CSC10006 – Introduction to Database

Chapter 1
Overview of Database Systems
Instructor: Vũ Thị Mỹ Hằng, Ph.D. ([email protected])
Lab Assistants: Tiết Gia Hồng, M.Sc. ([email protected])
Lương Hán Cơ, M.Sc. ([email protected])

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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Databases: WHAT and WHY?

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Databases: WHAT and WHY?

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Databases: HOW
Real business &
application (marketing,
production, banking, …)
Database Design Process

Automate & support tasks

HOW can computers
understand the real-world
domain to digitize &
Develop

support automation?

Computers
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Databases: HOW
Real business &
application (marketing,
production, banking, …)
Database Design Process

Analyze &
Design

Automate & support tasks

Data Functionalities, Interfaces
Develop

Implementation

DBMS
Computers
Database Application 7
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Database Design Process

Database languages
SQL
Relational Algebra
HOW to represent data Relational Calculus
structures and their (& Integrity Constraints)
characteristics, relations,
constraints, etc.?

HOW to define,
Data models operate, and
Entity Relationship Model manipulate (relational)
Relational Model database?
Object-oriented Model z
Network Model
…

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Definition

q Data: Stored representations of meaningful objects

and events.
§ Structured: numbers, text, dates.
§ Unstructured: images, video, documents.
q Information: Data processed and organized to
increase knowledge in the person using the data.
q Database: Collection of logically related data which
provides information relevant to a business/enterprise.

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Example 1 – Course Management

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Example 2 – Project Management
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EMPLOYEE LName MName FName SSN BirthDate SuperSSN DNo
Tran Hong Quang 987987987 03/09/1969 987654321 4
Nguyen Thanh Tung 333445555 12/08/1955 888665555 5
Nguyen Manh Hung 666884444 09/15/1962 333445555 5
Tran Thanh Tam 453453453 07/31/1972 333445555 5

PROJECT PName PNumber PLocation DNum

San pham X 1 VUNG TAU 5

San pham Y 2 NHA TRANG 5
San pham Z 3 TP HCM 5
Tin hoc hoa 10 HA NOI 4

WORKS_ON SSN PNo Hours

123456789 1 32.5
123456789 2 7.5
666884444 3 40.0
453453453 1 20.0 11
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Characteristics of Databases
q A logically coherent collection of data with some
inherent meaning.
§ Random assortment of data cannot correctly be a database.
q Is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific
purpose, for intended group of users or applications.
§ Example: University management, Hospital management
q Data is stored using a structure è structured database
§ Relational databases store data in two-dimensional tables.
q Other types of database: unstructured databases,
document databases, graph databases.

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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Evolution of Database Systems
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Evolution of Database Systems
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Disadvantages of File Processing
q Program-Data Dependence
q Duplication of Data
q Lack of Security and Limited Data Sharing
q Expensive and Lengthy Program Development
q Excessive Program Maintenance

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Database Systems
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q Central repositories of shared data
q Data is stored, processed, and managed in a suitable and
standardized manner
q Data is managed by a controlling agent
è Requires a Database Management System (DBMS)

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Database Systems
Users/Programmers

Applications/Queries

DBMS
Query/Program
Processing

Data Accessing

Catalog Database
Database
Definition
DB system

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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 4.0 Self-Describing
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q A catalog called “metadata” contains information such
as the structure of data, type and storage format of
data items, and constraints on the data.

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 4.0 Isolation
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(Program-Data independence)
q The structure of data is stored in catalog separately
from the access programs.
Program Program
Catalog/metadata
Isolation Isolation
Catalog/metadata
Data Data

Program contains catalog data DBMS contains catalog data is

structure depends on program independent of program

J A little change in the structure happens.

J Application programs are rarely revised.

