν ἐκ τῶ σώματος,
 ( 73 )
excluded only from the secret committees
formed on the petitions of five members.

SECTION V.

Of the Secretaries of the Senate.

47. The first Secretary draws up all the acts
or decrees of the assembly, and keeps an exact
register of them.
48. He is commissioned by the President to
send the decrees of the Senate to the executive
power.
49. In the absence of the first Secretary the
second discharges his functions.

SECTION VI .

50. When one or several members of the

Senate are accused of a political crime, a jury
of seven deputies named for this purpose, ex
 ( 74 )

ἡ ὁποία, ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἐξετάσῃ, ἂν ἦναι δεκπὴ ἡ κατη-

γορία, ἀναφέρει ἐγγράφως τὴν γνώμην της· καὶ τότε,
ἂν διὰ τῶν δύω τρίτων τῶν ψήφων τοῦ Βελευτικέ
σώματος ἐλεγχθῇ ὁ κατηγορούμενος, κηρύττεται
ἔκπτωτος τῆς ἀξίας του ἀπὸ τὸν Πρόεδρον, καὶ ὡς
ἁπλοῦς πολίτης διευθύνεται πρὸς τὸ Γενικὸν τῆς
Ἑλλάδος Κριτήριον, εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον διορίζεται ὁ
βαθμὸς τοῦ ἐγκλήματος, καὶ ἡ ἀνάλογος ποινή.
νά. Οὐδὲν τῶν μελῶν τοῦ Βελευτικοῦ σώματος
δύναται νὰ καθειρχθῇ πρὸ τῆς ἐκπτώσεώς του.
‫او‬

νβ΄. Αν ἓν τῶν μελῶν τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ σώμα-

τος κατηγορηθῇ ἐπὶ πολιτικῷ ἐγκλήματι ἐνώπιον
τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ, διορίζεται ἐπιτροπὴ ἐννέα μελῶν
ἐκ τοῦ σώματος, ἡ ὁποία, ἀφ᾿ οὗ ἐξετάσῃ, ἂν ἦναι
δεκτὴ ἡ κατηγορία, ἀναφέρει ἐγγράφως τὴν γνώμην
της· καὶ τότε, ἂν διὰ τῶν τεσσάρων πέμπτων τῶν
ψήφων τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ σώματος, ἐλεγχθῇ ὁ κατη-
γορούμενος, ὁ Πρόεδρος τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ κηρύττει
αὐτὸν ἔκπτωτον τῆς ἀξίας του, καὶ ὡς ἁπλοῦς πολί
της διευθύνεται πρὸς τὸ γενικὸν τῆς Ἑλλάδος
Κριτήριον· εἰς τὸ ὁποῖον προσδιορίζεται ὁ βαθμὸς
τοῦ ἐγκλήματος, καὶ ἡ ἀνάλογος ποινή.
νγ΄. Αν εἷς, ἢ πλείω τῶν ὀκτὼ ὑπουργῶν κατηγο-
ρηθῶσιν ἐνώπιον τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ σώματος ἐπὶ πολι-
τικῷ ἐγκλήματι, ἐλέγχονται, καὶ κρίνονται καθ᾽ ὃν
τρόπον καὶ τὰ μέλη τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ σώματος. (ν).
 ( 75 )
amines the validity of the accusation, and gives
its opinion in writing. If two-thirds of the
Senate support the accusation, the deputy is
declared to have forfeited his dignity, and is
sent as a simple citizen before the supreme
tribunal of the state, which determines the
degree of the offence, and its corresponding
penalty.
51. No member of the Senate can be im-
prisoned before he is deprived of his dignity.
52. If one of the members of the executive
is accused in the midst of the Senate of a politi-
cal offence, a committee of nine members ex-
amines and makes a report on the case. As
soon as four-fifths of the Senate have pronounced
against the accused, the President ofthe Senate
proclaims him stripped of his dignity, and
sends him before the supreme tribunal, where
he undergoes the penalty which corresponds to
his offence .
53. If accusations for a similar offence are
established in the Senate against one or more
secretaries of state, the proceedings and the
judgment are carried on in the same forms as
against members of the Senate. (50)
 ( 76 )

ΤΙΤΛΟΣ Δ΄ . ΤΜΗΜΑ Ζ΄.

ΠΕΡΙ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΘΗΚΟΝΤΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΕΚΤΕΛΕΣΤΙΚΟΥ

ΣΩΜΑΤΟΣ .

νδ΄ . Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα εἶναι ἀπαραβίαστον

ὁλικῶς θεωρέμενον.
νέ. Ἂν ὑποπέσῃ τὸ ὅλον Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα εἰς
ἔγκλημα παρανομίας, ἐλέγχεται καὶ κολάζεται
ὁ Πρόεδρος, κατὰ τὸν (μέ.) μετὰ τὴν ἐκλογὴν δὲ
νές Πρόεδρε κατηγορῦνται καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ μέλη ἀνὰ
ἕν, ἐλέγχονται καὶ κολάζονται κατὰ τὸν (νβ΄.)
νς' . Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἐκτελεῖ τοὺς νόμους
διὰ τῶν διαφόρων ὑπουργῶντε.
νζ'. Ἐπικυροῖ τοὺς παρὰ τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ προ-
βαλλομένες νόμες, ἢ ἀρνεῖται τὴν ἐπικύρωσιν κατὰ
τὸν (λδ'. )
νή. Ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ προβάλλῃ σχέδια
νόμων πρὸς τὸ Βουλευτικὸν, τὸ ὁποῖον τὰ ἐπεξεργά-
ζεται· καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐπεξεργασίαν αὐτὴν διορίζονται
‫او‬

εἷς, ἢ πλείονες τῶν ὑπεργῶν, ἐν οἷς καὶ ἐκεῖνος, εἰς τοῦ

ὁποῖς τὸν κλάδον ἀνάγεται ὁ ἀμφισβητέμενος
νόμος .
νθ΄ . Ὅλαι αἱ πράξεις καὶ θεσπίσματα τῆς
διοικήσεως ὑπογράφονται ἀπὸ τὸν Πρόεδρον, προσυ-
πογράφονται ἀπὸ τὸν Ἀρχιγραμματέα, καὶ σφραγί
ζονται μὲ τὴν σφραγίδα τῆς Διοικήσεως.
ξ΄ . Ὅλαι αἱ Δυνάμεις τῆς ξηρᾶς καὶ θαλάσσης
διευθύνονται ὑπὸ τοῦ Ἐκτελεστικοῦ σώματος.
 ( 77 )

CHAPTER IV.

SECTION VII .

Duties of the Executive.

54. The Executive power, taken collectively,

is inviolable .
55. When an accusation of felony is directed
against this power, the President is put on his
trial (45), and his place filled, if he is convicted.
Then the other members, one by one. (52.)
56. The Executive power presides over the
application of laws .
57. It sanctions the bills of the Senate, or
opposes to them its Veto. (34.)
58. It submits bills to the deliberation of the
Senate, and has them supported in the dis-
cussion by one or more secretaries of state, and
1

especially by that secretary, whose department

is interested in the proposed law.
59. All acts and ordinances of the govern-
ment are signed by the president, countersigned
by the secretary of state, and sealed with the
seal of state .
 ( 78 )

ξά. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα

νὰ ἐκδίδῃ ὁδηγίας, καὶ νὰ ἐφαρμόζῃ εἰς τὰ μερικὰ
νόμες προεκδοθέντας περὶ γενικῶν ὑποθέσεων .
ξβ΄ . Εἰς ὅλας τὰς ὑποθέσεις τὰς ἀφορώσας τὴν
ἀστυνομίαν καὶ γενικὴν τῆς ἐπικρατείας ἀσφάλειαν,
τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ λαμ-
βάνῃ ὁποιαδήποτε ἀναγκαῖα ἔκτακτα μέτρα, χρε-
· ωστεῖ δὲ νὰ ἀναφέρῃ ἀμέσως αὐτὰ πρὸς τὸ Βουλευ-
τικόν.
ξγ' . Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα
νὰ λαμβάνῃ δάνεια εἴτε ἔσωθεν, εἴτε ἔξωθεν τῆς
ἐπικρατείας, καὶ νὰ καθυποβάλλῃ εἰς ὑποθήκην
ἐθνικὰ κτήματα, μὲ τὴν συγκατάθεσιν ὅμως τοῦ
Βουλευτικοῦ σώματος.
ξδ΄. Ἔχει ὁμοίως τὸ δικαίωμα τῆς ἐκποιήσεως μέ-
ρους ἐθνικῶν κτημάτων, ἀναλόγου μὲ τὰς χρείας, καὶ
τοῦτο ὅμως διὰ τῆς συγκαταθέσεως τοῦ Βουλευτικοῦ.
ξέ. Διορίζει τοὺς ὀκτὼ ὑπουργοὺς τῶν διαφόρων
κλάδων τῆς Διοικήσεως, καὶ προσδιορίζει εἰς
ἕκαστον αὐτῶν τὰ καθήκοντα τῶ ὑπεργήματός του,
μηδέποτ᾽ ἐπιτρέπον νὰ ἐπεκτείνηται εἰς τὰ τὸ ἄλλε
καθήκοντα.
ξς΄ . Ἕκαστος τῶν Ὑπουργῶν ὑπόκειται εἰς εὐθύ-
νην δ᾽ ὅσα ἀφορῶσι τὰς ἐργασίας τὲ ὑπεργήματός
τε· ἐδὲ δύναται νὰ ἐνεργήσῃ πρᾶξιν, ἢ θέσπισμα τῆ
Ἐκτελεστικό σώματος, μὴ σύμφωνον μὲ ὅσα διὰ τῶ
παρόντος Ὀργανισμᾶ δίδονται εἰς αὐτὸ τὸ σῶμα
δικαιώματα καὶ χρέη.
ξζ'. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα διορίζει τὲς Πρέσ-
βεις, καὶ ὅλες τοὺς Διπλωματικοὺς ὑπεργοὺς τῆς
Διοικήσεως παρὰ ταῖς ξέναις αὐλαῖς.
ξή. Ὀφείλει νὰ ἰδεάζῃ ἀκριβῶς τὸ Βελευτικὸν
 ( 79 )
60. The Executive power directs the land
and sea forces .
61. It sends out instructions, and applies
general laws to particular cases .
62. In points in which the general police
and safety of the state are concerned, the Ex-
ecutive power has a right to take extraordi-
nary measures, on condition of immediately re-
ferring them to the Senate.
63. The Executive power can contract loans
both at home and abroad, and pledge the na-
tional property for them, consulting however
the Senate.
64. It can equally, and under the same con-
dition, alienate a portion of this property, ac-
cording to the wants of the State.
65. In appointing eight secretaries it traces
out to each the circle of his functions, which he
cannot exceed .
66. The Secretaries of State are responsible
in the exercise oftheir functions. They cannot
execute any act or ordonnance of the Executive
power contrary to the rights and duties which
the present constitution defines.
67. The Executive power names the Minis-
ters and all other diplomatic agents with
foreign powers .
68. It explains with fidelity to the Senate
 ( 80 )

