A.

Seshappa, Asst Prof, VCE 1

EGCAD

UNIT – 4
ISOMETRIC AXES, LINES, PLANES AND SOLIDS
Isometric projection:
Isometric projection is a type of pictorial projection in which the three dimensions of a solid are not
only shown in one view but their actual sizes can be measured directly from it. The three lines AL,
AD and AH, meeting at point A and making 1200 angles with each other are termed Isometric Axes.
The lines parallel to these axes are called Isometric Lines. The planes representing the faces of the
cube as well as other planes parallel to these planes are called Isometric Planes.

Isometric scale:
When one holds the object in such a way that all three dimensions are visible then in the process all
dimensions become proportionally inclined to observer’s eye sight and hence appear apparent in
lengths. This reduction is 0.815 or 9/11 (approx.). It forms a reducing scale which is used to draw
isometric drawings and is called Isometric scale. In practice, while drawing isometric projection, it is
necessary to convert true lengths into isometric lengths for measuring and marking the sizes. This is
conveniently done by constructing an isometric scale as described on next page.

Construction of isometric scale:

From point A, with line AB draw 300 and 450 inclined lines AC & AD respective on AD. Mark
divisions of true length and from each division-point draw vertical lines up to AC line. The divisions
thus obtained on AC give lengths on isometric scale.

Note:

Isometric Drawing/Isometric view true length

Isometric Projection Reduced length (isometric length)

Figure 4.1

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Isometric scale [Line AC] required for Isometric Projection:

Figure 4.2

Terminology:

Figure 4.3

Isometric axes: The Three Lines CB, CD, CG meeting at a point C and making an angle of 1200
with each other are called Isometric axes.

Isometric Lines: The Lines parallel to the Isometric Axis are termed as Isometric lines.
Example from above fig. AB, AD, GF, GH, BF, DH are Isometric Lines.

Non-Isometric Lines: The lines which are not parallel to the isometric axes are known as
Non-Isometric Lines Example from above fig. BD, AC, CF, BG are Non-Isometric Lines.

Isometric Planes: The planes representing the faces of the cube as well as other planes
parallel to these planes are termed as Isometric Planes Example from above fig. ABCD, BCGF,
CGHD are Isometric Planes

Isometric Scale: It is the scale which is used to convert the true length in to Isometric Length
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Isometric views of planes:

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Simple Problems:

Problem:

Draw the isometric view of a square with 40mm side?

Solution:

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.4

Problem:

Draw the isometric view of a Hexagon with 40mm side such that its surface is Parallel to the HP and
a side Parallel to the VP?

Solution:

(a) (b)

Figure 4.5

Problem:

Draw the isometric view of a Circle with a 60mm Diameter on all three Principle Planes Using Co-
ordinate methods?

Solution:

Construction Procedure:

Draw a circle with 60mm Diameter and enclose it in a square abcd.

Mark midpoints of the sides 1, 2, 3 and 4, where the square touches the circle tangentially

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Draw the Diagonals of the square which cut in the circle at points 5, 6, 7 and 8 as shown in
fig (a).
Draw a Rhombus ABCD to represent Isometric view of a square abcd.
Mark points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on it as the midpoint of the sides.
Mark points 5, 6, 7 and 8 on it, such that they are at a distance equal to Ax from the side of
the square .join points to obtain isometric view as shown in figures(b)(c)(d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 4.6

Problem:

Draw the isometric view of a Circle lamina with a 60mm Diameter on all three Principle Planes using for
center methods?

Solution:
Construction:
Draw a Rhombus ABCD of 60mm side to represent isometric view of a square
Mark 1,2,3 and 4 as a midpoints of the sides AB,BC,CD and DA respectively join (the ends
of the minor diagonals) B to meet points 3 & 4 and D to meet points 1 & 2. Let B4 and D1
intersect at point E and B3 and D2 intersect at a point F. then B,E,D and F are the Four
centers for drawing the ellipse
With center B and radius B3 draw Arc 3-4. With center D and Radius D1 draw Arc 1-2.
With center E and radius E1 draw Arc 1-4. With centre F and radius F2 draw Arc 2-3.
These Arcs join in the form of an Ellipse which represents the required isometric as shown
in figure (a)(b)(c)

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(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.7

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Isometric views of solids

Problem:

Draw an isometric view of a square prism having a base with 40mm side and a 60mm long axis, resting
on the HP when (a) On its base with axis Perpendicular to the HP (b) On its rectangular faces with axis
perpendicular to the VP and (c) on its rectangular face with axis parallel to VP.

