Scribd
Upload
134 views1 page

1.basic Principles of Genetic Engineering. 10 Mark

Genetic engineering is a technology that alters the genetic makeup of organisms by manipulating DNA to introduce or modify traits. The process involves identifying and isolating the desired gene, selecting a vector for gene insertion, and transforming target cells, followed by the expression of the new gene to achieve desired traits. While it has significant applications in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology, responsible and ethical use is crucial due to potential risks and societal implications.

Uploaded by

Lalith Ramesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
134 views1 page

1.basic Principles of Genetic Engineering. 10 Mark

Genetic engineering is a technology that alters the genetic makeup of organisms by manipulating DNA to introduce or modify traits. The process involves identifying and isolating the desired gene, selecting a vector for gene insertion, and transforming target cells, followed by the expression of the new gene to achieve desired traits. While it has significant applications in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology, responsible and ethical use is crucial due to potential risks and societal implications.

Uploaded by

Lalith Ramesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is a set of technologies used to

change the genetic makeup of cells and organisms. It involves manipulating DNA, the molecule
that carries genetic information, to introduce new traits or alter existing ones. Here are the basic
principles of genetic engineering:
1. Identification and Isolation of the Desired Gene:
● Gene Identification: The first step is to identify the specific gene responsible for the
desired trait. This can be done through various methods like gene mapping, DNA
sequencing, or studying the genetic makeup of organisms with the desired trait.
● Gene Isolation: Once the gene is identified, it is isolated from the DNA of the organism
using techniques like restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis.
2. Vector Selection:
● Vector: A vector is a vehicle used to carry the desired gene into the target organism.
Common vectors include plasmids, viruses, and artificial chromosomes.
● Vector Preparation: The vector is prepared by cutting it with restriction enzymes to
create specific sites for inserting the gene.
3. Gene Insertion:
● Ligation: The isolated gene and the cut vector are joined together using an enzyme
called DNA ligase. This process creates a recombinant DNA molecule.
● Transformation: The recombinant DNA is introduced into the target cells using various
techniques like electroporation, microinjection, or viral infection.
4. Selection of Transformed Cells:
● Marker Genes: Marker genes are often included in the vector to identify cells that have
successfully taken up the recombinant DNA. These genes can confer resistance to
antibiotics or produce a visible color change.
● Selection Process: Cells that have taken up the recombinant DNA are selected based
on the marker gene expression.
5. Gene Expression and Trait Modification:
● Gene Expression: Once inside the cell, the recombinant DNA integrates into the host
genome or exists as an extrachromosomal element. The gene is then transcribed into
mRNA and translated into protein, leading to the expression of the desired trait.
● Trait Modification: The expression of the new gene can modify the organism's
phenotype, leading to the development of new traits like increased disease resistance,
higher yield, or improved nutritional value.
Key Tools and Techniques:
● Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.
● DNA Ligase: Enzyme that joins DNA fragments.
● Vectors: Vehicles for carrying DNA into cells.
● Transformation: Process of introducing foreign DNA into cells.
● Marker Genes: Genes used to identify transformed cells.
● PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Technique to amplify DNA.
● Gel Electrophoresis: Technique to separate DNA fragments based on size.
Genetic engineering has revolutionized various fields, including agriculture, medicine, and
biotechnology. It has the potential to address global challenges like food security, disease
treatment, and environmental conservation. However, it is essential to use this technology
responsibly and ethically, considering potential risks and societal implications.

You might also like