σῶμα περὶ τῶν σχέσεων τῆς ῾Ελλάδος μὲ τὰς ξέ-

νας δυνάμεις καὶ περὶ τῆς στάσεως τῶν πραγμάτων
ἐντὸς τῆς Ἑλλάδος.
ξθ΄ . Ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα νὰ ἀλλάζῃ τοὺς ὑπουρ-
γοὺς, καὶ πάντα ἄλλον ὑπουργὸν τῆς Διοικήσεως,
ὑπ᾿ αὐτοῦ διοριζόμενον.
ό. Προσκαλεῖ εἰς ἔκτακτον συνέλευσιν τὸ Βου-
λευτικὸν σῶμα, ὁσάκις ἡ χρεία καλέσῃ.
οά. Δοθέντος ἐγκλήματος Προδοσίας ἐναντίον
τῆς Διοικήσεως, τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα ἔχει τὸ
δικαίωμα νὰ λάβῃ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα ἔκτακτα μέτρα,
ὁποίας τάξεως καὶ ἂν ὦσιν ὁἱ ἐγκληματίαι.
οβ΄. Δοθείσης τῆς ἀνωτέρω περιστάσεως, ἔχει
τὴν ἄδειαν, ἂν χρεία καλέση, νὰ κάμνη προσωρινές
στρατιωτικές προβιβασμοὺς, τοὺς ὁποίες ὀφείλει νὰ
γνωστοποιήσῃ πρὸς τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα, διὰ νὰ
ἐγκριθῶσι παρ᾿ αὐτοῦ.
ογ΄. ᾿Οφείλει εἰς διάστημα δύω ἡμερῶν νὰ παρα-
στήσῃ ἐγγράφως καὶ ἀκριβῶς πρὸς τὸ Βελευτικὸν
σῶμα τὰς αἰτίας, διὰ τὰς ὁποίας ἠναγκάσθη νὰ λά-
βη ἔκτακτα μέτρα.
οδ΄ . Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα, ἐπειδὴ διευθύνει
τὰς κατὰ γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν δυνάμεις, δύναται ἐν
καιρῷ πολέμε νὰ λάβῃ τὰ ἀναγκαῖα ἔκτακτα μέσα
διὰ τὴν προμήθειαν κατοικιῶν, τροφῶν, ἐνδυμάτων,
ἐφοδίων, καὶ ἐν συντόμῳ ὅλων τῶν ἀναγκαίων εἰς τὴν
κατὰ γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν δύναμιν τοῦ Ἔθνες.
οέ΄ . Θέλει παῤῥησιάσει εἰς τὴν ἐπίκρισιν τοῦ
Βουλευτικέ σώματος σχέδιον νόμο περὶ τῆς συστά-
σεως παρασήμων τιμῆς, εἰς ἀμοιβὴν τῶν πρὸς τὴν
Πατρίδα ἐκδουλεύσεων.
ος΄ . Ἔχει τὸ δικαίωμα τῆς ἀνταποκρίσεως μὲ τὰς
 ( 81 )
the state of the relations of Greece with these
powers, and the internal situation of the
country.
69. It can displace all the government
agents .
70. In case of need, it convokes the Senate
for an extraordinary sitting.
71. If a crime of high treason were to be
discovered, the Executive Power is entitled to 1

take such measures as it may judge necessary

whatever might be the rank of the guilty.
72. In such a case, it may, if it judges it re-
quisite, provisionally make military promotions,
which it submits to the Senate for its appro-
bation.
73. It must within two days give in detail
to the Senate the reasons which necessitated
these extreme measures .

74. The Executive Power, directing the

forces by sea and land, may, in time of war,
take all the requisite measures for lodging,
provisioning, and equipping the national troops .
75. It is to propose a law for the institution
of decorations as a reward for public services.
76. The Executive Power corresponds with
foreign powers, and may commence negocia-
tions . As for declarations of war, treaties of
peace, and other conventions, it must submit
them for the ratification of the Senate .
G
 ( 82 )

ξένας αὐλὰς, ἐπιχειρήσεως ὁποιαςδήποτε διαπραγ-

ματείας μὲ αὐτάς· τὴν δὲ κήρυξιν πολέμε, καὶ συν-
θήκην εἰρήνης, ὡς καὶ περὶ παντὸς ἄλλε συνθήκην
χρεωστεῖ νὰ τὰς ὑποβάλλῃ εἰς τὸ Βελευτικὸν σῶμα ,
διὰ νὰ τὰς ἐγκρίνη.
οζ΄. Μόνας δὲ τὰς περὶ ἀνακωχῶν ὀλιγοημέρες
συνθήκας δύναται οἰκειοθελῶς νὰ ἀποφασίσῃ κατὰ
τὸν (μέ.), ἀλλὰ καὶ τότε ὀφείλει νὰ ἰδεάσῃ τὸ Βου-
λευτικὸν σῶμα.
οή. Ὀφείλει νὰ παῤῥησιάζῃ εἰς τὸ Βουλευτικὸν
σῶμα κατὰ τὴν ἔναρξιν ἑκάστε ἔτες τὸν ὑποθετικὸν
λογαριασμὸν τῶν ἐξόδων τῆς Διοικήσεως. Εἰς δὲ
τὸ τέλος τὸν ἀκριβῆ λογαριασμὸν τῶν γενομένων προσ-
όδων καὶ ἐξόδων. καὶ οἱ δύο αὐτοὶ λογαριασμοὶ κα-
ταστρώνονται ἀπὸ τὸν ὑπεργὸν τῆς Οἰκονομίας
μὲ τὰς μερικὰς ἀποδείξεις ὅλων τῶν λοιπῶν ὑπερ-
γῶν, δ᾽ αὐτὸ δὲ τὸ πρῶτον ἔτος ὀφείλει νὰ πράξῃ
κατὰ τὸν (μά.)
οθ΄ . Αἱ ἀποφάσεις τῦ Ἐκτελεστικό σώματος
γίνονται διὰ τῆς ψήφο τῶν πλειόνων.
π'. Ἐπ᾿ ἐδεμιᾷ προφάσει καὶ ἐν ἐδεμιᾷ περι-
στάσει δύναται τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν νὰ ἐπιχειρήση
πραγματείας, ἢ νὰ συνδέσῃ συνθήκας, ἀφορώσας τὴν
κατάργησιν τῆς πολιτικῆς τῶ Ἔθνες ὑπάρξεως· δο-
θείσης ταύτης τῆς περιστάσεως, ὁ Πρόεδρος τῦ Ἐκτε-
λεστικῶ ἐλέγχεται, ἐκπίπτει καὶ καταδικάζεται
κατὰ τὸν (μέ.)
πά. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα θέλει προβάλει
σχέδιον νόμε πρὸς τὸ Βελευτικὸν περὶ γενικῆς ἐθνι-
κῆς στρατιωτικῆς στολῆς εἰς γῆν τε καὶ θάλασσαν καὶ
τῆς στολῆς τῶν διαφόρων ἀξιωματικῶν καὶ ὑπεργῶν.
πβ΄. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα θέλει προβάλει
 ( 83 )
77. It can only conclude armistices for a
few days (40), under the obligation too of com-
municating them to the Senate.
78. It is to present to the Senate, at the
beginning of the year, the budget for the pub-
lic service, and at the end a detailed statement
of the receipts and expenses. These two ac-
counts must be drawn up by the Secretary of
Public Economy, and the different acknow-
ledgments of the other Secretaries must be an-
nexed to it. But for the first year the Execu-
tive Power is to follow the Article 41 .
79. Divisions in the Executive are decided
by the majority of votes .
80. The Executive cannot, upon any pretext,
or in any case, undertake negociations or con-
clude treaties dangerous to the national inde-
pendence. In the event of this being at-
tempted, the President becomes stripped of
his office, and is judged and condemned ac-
cording to Article 45.
81. The Executive Power is to propose a
law on the uniform of the land and sea forces,
and of the different public officers and function-
aries.
82. It is in like manner to propose a bill,
suited to the existing resources of Greece, on
the pay of the army, and the salaries of all
employés . G2
 ( 84 )
ὁμοίως σχέδιον νόμε περὶ μισθᾶ τῶν στρατευμάτων
ξηρᾶς τε καὶ θαλάσσης, καὶ ἐν γένει τῶν διαφόρων
ὑπεργῶν τῆς Διοικήσεως ἀναλόγως μὲ τὰς περιστά-
σεις τῆς πατρίδος.