Solution:

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4.8

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SOLIDS CONATINING- NON ISOMETRIC LINES

The inclined lines of an object are represented non isometric lines in isometric projections.
These are drawn by one of the following methods
1. Box Method:
In this box method, the object is assumed to be enclosed in a rectangular box and both the
isometric and non-isometric lines are drawn by locating the corresponding points of contact
with the surfaces and edge of the box.
1. Off-Set Method:
In this Off-set Method the lines parallel to isometric axes are drawn from every corner or
reference of an end to obtain the corner or the reference point at the other end.
*The Box Method is generally convenient for solving most of the problems*
Problem:
Draw isometric view of a hexagonal prism having a base with 30 mm side and a 70mm long
axis resting on its base on the HP. With an edge of the base parallel to the VP when (a) using
Box Methods (b) using Off-set Method?
Solution:

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(a) Box Method (b) Off-set Method

Figure 4.9

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Problem:
Draw an isometric view of a cylinder, with a 50mm base diameter and a 70mm long axis
when (a) The base is on the HP (b) when one of the generators is on the HP?

Solution:

Figure 4.10

Problem:
Draw an isometric view of a pentagonal pyramid having a base , with a 30 mm side and 50mm
long axis (a) when the its axis is vertical (b) when the its axis is horizontal?

Solution:

(a)Axis is Vertical (b)Axis is horizontal

Figure 4.11

Problem:
Draw an isometric view of Cone with a base diameter is 50 mm side and 70mm long axis (a)
when the base is on the HP (b) when the base is on the VP?

Solution:

(a)Base is on the HP (b) Base is on the VP

Figure 4.12

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ISOMETRIC VIEW OF FRUSTUMS

Problem:
Draw an isometric view of Frustum of Hexagonal Pyramid having 35 mm base side 20 mm top
side and 80mm long axis, resting on its base on the HP with an Edge of the base parallel to the
VP?

Solution:

Figure 4.13

Problem:
Draw an isometric view of Frustum of Cone with a 60 mm base diameter, 40 mm Top diameter
and 70mm long axis, resting on its base on the HP?

Solution:

Figure 4.14

ISOMETRIC VIEW OF COMPOSITE SOLIDS

Problem:
A Sphere with a 60 mm diameter is resting centrally on the Top of the Square Block with a 70
mm side 20 mm thickness. Draw an isometric view of the arrangement?
Solution:

Figure 4.15

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Problem:
A square pyramid resting centrally over a cylindrical block which is resting centrally on top of
the Square block. Draw an isometric projection of the arrangement .consider the pyramid has
a base of 25mm side and a 40 mm long axis, the cylinder block has a 50mm base diameter and
20mm thickness and the square block has a70mm base side and 15mm thickness.?

Solution:
Note: Solve this problem by using isometric scale (reduced length)

Figure 4.16(a)

Figure 4.16(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

Figure 4.17(a)

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EGCAD

Solution:

Figure 4.17(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

Figure 4.18(a)

Solution:

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Figure 4.18(b)

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Problem:
A square pyramid of 40mm base side and 60mm axis is cut by an inclined section plane
through the midpoint of axis as shown. Draw isometric view of section of pyramid?

Figure 4.19(a)

Solution:

Figure 4.19(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

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Figure 4.20(a)

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Solution:

Figure 4.20(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

Figure 4.21(a)

Solution:

Figure 4.21(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

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Figure 4.22(a)

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Solution:

Figure 4.22(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

Figure 4.23(a)

Solution:

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Figure 4.23(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

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Figure 4.24(a)

Solution:

Figure 4.24(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

Figure 4.25(a)

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Solution:

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Figure 4.25(b)

Problem:
Draw the isometric view of the given orthographic projection of the object?

Figure 4.26(a)

Solution:

Figure 4.26(b)

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Previous Paper Questions:

A.Seshappa, Asst Prof, VCE | Shamshabad, Hyderabad

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1. A cylindrical block of base,60 mm diameter and height 90 mm, standing on the HP,
with its axis perpendicular to the HP. Draw its isometric view.

2. Draw an isometric view of a hexagonal prism having a base with 25mm side and 65
mm long axis which is lying on its face in the HP, with axis parallel to both HP and VP.

3. Two views of a casting are shown in figure 1. Draw the isometric projection of the
casting (all dimensions are in mm)

Figure 1
4. Three views of a machine part are shown in figure 2. Draw the isometric view of the
part (All dimensions are in mm).

Figure 2

5. Draw the isometric view of a cylinder of 60 mm height and diameter 44 mm, lying on
one of its generators on HP with the axis perpendicular to VP. Select the origin of the
isometric axes suitable to get the front view on the right isometric plane.
6. The frustum of a sphere with a 80 mm diameter and frustum circle with a 50 mm
diameter is used as a paper weight. Draw its isometric projection.
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A.Seshappa, Asst Prof, VCE | Shamshabad, Hyderabad