ΤΜΗΜΑ Η΄.
‫او‬

πγ' . Ἂν ἕν τῶν μελῶν τὸ Ἐκτελεστικό σώματος

κατηγορηθῆ, ἀφ᾿ ἧς στιγμῆς ἡ κατηγορία ἀναφανῇ
δεκτή, ὁ κατηγορόμενος θεωρεῖται ἔκπτωτος τῆς
ἀξίαςτε. τόσον δὲ ἡ κατηγορία, ὅσον καὶ ἡ ἀπο-
δοχὴ αὐτῆς καὶ τέλος ἡ ἐξακολέθησις τῆς διαδικα-
σίας γίνεται κατὰ τὸν (νβ΄ .)
πδ΄. Οὐδὲν μέλος τῦ Ἐκτελεστικῶ σώματος καθ-
είργετε πρὸ τῆς παύσεως τῆς ἀξίαςτου. ῾Οσάκις
ἢ δι᾽ ἔκπτωσιν, ἢ δι ἀπεσίαν ἑνὸς τῶν μελῶν τὸ Ἐκτε-
λεστικῶ αἱ ψῆφοι μείνωσιν ἄρτιοι, καὶ ἑπομένως δια-
μερισθῶσιν ἐπίσης εἰς διαφιλονεικεμένας ὑποθέσεις,
τὸ μέρος, μὲ τὸ ὁποῖον εἶναι ἡ ψῆφος τε Προέδρε,
ὑπερισχύει.
πέ. Οσάκις ἡ καθ᾽ ἑνὸς, ἢ πλειόνων ὑπεργῶν
κατηγορία γίνῃ δεκτὴ, ὁ ὑπεργὸς, ἤ ὑπεργοὶ ἐκεῖνοι
θεωρῶνται πραγματικῶς ἔκπτωτοι . ἡ δὲ διαδικασία
αὐτῶν γίνεται κατὰ τὸν (νγ΄.)
πέ. Διὰ τὴν ποινὴν ἐγκλημάτων προδοσίας έναν-
τίον τῆς Πατρίδος, τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν δύναται, χρείας
καλέσης, νὰ συστήσῃ, ὅπε ἡ κεντρικὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος
Διοίκησις εὑρίσκεται, ἰδιαιτέραν ἔκτακτον ἐπιτρο-
πὴν, τῆς ὁποίας ἔργον εἶναι νὰ κρίνῃ ἀνεγκλήτως,
καὶ νὰ κολάζῃ τὲς ἐνόχες, ἄχρι τῆς συστάσεως τῶ
Γενικό Δικαστηρίς τῆς Ἑλλάδος.
 ( 85 )

SECTION VIII .

83. As soon as an accusation against one of

the members of the executive is received, the
accused is considered stripped of his office,
and his trial begins according to the provisions
of Article 52.
84. No member of the Executive can be im-
prisoned before his suspension. As often as,
either by deprivation, or by the absence of a
member, the votes shall be equal, the side with
which the President votes, carries it.
85. As soon as an accusation against the
Secretaries of State is admitted, they are held
to be dismissed, and are judged according to
Article 53 .

86. For the punishment of crimes of high

treason, he Executive may, in case of neces-
sity, establish in the city where the govern-
ment is sitting, a special commission, with
power to judge and condemn without appeal,
till the period when the Supreme Tribunal shall
be established.
 ( 86 )

ΤΙΤΛΟΣ Ε΄. ΤΜΗΜΑ Θ΄.

ΠΕΡΙ ΤΟΥ ΔΙΚΑΣΤΙΚΟΥ.

πζ΄. Τὸ Δικαστικὸν εἶναι ἀνεξάρτητον ἀπὸ τὰς

ἄλλας δύο δυνάμεις, τὴν Ἐκτελεστικὴν καὶ Βελευ-
τικήν.
πή. Σύγκειται ἀπὸ ἕνδεκα μέλη ἐκλεγόμενα ὑπὸ
τῆς Διοικήσεως καὶ ἐκλέγοντα τὸν Πρόεδρόν των.
πθ'. Τὸ Δικανικὸν ἐνεργεῖται διὰ τῶν κριτηρίων,
περὶ τῆς συστάσεως τῶν ὁποίων θέλει προσεχῶς ἐκ-
δοθῆ ὁ ἀναγκαῖος νόμος.
υί. Ἑκάστε Κριτηρίς ἡ περιφέρεια καὶ ὁ γενικὸς
τόπος καὶ ἡ μέθοδος τῶν διαδικασιῶν προσδιορίζον-
ται ἀπὸ τὸν ἐκδοθησόμενον νόμον.
ま、
υιά. Ὁ περὶ Κριτηρίων ἐκδοθησόμενος νόμος βάσιν
θέλει ἔχει τὰ ἑξῆς πέντε ἄρθρα.
υἱβ΄. Νὰ συστηθῇ ἀνώτατον Κριτήριον, ὅπε δια-
τρίβει ἡ Γενικὴ Διοίκησις. εἰς αὐτὸ ν᾿ ἀποφασίζωνται
αἱ πολιτικαὶ καὶ ἐγκληματικαὶ διαδικασίαι ἀνεγ-
κλήτως.
υιγ΄. Εἰς ὅποια μέρη διατρίβεσιν αἱ κατὰ μέρος
 ( 87 )

CHAPTER V.

SECTION IX .

Of the Judicial Power.

87. The Judicial Power is independent of

the two others .
88. It is formed of eleven members, chosen
by the Government, and who choose their
President.
89. Justice shall be administered by tribu-
nals, which are to be shortly named by a spe-
cial law.
90. The jurisdiction of each Tribunal, as well
as the forms and the mode of proceeding, will
be determined by the same law.
91. The Judicial Organization will have for
its basis the five following clauses :
92. A Supreme Tribunal shall be established
at the seat of government, and shall decide
without appeal in all political and criminal
causes .

93. At the respective seats of the Provincial

Governments, wherever are established the Ge-
 ( 88 )

κεντρικαὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος Διοικήσεις, οἷον αἱ Γερο-

σίαι, "Αρειος Πάγος, κ. τ. λ. νὰ συστηθῶσι παρό-
μοια μὲ τὸ γενικὸν τῆς ῾Ελλάδος Κριτήρια, ἀπὸ τὰ
ὁποῖα μόνα νὰ ἀναφέρωνται αἱ διαδικασίαι εἰς τὸ
Γενικὸν τῆς Ἑλλάδος Κριτήριον.
υιδ΄ . Νὰ συστηθῶσι καὶ Κριτήρια ἀνὰ ἕν εἰς τὸ
κέντρον ἑκάστης ἐπαρχίας, ἀφ᾽ ὧν καὶ μόνων νὰ ἀνα-
φέρωνται αἱ διαδικασίαι εἰς τὰ κατὰ μέρος κεντρικὰ
Κριτήρια, οἷον τὸ Κριτήριον τῷ ᾿Αρείς Πάγε, κ.τ.λ.
Ταῦτα ὅμως τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν τὰ Κριτήρια δὲν δικά-
ζεσιν ἐγκληματικὰς διαδικασίας.
υιέ. Νὰ διορισθῇ εἰς ἑκάστην κοινότητα, ἢ χωρίον
εἷς κριτὴς εἰρηνοποιὸς, ὃς τις νὰ κρίνῃ ὑποθέσεις ἄ
χρις ἑκατὸν γροσίων, καὶ ἐν γένει νὰ φροντίζη περὶ
ἐξισάσεως πάσης παρεμπιπτέσης διαφορᾶς.
υις' . Τὲς εἰρηνοποιὲς κριτὰς τῶν χωρίων δύνανται
νὰ κατηγορήσωσι τὰ κριτήρια τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν. τὰ δὲ
Κριτήρια τῶν ἐπαρχιῶν κατηγορῦνται ἀπὸ ἐκεῖνα
τῶν κατὰ μέρη κεντρικῶν Διοικήσεων. καὶ ταῦτα
πάλιν ἀπὸ τὸ Γενικὸν τῆς Ἑλλάδος Δικαστήριον.
υιζ' . Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα νὰ διορίσῃ ἐπιτρο-
πὴν συγκειμένην ἀπὸ τὰ ἐκλεκτότερα καὶ σοφώτερα
μέλη τῆς Ἑλλάδος, τῶν ὁποίων ἡ ἀρετὴ νὰ ἦναι
·ἐγνωσμένη, διὰ νὰ συνθέσωσι κώδικας νόμων πολιτι-
κῶν, ἐγκληματικῶν καὶ ἐμπορικῶν, οἱ ὁποῖοι, καθὼς
καὶ ἅπας νόμος, καθυποβάλλονται εἰς τᾶ Βελευτί-
κᾶ καὶ Ἐκτελεστικῶ σώματος τὴν ἐπίκρισιν καὶ ἐπι-
κύρωσιν.
υιή. Ἄχρι τῆς κοινοποιήσεως τῶν εἰξημένων Κω-
δίκων, αἱ πολιτικαὶ καὶ ἐγκληματικαὶ διαδικασίαι
βάσιν ἔχεσι τὲς νόμες τῶν ἀειμνήστων Χριστιανῶν
 ( 89 )
rousiæ, the Areopagus, &c. there shall be esta-
blished similar Tribunals, but from whose de-
cisions there shall be an appeal to the Supreme
Tribunal of State .
94. Every Province besides shall have a
Central Tribunal, from whose decisions an
appeal shall lie to the High Court of Justice.
But the Provincial Tribunals cannot judge in
criminal cases .
95. There shall be in the principal town of
each Commune, a Justice of the Peace, who
shall decide in all cases, where the litigation
does not regard a sum above a hundred pias-
tres, and shall employ himself in attempting
generally to reconcile the disputes of the citi-
zens .

96. The conduct of the Justices of the Peace

may be controuled by the Provincial Tribunals ;
as these last are to be superintended by the
Tribunals of the separate Governments, and
these again by the Supreme Tribunal of State.
97. The Executive Power will assemble a
commission of citizens, well known for their
information and patriotism, and will direct
them to overlook the system of the civil, crimi-
nal, and commercial legislation of Greece, in
order to submit it for the approbation of the
constituted authority.
 ( 90 )

ἡμῶν Αὐτοκρατόρων, καὶ τὲς παρὰ τὸ Βελευτικέ

καὶ Ἐκτελεστικό σώματος ἐκδιδομένες νόμες. διὰ
δὲ τὰ ἐμπορικὰ, ὁ ἐμπορικὸς τῆς Γαλλίας Κώδιξ
μόνος ἰσχύει εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα.
υιθ. Τὰ βασανιστήρια καταργοῦνται διὰ παντὸς,
καθὼς καὶ ἡ ποινὴ τῆς δημεύσεως.
§ . Μετὰ τὴν σύστασιν τοῦ ὅλε Δικανικοῦ σώ-
ματος οὐδεὶς τῶν κατοίκων τῆς Ἑλλάδος καθείργεται
ἐπὶ λόγῳ ἐγκλήματος ἄνευ τῆς προσταγῆς τοῦ ἀνή-
κοντος Κριτηρίο, ἐκτὸς ἐὰν συλληφθῇ ἐπ᾿ ἀυτοφώρῳ.

ΠΑΡΑΡΤΗΜΑΤΑ .

ρά. Αἱ Γερεσίαι καὶ ὁ Ἄρειος Πάγος καὶ πᾶσα

κατὰ μέρος κεντρικὴ τῆς Ἑλλάδος Διοίκησις, ὀργα-
νισθεῖσα πρὸ τῆς παρούσης γενικῆς τοῦ Ἔθνους
συνελεύσεως, ὑπόκεινται ἐξίσε ἐντελῶς εἰς τὰς ἀπο-
φάσεις τῆς Διοικήσεως.
ρβ΄ . Διορίζεται κατοικία προσωρινὴ τῆς Διοική-
σεως ... Περιστάσεως ὅμως ἀπαιτέσης τὴν μετάθεσίν
της, ἀποφασίζεται κοινῶς παρὰ τῶν δύω σωμάτων,
Ἐκτελεστικοῦ καὶ Βουλευτικοῦ.
 ( 91 )

98. Till these codes are published, civil and

criminal justice will be regulated according to
the legislation of the Greek emperors, and the
acts promulgated by the constituted authority.
With respect to commercial affairs, the French
commercial code will alone have the force of
law in Greece.
99. Tortures and confiscation are abolished.
100. After the definitive institution of a ju-
dicial magistrature, no individual established
in Greece can be thrown into prison without
the order of a competent tribunal, except in a
case of flagrant offence.

APPENDIX .

101. The Gerousiæ, the Areopagus, and

every local government, organized before the
sitting of the national assembly, are uniformly
and entirely subject to the decisions of the cen-
tral government.
102. The government shall have provision-
ally, for a place of residence, the city of
But if circumstances should require
its removal, it may be decreed by the execu-
tive and legislative powers.
 ( 92 )

ργ΄. Ἡ σφραγίς τῆς Διοικήσεως φέρει σημεῖον

χαρακτηριστικὸν τῆς Διοικήσεως τὴν Ἀθηνᾶν μετὰ
τῶν συμβόλων τῆς φρονήσεως.
ρδ΄. Τὰ χρώματα τῦ Ἐθνικοῦ σημείο, καὶ τῶν
σημαιῶν τῆς θαλάσσης καὶ ξηρᾶς διορίζονται τὰ
ἑξῆς, κυανοῦν καὶ λευκόν.
ρέ. Τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν σῶμα θέλει προσδιορίσει τὸν
σχηματισμὸν τῶν σημαιῶν, καὶ τὸ Ἐθνικό σημείο.
§5΄. Τὰ χρώματα τῶν παρασήμων τῆς ἀντιβρα-
βεύσεως, καὶ αἱ τάξεις αὐτῶν θέλεν προσδιορισθῆ
ἀπὸ τὸν περὶ τούτε ἐκδοθησόμενον νόμον.
ρζ΄. Ἡ Διοίκησις χρεωστεῖ παντοιοτρόπως νὰ
περιθάλψῃ τὰς χήρας καὶ ὀρφανὰ τῶν φονευομένων
εἰς τὸν ὑπὲρ πατρίδος πόλεμον.
ρή. Ἡ Διοίκησις χρεωστεῖ βραβεῖα, καὶ ἀμοιβὰς
πρὸς τὰ ἀποδεδειγμένα ὑπὲρ πατρίδος ἀνδραγα-
θήματα, καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πρὸς αὐτὴν ἐκδελεύσεις.
ρθ΄. Οφείλει ἡ Διοίκησις μετὰ τὴν ἀποκατάστα-
σιν τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν πραγμάτων νὰ ἀντιβραβεύση
ὅλες, ὅσοι συνεισέφερον καὶ συνεισφέρουσιν ἄχρι τέλες
εἰς θεραπείαν τῶν χρηματικῶν χρειῶν τῆς Ἑλλάδος,
καὶ νὰ ἀνταμείψῃ τὲς προφανῶς ὑπὲρ αὐτῆς δυστυ-
χήσαντας.
ρί. Ὁ παρὼν ᾿Οργανικὸς Νόμος θέλει ἐκδοθῆ διὰ
τύπων, καὶ κοινοποιηθῆ εἰς ὅλην τὴν ἐπικράτειαν τῆς
Ἑλλάδος. Τὸ δὲ Πρωτότυπον θέλει διατηρηθῆ
εἰς τὰ Ἀρχεῖα τῆ Βελευτικό σώματος.
Λ. ΜΑΥΡΟΚΟΡΔΑΤΟΣ ΠΡΟΕΔΡΟΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΘΝΙΚ.
ΣΥΝΕΛΕΥΣΕΩΣ .

Ἀδὰμ Δούκα. Ἀλέξανδρος Νάξιος.

Ἀθανάσιος Κανακάρης. Ἀλέξιος Τζιμπερόπελος.
 ( 93 )

103. The national seal bears, as its symbol,

Minerva, with the emblems of wisdom.
104. The national colours are blue and white .
105. The executive power will determine the
arrangement of these colours in the banners
and in the national cockade.
106. The colours of the honorary decora-
tions and their ranks will be determined by a
particular law.
107. The government owes protection and
succour to the widows and orphans of those
who die in defending their country.
108. It owes recompenses to distinguished
actions and patriotic services .
109. On the day when the sacred cause
shall have completed its triumph, the govern-
ment will be bound to assist and indemnify all
those who have sacrificed their fortune to sup-
ply the wants of their country in danger.
110. The present Constitutional Law shall be
printed and circulated through Greece. The
original will be preserved among the archives
of the Senate .

ALEXANDER MAVROCORDATO, President of the

National Assembly.
Adam Douca. Alexander Naxius .
Athanasius Canacari. Alexis Zimpouropoulo .
 ( 94 )
Αναγνώστης Μοναρχίδης. ᾿Ιωάννης ᾿Ορλάνδος.
Ἀναγνώστης Οἰκονόμος. Ἰωάννης Παππαδιαμαν-
Αναγνώστης Παππαγια- τόπελος.
νόπελος. Ἰωάννης Σκανδαλίδης.
Ἀναστάσιος Ἀναγ . Λοιδο- Κ. Μανόλη .
ρίκη. Κυριακός Τσίκας.
Ἀνδρέας Χ. Αναργύρε. Κωνσταντὴς Σεπεντζῆς.
Ανδρέας Ζαΐμης. Λάμπρος Ἀλεξάνδρε.
Ἄνθιμος Γαζής. Λάμπρος Νάκε.
Βασίλης Ν. Μπετέρης. Μανόλης Νικολάς Τεμ-
Γερμανὸς Π. Πατρῶν. πάζη .
Γεώργιος Αἰνιὰν. Νεόφυτος Ταλαντίς.
Γεώργιος Ἀποστόλε. Νικόλαος Δημητρίς Λα-
Γεώργιος Μπέκερης. ζαρῆ.
Γεώργιος Παππακλιόπε- Πανέτζος Νοταρᾶς.
λος. Πετρόμπεης Μαυρομι-
Γεώργιος Ψύλλας . χάλης .
Γιαννάκης Πλακωτῆς . Π. Σκυλίτζης Ὁμ.
Γιαννούλης Καραμάνος. Πολυχρόνιος Τζανέτε.
Γιαννοῦτζος Κόντες. Σπυρίδων Κορκεμέλης.
Γκίκας Μπόταση. Σπυρίδων Πατέσας .
Γρηγόριος Κωνσταντᾶς. Σωτήρης Δέρος .
Διονύσιος Πετράκης. Σωτήριος . Χαραλάμπη .
Δοσίθεος Λιτζᾶς καὶ Φ. Βέλγαρης.
Ἀγράφων. Φώτιος Καραπάνε .
Δρόσσος Μανσόλας. Φῶτος Μπόμπορης .
Ζαχαρίας Παναγιωτίδης . Χαράλαμπος Παππαγε-
Ζώης Πάνε . ωργία .
Θ. Νέγρης . Χ. Γιάννης Μέξης .
Ἰωάννης Βιζούλας . Χ. Κυριαζῆς.
Ἰωάννης Κολέττης. Χριστόδελος Κούτζης.
Ἰωάννης Λογοθέτης .
 ( 95 )
Anagnostes Monarchides. John Logotheti.
Anagnostes Economus . John Orlando .

Anagnostes Pappajanno- JohnPappadiamantopoulo.

poulo. John Scandalides .
Anastasius An. Lidoriki. C. Manoli.
Andreas Anargyrus . Cyriacus Tzica.
Andreas Zaïmi. Constantine Sepentzi.
Anthimus Gazi. Lamprus Alexander.
Basil N. Boudouri. Lamprus Naco.
Germanus, Archbishop of Emmanuel Nicholas
Patras . Toumbasi.
George Enian. Neophytus, Bishop of Ta-
George Agostoli. lantium .
George Boucouri. Nicholas Demetrius La-
zari .
George Pappakliopoulo .
George Psyllas . Panoutzo Notaras .
Jiannaki Placoti. Petrobey Mavromichali.
Jiannouli Caramano . P. Skylitzi Homer.
Jiannoutzo Contes . Polychronius Zaneto.
Ghica Botassi. Spiridion Corcoumeli.
Gregory Constantas . Spiridion Patoussa.
Dennis Petraki. Sotiri Douro.

Dositheus, Bishop of Lit- Sotiri Charalampi.

za and Agrapha. Ph. Boulgari .
Drossus Mansola. Photius Carapano.
Zachary Panagiotides . Photo Bobori .
Zoës Pano . CharalampusPappageorge.
Th. Negri. John Mexi .
John Visoula. C. Cyriazi.
John Coletti . Christodoulus Coutzi.
 ( 96 )

ΔΙΑΚΗΡΥΞΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΘΝΙΚΗΣ ΣΥΝ-

ΕΛΕΥΣΕΩΣ .

Ἀπόγονοι τοῦ σοφοῦ καὶ φιλανθρώπου ἔθνους τῶν

Ἑλλήνων, σύγχρονοι τῶν νῦν πεφωτισμένων καὶ εὐνο-
μουμένων λαῶν τῆς Εὐρώπης, καὶθεαταὶ τῶν καλῶν,
τὰ ὁποῖα οὗτοι ὑπὸ τὴν ἀδιάῤῥηκτον τῶν νόμων Αἰ-
γίδα ἀπολαμβάνουσιν, ἦτον ἀδύνατον πλέον νὰ ὑπο-
φέρωμεν μέχρις ἀναλγησίας καὶ εὐηθίας τὴν σκλη-
ρὰν τοῦ Ὀθωμανικοῦ κράτους μάστιγα, ἥ τις ἤδη
τέσσαρας περίπου αἰῶνας ἐπάταζε τὰς κεφαλὰς
ἡμῶν, καὶ ἀντὶ τοῦ λόγου τὴν θέλησιν ὡς νόμον
γνωρίζουσα, διώκει καὶ διέταττε τὰ πάντα δεσπο-
τικῶς καὶ αὐτογνωμόνως. Μετὰ μακρὰν δουλείαν
ἠναγκάσθημεν τέλος πάντων νὰ λάβωμεν τὰ ὅπλα
εἰς χεῖρας, καὶ νὰ ἐκδικήσωμεν ἑαυτοὺς, καὶ τὴν
Πατρίδα ἡμῶν ἀπὸ μίαν τοιαύτην φρικτὴν, καὶ ὡς
πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτῆς ἄδικον τυραννίαν, ἥτις οὐδε-
μίαν ἄλλην εἶχεν ὁμοίαν, ἢ κἂν δυναμένην ὁπωσοῦν
μετ᾿ αὐτῆς νὰ παραβληθῇ δυναστείαν.
Ὁ κατὰ τῶν Τούρκων πόλεμος ἡμῶν, μακρὰν
τοῦ νὰ στηρίζηται εἰς ἀρχάς τινας δημαγωγικὰς
καὶ στασιώδεις, ἢ ἰδιωφελεῖς μέρους τινὸς τοῦ σύμ-
παντος ῾Ἑλληνικοῦ ἔθνους σκοπούς, εἶναι πόλεμος
ἐθνικὸς, πόλεμος ἱερὸς, πόλεμος, τοῦ ὁποίου ἡ μόνη
αἰτία εἶναι ἡ ἀνάκτησις τῶν δικαίων τῆς προσωπικῆς
ἡμῶν ἐλευθερίας, τῆς ἰδιοκτησίας καὶ τῆς τιμῆς, τὰ
ὁποῖα, ἐν ᾧ τὴν σήμερον ὅλοι οἱ εὐνομούμενοι καὶ
 ( 97 )

THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TO THE GREEKS .

DESCENDANTS of a generous and enlightened

nation, witnesses of the happiness which the
sacred ægis of Law secures to the civilized na-
tions of Europe ! Ye all know, that the mea-
sure of our sufferings was full. It was im-
possible for us any longer to bear, without
being charged with cowardice and with stu-
pidity, the cruel scourge of the Ottoman rule.
Has not the Turk, during four centuries, tram-
pling under foot reason and justice, disposed
of us as his caprice prompted ? We flew to
arms then, in order to avenge the injuries
which an insolent tyrant had heaped on our
country ; a tyranny, utterly unexampled, and
which left far behind all the various shapes of
oppression which have ever desolated and dyed
with carnage the earth.

Our warfare against the Turks, far from

being the effect of a seditious and jacobinical
movement, or the pretext of an ambitious fac-
tion, is a national war, undertaken for the sole
purpose of reconquering our rights, and se-
H
 ( 98 )

γειτονικοὶ λαοὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ χαίρουσιν, ἀπὸ ἡμᾶς

μόνον ἡ σκληρὰ καὶ ἀπαραδειγμάτιστος τῶν ᾿Ὀθω-
μανῶν τυραννία ἐπροσπάθησε μὲ βίαν ν᾿ ἀφαιρέση,
καὶ ἐντὸς τοῦ στήθους ἡμῶν νὰ τὰ πνίξῃ. Εἴχομεν
ἡμεῖς τάχα ὀλιγώτερον παρὰ τὰ λοιπὰ ἔθνη λόγον
διὰ νὰ στερώμεθα ἐκείνων τῶν δικαίων, ἢ εἴμεθα
φύσεως κατωτέρας καὶ ἀχρειεστέρας, διὰ νὰ νομιζώ-
μεθα ἀνάξιοι αὐτῶν, καὶ καταδικασμένοι εἰς αἰώνιον
δουλείαν, νὰ ἕρπωμεν ὡς κτήνη καὶ αὐτόματα εἰς
τὴν ἄλογον θέλησιν ἑνὸς ἀπηνοῦς τυράννου, ὅς τις
ληστρικῶς καὶ ἄνευ τινὸς συνθήκης ἦλθε μακρόθεν
νὰ μᾶς καθυποτάξη ; Δίκαια, τὰ ὁποῖα ἡ φύσις
ἐνέσπειρε βαθέως εἰς τὴν καρδίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων, καὶ
τὰὁποῖα οἱ νόμοι, σύμφωνοι μὲ τὴν φύσιν, καθιέρωσαν,
ὄχι τριῶν ἢ τεσσάρων, ἀλλὰ καὶ χιλίων καὶ μυρίων
αἰώνων τυραννία δὲν δύναται νὰ ἐξαλείψῃ, καὶ ἂν ἡ
βία, ἢ ἡ ἰσχὺς πρὸς καιρὸν τὰ καταπλακώσῃ, ταῦτα
πάλιν, ἀπαλαίωτα καὶ ἀνεξάλειπτα καθ᾽ ἑαυτὰ, ἡ
ἰσχὺς ἐμπορεῖ ν᾿ ἀποκαταστήσῃ καὶ ἀναδείξῃ, οἷα
καὶ πρότερον καὶ ἀπ᾿ αἰώνων ἦσαν· δίκαια τέλος
πάντων, τὰ ὁποῖα δὲν ἐπαύσαμεν μὲ τὰ ὅπλα νὰ
ὑπερασπιζώμεθα ἐντὸς τῆς Ἑλλάδος, ὅπως οἱ καιροὶ
καὶ αἱ περιστάσεις ἐπέτρεπον.
Ἀπὸ τοιαύτας ἀρχὰς τῶν φυσικῶν δικαίων
ὁρμώμενοι, καὶ θέλοντες νὰ ἐξομοιωθῶμεν μὲ τοὺς
λοιποὺς συναδελφούς μας Εὐρωπαίους χριστιανοὺς,
ἐκινήσαμεν τὸν πόλεμον κατὰ τῶν Τούρκων,
μᾶλλον δὲ τοὺς κατὰ μέρος πολέμους ἑνώσαντες,
ὁμοθυμαδὸν ἐκστρατεύσαμεν, ἀποφασίσαντες ἢ νὰ
ἐπιτύχωμεν τὸν σκοπόν μας, καὶ νὰ διοικηθῶμεν μὲ
νόμους δικαίους, ἢ νὰ χαθῶμεν ἐξολοκλήρου, κρί
 ( 99 )
curing our existence and honour. In vain did
injustice, by depriving us of all securities,
hope to stifle in our hearts the conviction of
their necessity. As if, formed out of the vilest
materials, we were condemned by nature to per-
petual servitude ; doomed to crouch beneath
the wild sway of ferocious tyrants, who came
from afar to subdue and to crush us ! 'No, a
thousand ages of prescription would not bar
the sacred rights, whose creation was the work
of nature herself. They were torn from us by
violence; and violence, more righteously direct-
ed, may one day win them back, and hold
them forth in all their reviving brilliancy to the
admiration of the whole universe. In a word,
they are rights which we have never ceased re-
demanding in the very heart of our country,
by every method which occasional opportuni-
ties ever placed in our power.

Strong in these principles, and wishing to

advance as the equals of the Christians of
Europe, in the paths of civilization, we com-
bined into one great war all the partial and
secret conflicts which we had long waged
against the Ottoman empire. We swore to
conquer, and to behold our country governed
by just laws, or to disappear from the face of
H2
 ( 100 )

νοντες ἀνάξιον νὰ ζῶμεν πλέον ἡμεῖς οἱ ἀπόγονοί

τοῦ περικλεοῦς ἐκείνου ἔθνους τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὑπὸ
δουλείαν τοιαύτην, ἰδίαν μᾶλλον τῶν ἀλόγων ζώων,
παρὰ τῶν λογικῶν ὄντων. Δέκα μῆνες ἤδη παρῆλ-
θον, ἀφ᾽ οὗ ἡρχίσαμεν νὰ τρέχωμεν τοῦτο τὸ στά-
διον τοῦ ἐθνικοῦ πολέμου. Ὁ ὕψιστος Θεὸς μᾶς
ἐβοήθησε, καὶ τοι ὄχι ἱκανὰ προπαρεσκευασμένους,
εἰς τὸ τοιοῦτον μέγα τῷ ὄντι ἐπιχείρημα· τὰ ὅπλα μας
ἐφάνησαν πολλαχοῦ νικηφόρα, πλὴν καὶ πολλαχοῦ
εὗρον, καὶ εἰσέτι εὑρίσκουσιν ἀντίστασιν ὄχι μικράν·.
περιστάσεις ἐναντίαι μᾶς ἀπήντησαν, καὶ ταύτας νὰ
ἐξομαλίσωμεν ἕως ὥρας ἐνησχολούμεθα. Ὅθεν δὲν
πρέπει νὰ φανῇ παράξενον, ἂν ἄχρι τέδε ἀνεβά-
λομεν τὴν πολιτικὴν τῆς πατρίδος μας διάταξιν, ἂν
δὲν ἐπροφθάσαμεν νὰ κηρύξωμεν τὴν ἀνεξαρτησίαν
ἡμῶν, καὶ νὰ ἀναφανῶμεν ὡς ἔθνος ἐνώπιον πάντων
τῶν εὐνομουμένων λαῶν καὶ ἁπάσης τῆς Οἰκουμένης.
Πρὶν περὶ τὴς φυσικῆς ἡμῶν ὑπάρξεως ὁπωσοῦν βε-
βαιωθῶμεν, ἦτον ἀδύνατον νὰ σκεφθῶμεν καὶ περὶ
τῆς πολιτικῆς· ἔστωσαν λοιπὸν τὰ εἰρημένα εἰς μὲν
τοὺς ἄλλους ἱκανὴ ἀπολογία τῆς ἀναβολῆς μας,
εἰς ἡμᾶς δὲ παραμυθία διὰ τὴν ἐπικρατήσασαν
ἀταξίαν.
Ἤδη δὲ, ὅτε αἱ ἐναντίαι περιστάσεις ἤρχισαν
νὰ ἐξομαλίζωνται, ἀπεφασίσαμεν, ἢ μᾶλλον ἦνα-
γκάσθημεν νὰ ὀργανίσωμεν καὶ σύνταγμα πολιτικὸν
τῆς Ἑλλάδος· καὶ πρῶτον μὲν κατὰ μέρος, οἷον τὸ
τῆς Ἀνατολικῆς Χέρσου Ἑλλάδος, τὸ τῆς Δυτικῆς
Χέρσου Ἑλλάδος, τὸ τῆς Πελοποννήσου, τὸ τῶν
Νήσων, κ. τ. λ. Ἀλλ᾿ ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα ἀπέβλεπον
μᾶλλον τὰς μερικωτέρας σχέσεις, καθ᾽ ἂς ἑκάστη
 ( 101 )
the earth. During ten months God has blest
our steps in this glorious but rugged road.
Our arms have been often victorious, but often
have they experienced resistance. We are
struggling to remove the obstacles which retard
our triumph . Our political organization was
then deferred, and the nation, solely occupied
in repelling a lasting danger, foresaw that ap-
pearance of disorder which ever follows great
movements, and which only the injudicious can
make a matter of reproach against us .

As soon as circumstances allowed us to

think of a plan of government, we saw the
Greek continent of east and west, the Pelo-
ponnesus, and the islands, successively pro-
ceed in their organization, and prepare the
way for that general constitutional system
which was necessary to direct the chances of
our revolution. For this purpose, the deputies
of the provinces and of the islands, being
:
duly authorized, and having met in a national
assembly, and after deliberately considering
the state of the country, have decreed the
basis and the provisional form of the government
 ( 102 )

τῶν εἰρημένων ἐπαρχιῶν καὶ νήσων ὤφειλε νὰ διατα-

χθῇ καὶ διοικηθῆ, διὰ τῶτο ἦτον ἀνάγκη πᾶσα ἑπο-
μένως νὰ γενῆ καὶ ἓν ἄλλο γενικὸν προσωρινὸν πολί-
τευμα, εἰς ὅλα τὰ πράγματα καὶ εἰς ὅλας τὰς ἐσωτε-
ρικὰς καὶ ἐξωτερικὰς σχέσεις τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐπεκτεινό-
μενον. Πρὸςτέτε τὴνκατασκευὴνκαὶ σύνταξιν αἱκατὰ
μέρος ἐπαρχίαι καὶ νῆσοι ἔπεμψαν τοὺς πληρεξουσίους
Παραστάτας των· οὗτοι λοιπὸν, ἐν ἐθνικῆ συνελεύσει,
σκεφθέντες καὶ μελετήσαντες ἱκανῶς περὶ τῶν κοινῶν
πραγμάτων, ὠργάνισαν μίαν προσωρινὴν διοίκησιν,
καθ᾽ ἂν ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἅπασα μέλλει νὰ κυβερνηθῇ
ἐφεξῆς. Ταύτην, καὶ ἁπλῶς μὲν ὡς ἐπὶ τῆς βάσεως
τὲ δικαίου καὶ τῶν ὀρθῶν νόμων ἐστηριγμένην, καὶ ἐν
μέρει δὲ καθὸ ὠργανισμένην κοινῇ τῶν Ἑλλήνων
γνώμῃ, ὀφείλουσιν ὅλοι οἱ λαοὶ, κάτοικοι τῆς Ἑλλάδος
ν᾿ ἀναγνωρίζωσι μόνην ἔννομον καὶ ἐθνικὴν Διοίκησιν,
ἀναλόγως προσφερόμενοι.
Τὰ συνιστῶντα τὴν Διοίκησιν σώματα εἶναι δύο,
τὸ Ἐκτελεστικὸν καὶ τὸ Βουλευτικὸν, ἀπὸ τὰ ὁποῖα
διορίζεται καὶ τὸ Δικαστικὸν, ἀνεξάρτητον ὅμως ἀπὸ
ἐκεῖνα διόλου.
Ταῦτα διακηρύττει ἡ ἐθνικὴ Συνέλευσις πρὸς τὸ
Πανελλήνιον, ἓν καὶ μόνον προσεπιφέρουσα, ὅτι αὐτῆς
μὲν ἐπεραιώθη τὸ ἔργον, καὶ διαλύεται σήμερον·
ἔργον δὲ τῶ Ἑλληνικῶ λαῖ καὶ χρέος εἶναι νὰ φανῇ
εὐπειθὴς καὶ ὑπήκοος εἰς τὰς νόμες καὶ τὰς ἐκτε-
λεστὰς καὶ ὑπουργὲς τῶν νόμων. Ἕλληνες ! εἴπατε
πρὸ ὀλίγε, ὅτι δὲν θέλετε δουλείαν, καὶ ὁ τύραννος
χάνεται καθημέραν ἀπὸ τὸ μέσον σας· ἀλλὰ μόνη
ἡ μεταξύ σας ὁμόνοια καὶ ἀκριβὴς ὑποταγὴ εἰς τὴν
Διοίκησιν ἐμπορεῖ νὰ στερεώσῃ τὴν ἀνεξαρτησίαν σας.
 ( 103 )

which is to preside over the destinies of your

country. This government, founded on justice,
instituted by universal consent, is now the
only legitimate and national government. The
nations of Greece will then hasten to recog-
nize it.

Two august bodies, the Executive Power

and the Senate, will be at the head of the ad-
ministration, supported by the Judicial Power,
which will discharge its duties quite indepen-
dently.

The Assembly declares to the nation, that,

having completed its task, it this day dissolves
itself. It is the duty of the nation to submit
to the laws and the authorities which emanate
from it. Grecians ! but a little while since,
ye said, " No more slavery !" and the power of
the tyrant has vanished. But it is concord
alone which can consolidate your liberty and
your independence. The Assembly offers up
its prayers, that the mighty arm of the Most
High may raise the nation towards the sanc-
tuary of his eternal wisdom. Thus discerning
their true interests, the magistrates, by a vigi-
 ( 104 )

εἴθε ὁ κραταιὸς τοῦ Ὑψίστου βραχίων ν᾿ ἀνυψώση

καὶ ἀρχομένους καὶ ἄρχοντας, τὴν Ἑλλάδα ὁλό-
κληρον, πρὸς τὴν πάρεδρον αὐτῶ σοφίαν, ὥστε ν᾿ ἀνα-
γνωρίσωσι τ᾽ ἀληθῆτων ἀμοιβαῖα συμφέροντα, καὶ
οἱ μὲν διὰ τῆς προνοίας, οἱ δὲ λαοὶ διὰ τῆς εὐπειθείας
νὰ στερεώσωσι τῆς κοινῆς ἡμῶν Πατρίδος τὴν πολύ-
ευκτον εὐτυχίαν· εἴθε ! εἴθε !
Ἐν Ἐπιδαύρῳ τὴν ιέ. Ἰαννουαρ.
ά. τῆς Ἀνεξαρτησίας (αωκβ. )
 ( 105 )

lant foresight, the people by a sincere devotion,

will succeed in founding the long-desired pros-
perity of our common country.
EPIDAURUS ,
The 15th of January, 1822, and the
First Year of Independence.
 ( 106 )

DECLARATION OF BLOCKADE .

THE Greek nation is with one spontaneous

movement combating tyranny. Its rights are
well known. Its object is to put a stop to ini-
quity, at the price of great sacrifices, from
which it proposes to benefit without compro-
mising the interest of any just and moral com-
munity. Sensible of its duties, as well as of
its rights, it has proclaimed its independence,
and established a government, charged to fulfil
the first and to protect the second. But, inas-
much as this government can only obtain this
great national object by depriving the enemy
of all means of resistance, availing itself of
the common law of nations and of Europe, it
hereby declares in a state of blockade all the
maritime posts occupied by the Turks, as well
in Epirus as in the Peloponnesus, Eubœa, and
Thessaly, as likewise the ports in the Ægean
sea, the Sporades and Crete, still belonging to
the enemy. In consequence, if ships of any
flag whatever, after having been duly warned
by the commanders of the Greek fleet, still
attempt to introduce themselves into the above-
mentioned places, they will be stopped, and
 ( 107 )
treated according to the rules used in similar
cases . The notification by Greek captains
to foreign vessels shall be continued until the
government is convinced that the present de-
claration has reached its proper destination.
The present official act shall be communicated
to all the consuls of friendly powers, residing
on the Greek territory.
Given at Corinth, the 31st of March, 1822.
The President of the Executive Power,
A. MAVROCORDATO.
The Secretary of State,
TH. NEGRI.

:
 ( 108 )

DECLARATION TO THE CHRISTIAN POWERS.

The great struggle in which the Greek nation

is engaged, has occupied Europe, as it will
the pens of historians. From the first mo-
ment, all hearts, imbued with honour and sen-
sibility, applauded these words " Greece is
fighting for liberty." A prey to the most humi-
liating and harsh oppression, she excited the
pity of the whole civilized world. Humani-
ty loudly claimed the deliverance of her bene-
factress. Justice, prostrate before the throne
of the Most High, accused those who pro-
faned the mysteries of Christ, plundered all
property, and caused the tears of the widow
and the orphan to flow.
Whence comes it that European policy, far
from aiding such virtuous efforts, suffers itself
to be deceived as to their tendency ? Whence
comes it, that an unprecedented malevolence
endeavoured to calumniate the views of an op-
pressed nation, and to darken the brilliancy of
actions which at least had no need of excuse ?
Had not the insurrection at once its reason and
justification in previous oppression ? Was not
armed Despair the only protectress capable of
 ( 109 )

redressing our wrongs ? Whatever may have

been the occasion on which the revolution
burst forth, whatever may have been the cir-
cumstances of its origin, it is proved to have
been founded on the universal discontent,
whose consequences were sooner or later to in-
clude all Greece in one conflagration. The
Greeks were serving foreign masters, inexorable
tyrants, insatiable tigers ! No compact bound
them to the foreign power, which, in the mad-
ness of its pride, claimed to rule them by mere
brute force for ever-The time was come, not
to overthrow a national and respected sove-
reignty, for some chimera of perfectibility, but
to break a sceptre of iron, to repel force by
force, and to substitute immutable rights for
atrocious realities . Besides, what disasters
could be feared, greater or more monstrous
than those which were afflicting Candia,
Epirus, and the Morea ? An execrable admi-
nistration was sucking the last drop of blood
from the veins of the political body. The com-
plaints of the oppressed expired before they
reached the Sublime Porte, as Destiny, that
merciless goddess, used to see the incense of
mortals melt away before her temple of iron.
Already a conversion to Mahometanism ap-
peared their sole safe-guard to the wretched
 ( 110 )
population ; and what would have become of the
sacred claims which the Gospel has acquired to
the pious gratitude of the Greeks ? Would
Europe have wished to see the consummation
of this gigantic act of apostacy ? Would she,
though proud of a Christian Holy Alliance, have
sanctioned afresh the triumph of the Arabian
code over Christianity, of barbarism over
civilization ? :

We did right in taking up arms, if it was

only to fall with honour; and when the first
step was trodden, it was necessary to advance.
The revolution, popular in its motives, became
still more so in its progress. The frightful acts
of vengeance exercised on so many distin-
guished persons, on so many illustrious families,
pointed out the abyss into which the entire
nation would fall, if it had the baseness to
yield. What security could it obtain against
the violators of all law ? It is thus that the
Greeks have chosen the desperate alternative
of perishing or of being delivered. And they
would in fact have perished, if Providence had
not hitherto vouchsafed the miracle of our suc-
cesses . For the last thirteen months, God has
aided the work of the righteous. They see
the all-powerful hand, which created this har-
monious system of worlds, laid heavily on both
 ( 111 )
nations and kings, repairing the ravages of
time, and distributing the compensations of
ages. Greece, abandoned by the rest of the
earth, with the volume of her past splendour,
and her woes, and her rights, in her hand-
Greece will still pursue her arduous career.
Her cities sacked, her villages burnt, her po-
pulation decimated, her fields ravaged, bear
witness to her proud determination. Crushed
by numbers, she will yet wash out her defeats
in her blood. What will be the feelings of
Europe towards her ? Assembled Greece has
solemnly proclaimed her independence, and has
given herself a government, surrounded by
national emblems, having for its first object the
welfare of Greece, and not the interest of a sect :
This legitimate organ of the nation has thought it
due equally to itself and to the people, to lay
the preceding statement before the Christian
Powers. Honour and Hope will guide Grecian
Constancy through the gloom of futurity. The
Greeks aim at peace combined with indepen-
dence, and at the political fruits of civilization.
They protest beforehand against any violation
of their rights, so lately purchased by the most
heroic sacrifices. In a word, humanity, religion,
interest, all plead in their favour. It is for the
powers of Christendom to decide on this oc-
 ( 112 )

casion, what legacy they propose bequeathing

to history, and to posterity.

Given at Corinth, the 15th April, 1822.

The members of the Central Government of
Greece,
A. MAVROCORDATO, President,
ATHANASIUS CANACARI , Vice-President,
ANAGNOSTI PAPPAIANNOPOULO,
JOHN ORLANDO,
JOHN LOGOTHETI .

The Secretary of State,

TH . NEGRI .
 ( 113 )

TO THE CHRISTIAN MONARCHS, MET AT THE

CONGRESS OF VERONA .

EIGHTEEN months have elapsed since Greece

has been struggling against the enemies of the
Christian name. All the forces of Islamism
are united against her. All Musulman Europe,
Asia, and Africa, are arming with emulation, in
order to support the hand of iron, whose
weight has so long pressed upon the Greek
nation, and which is now endeavouring to give
it the death-blow. Twice, since the com-
mencement of this struggle, has Greece raised
her voice, through the medium of her lawful
Representatives, in order to obtain, if not the
aid, at least the neutrality of the Christian
powers of Europe.
Now that an assembly of sovereigns is so-
lemnly deliberating in the Italian Peninsula on
the great interests of the human race ; whilst
all nations are expecting from it the mainte-
nance ofpeace, the security of their rights, and
the triumph ofjustice; the Provisional Govern-
ment of Greece would think it betrayed its
duties, if it did not once more express to the
illustrious Allies the state of the nation which it
I
 ( 114 )

represents, its rights and its legitimate wishes,

as well as the fixed resolution of every Greek to
obtain justice before a tribunal of Christian
Powers, as we have found favour before the
Great Judge of all things, or to die a freeman
and Christian. Torrents of blood have been
shed ; but the banner of the Cross, every where
victorious, floats on the ramparts of all the
cities of Peloponnesus, in Attica, Eubœa, in
Bœotia, in Acarnania, in Ætolia, and in a great
part of Thessaly and Epirus, as well as in
Crete, and in the islands of the Ægean. Such
has been the progress, such is the situation of
the Greek nation.
In this state of things, it must be evident to
all those who are acquainted with Turkey, that
the Greeks cannot lay down their arms, before
they have obtained, either by force or by some
other means, the pledges of an independent
and national existence, since these guarantees
alone can secure them freedom of worship, and
security for the life, property, and honour of
every citizen. If Europe, urged by the desire
of preserving tranquillity, contents itself with
negociating with the Ottoman Porte, in order
to include the Greek nation in this system of
general peace, the Provisional Government of
Greece hastens to declare, by this present do
 ( 115 )

cument, that it will not conclude any treaty,

however advantageous it may be, before its
deputies have been admitted to defend its
cause, to unfold its grievances, and to make
known its rights, its wants, and its dearest
interests .

The principles of religion, humanity, and

justice, which animate the assembled sove-
reigns, allow the Provisional Government of
Greece to hope that its just claims will be ad-
mitted.
If, contrary to all expectation, they are
rejected, the present Declaration will serve
at once as a formal protestation laid by all
Greece before the throne of Heavenly Jus-
tice, addressed in perfect confidence by a
Christian people to Europe, and to the great
family of Christianity. Weak and deserted,
the Greeks will then have no hope but in the
all-powerful God ; sustained by his mighty
hand they will never bend beneath tyranny.
Since we have remained, through four hun-
dred years of persecution, faithful to our
Saviour and Lord, we will, to our dying gasp,
defend his holy Church, our hearths, and our
tombs ; happy, whether we descend to them
still Christians and Freemen, or conquer, as
12
 ( 116 )
we have conquered hitherto, by the force only
of the arms of Jesus Christ, and by his heaven-
ly aid .

Given at Argos, this 29th of August, 1822.

(In the absence of the President of the Execu-

tive Power,)
(Signed) ATHANASIUS CANACARI,
Vice-President.

Secretary of State, TH. NEGRI.

A true Copy, A. GR. METAXAS.

Ancona, Jan. 2, 1823.

 ( 117 )

APPENDIX .

THE Second Congress of Greece has been

convoked on the 10th of April, 1823, at Astros.
The ancient Bey of Maina, Mavromichali, has
been named president of it. The first act of
the Congress was to appoint a Commission,
composed of seven members, charged with the
{
revision of the fundamental law of Epidaurus,
and empowered to make in it such alterations,
if called for, as an enlightened experience might
seem to require. The Congress has afterwards
dissolved the various local Juntas established
on the Continent, and in the islands. The mo-
tive for dissolving them was the impediments
which they created by the complication and
slowness which they produced in the progress
of government-a slowness which, in time of
war, might be attended with fatal consequences .
All the provinces and islands at present depend
immediately upon the General Government.
 ( 118 )
By a third decree the Congress decides, that
every command in chief, as well by land as
by sea, is to last only as long as the expedition
for which it has been confided . At the end of
the expedition, the citizen, entrusted with the
command, returns to his original military rank.
The general and perpetual direction of the land
and sea-forces belongs to the government only.
By another act, the Congress has given provi-
sionally to the military code of France the force
of a law in Greece, with a few modifications.
The Congress then appointed a Commission
composed of nine members, whom it charged
to extract from the Basilican codes the penal
laws most requisite and most suitable to the
feelings and to the actual state of the nation.
A proposal concerning ecclesiastical juris-
diction was at the same time presented to the
assembly. The Congress decided, that, after
the commencement of the second period of
* The commands in chief, to which this decree alludes, are
two : the one by land, called the Archistrategia; the other by
sea, called the Archinavarchia.
† This is the code which immediately succeeded the laws of
Justinian, and which forms the basis of what is called the
Greek-Roman Code. It has never ceased to have among the
Greeks force of law down to our days. See, on this subject,
an article, which appeared, long before the Greek revolution, in
the Themis or Law-Library, vol. i. p. 201.
 ( 119 )
government, the minister of religion should
make a report relative to this organization, and
that the government would subsequently devote
to this subject all the attention which it de-
served .

The Congress concludes its functions by the

following
DECLARATION .
The third year of our war of independence
is already begun ; and our enemy, vanquished
wherever he has shown himself, has from all his
preparations reaped only a harvest of incessant
humiliations and losses. And whilst our victo-
rious armies, nobly supporting by sea and land
the independence of Greece, made the echoing
glory of their arms pierce to the very heart of
Byzantium, the nation was internally perfecting
its political organization .

After declaring its independence at Epidau-

rus, the Senate pursued with perseverance its
legislative labours, and devoted all the cares
necessary to the consolidation of government.
Sixteen months had elapsed since our first
General Assembly, when the present National
Congress was convoked, according to the Con-
stitution, at Astros. A scrupulous revision of
the most important fundamental laws was
what occupied its first deliberations. The
 ( 120 )
Congress afterwards bestowed its attention on
the yearly expenditure, and carefully regulated
all that related to the land and sea forces; it
concluded by establishing, according to the
fundamental law of Epidaurus, the second
cycle of government, into whose hands it now
surrenders full power, and whom it recognizes
as discharging the most important duties .
Before its dissolution, the Congress, the legi-
timate organ of the nation which it represents,
declares, for the second time, before God and
before men, the political existence and indepen-
dence of Greece. It is for the recovery of these
blessings, seized by foreign violence, that the
Greek nation has for more than two years been
shedding its most precious blood. Relying
upon their incontestable rights, the Greeks
will continue their struggle, with the determi-
nation to rescue from the usurper the rights of
which he robbed them by violence, and to
succeed in procuring the recognition of the
perfect independence of Greece, for the glory
of the holy Christian religion, and for the hap-
piness of the nation; or to descend into the
grave, to the last man, like true Christians and
freemen. Such is the resolution to which they
have sworn, for that cherished freedom which
they have not learned to value at the recom
 ( 121 )
mendation of strangers, as has been said, but
which is the natural property of the nation.
The very earth on which they tread reminds
them that liberty is their birthright, by all the
endless recollections with which it abounds,
and which at every step show the traces of all
our glorious and reiterated struggles for inde-
pendence, of all our illustrious victories ob-
tained over barbarians .
Such are the legislative labours with which
the Congress has been occupied ; such is the
declaration which its members were specially
charged by their constituents to make before
the whole world, in favour of that independence
for which the people has taken up arms. In that
is expressed the unanimous feeling of the nations
of Greece ; their sole and immutable object is
the establishment in their country of that civi-
lization which sheds its blessings over the states
of Europe-states which they wish to resemble,
and from whom they trust always to obtain the
good wishes and the succours which justice
demands .

The Congress is moreover charged by these

same nations sincerely to thank, on their be-
half, the land and sea-forces, for the noble efforts
by which, during sixteen months, they have
gloriously supported the sacred cause of their
K
 ( 122 )

country. Ofthe innumerable hordes who rushed

in masses from Europe, Asia and Africa, to en-
slave Greece anew, more than 90,000 have,
thanks to the courage of these armies, perished
on the soil which they came to ensanguine.
We return our thanks likewise to the late go-
vernment, and to the Juntas which have been
lately dissolved, for their efforts in favour of
the public good. The Congress concludes by
invoking for the Greek nation the aid of the
Living God of all Christians, since it is His
religion which it defends against the enemies
of his Holy Name.
Given at Astros, the 18th (N. S. 30th) of
April, A. D. 1823, and the 3d of Independence.
(Signed)
The President of Congress,
PETROBEY MAVROMICHALI .
The Vice-President,
THEODORETUS, Bishop of
Brasthena.

The first Secretary ,

TH. NEGRI .

London: Printed by C. Roworth,

Bell-yard, Temple-bar.
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