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 4.0 Data Abstraction
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(Conceptual-Logical-Physical Levels)

q Hide the data structure

complexity from users through
several levels of data abstraction
to simplify users’ interaction with
the systems.
§ Physical level: HOW data is stored.
§ Logical level: WHAT data are stored
§ View level: PART of the entire
database for a specific USERS.

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 4.0 Data Abstraction
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(Conceptual-Logical-Physical Levels)
q A DB has many users who may require a different
perspective or view of the database.
q Example of (user) views:
§ A subset of the database.
§ Aggregate data that are derived from the database.

Different views SV-CHINHQUI SV-HOANCHINH

Data SINHVIEN
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 4.0 Sharing Data
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(Multiusers)
q A multiuser DBMS: Allows multiple users to access
the DB at the same time.
§ Data for many applications are integrated and maintained
in a single DB.
§ Using concurrency control mechanisms to access the
data reasonably
§ Ensure the data will always be valid when they are
accessed.

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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DBMS
q A collection of programs that enables users to
create, operate, and maintain a database.
§ Definition: Specifying the data types, structures, and
constraints for the data.
§ Construction: Storing the data itself on some storage
medium.
§ Manipulation: Querying the database to retrieve data,
updating the database to reflect changes, generating
reports from the data.
§ Sharing: Allowing multiple users/programs to access the
database concurrently.

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DBMS Functions

q Data dictionary management

§ Data dictionary stores definitions of data elements and
their relationships (meta-data)
q Data storage management
§ Performance tuning ensures efficient performance of
the database in terms of storage and access speed
q Data transformation and presentation
§ Data is formatted to conform to required data
structures
q Security management
§ Enforces user security and data privacy
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(Coronel and Morris, 2015) (Hoffer et al., 2019)

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DBMS Functions

q Multiuser access control

§ Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users
can access the database concurrently without
compromising its integrity.
q Backup and recovery management
§ Enables recovery of the database after a failure
q Data integrity management
§ Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency

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(Coronel and Morris, 2015) (Hoffer et al., 2019)

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DBMS Functions

q Database access languages and application

programming interfaces
§ Query language: lets the user specify what must be
done without having to specify how
§ Structured Query Language (SQL): a structured
query language and data access standard supported
by the majority of DBMS vendors
q Database communication interfaces
§ Accept end-user requests via multiple, different
network environments

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(Coronel and Morris, 2015) (Hoffer et al., 2019)

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DBMS Disadvantages

q Increased costs
q Management complexity
q Maintaining currency
q Vendor dependence
q Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles

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(Coronel and Morris, 2015) (Hoffer et al., 2019)

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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Recall: DB Design Process

Database languages
SQL
Relational Algebra
HOW to represent data Relational Calculus
structures and their (& Integrity Constraints)
characteristics, relations,
constraints, etc.?

HOW to define,
Data models operate, and
Entity Relationship Model manipulate (relational)
Relational Model database?
Object-oriented Model z
Network Model
…

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 4.0 Recall: DB Design Process
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HOW to represent data structures and their
characteristics, relations, constraints, etc.?

DATA MODEL
Real s
e
world Data Modeling it liz
u

DBMS

Conceptual Logical Physical

Easy to understand Understood by users Understood and
for users but not too far from executed by computers
physical organization
ER Model Relational Data Model
(Mô hình thực thể-kết hợp) (Mô hình dữ liệu quan hệ)

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 4.0 Data Models
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Data model
Mô hình dữ liệu

Is described by

Specific
domain Database schema
Lược đồ CSDL

Is described by

Database instance
(Một thể hiện của) CSDL

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 4.0 Data Models
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q A collection of concepts used to describe the

structure of a DB (data types, relationships, and
constraints, etc.)
q Including a set of basic operations for specifying
retrievals and updates on the DB.
q Example:
§ ER model: entity, relationships, cardinality constraints, etc.
§ Relational (data) model: relations, primary keys, etc.

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 4.0 Data Models
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q Categories:
§ High-level (or conceptual) models: Provide concepts that
are close to the way (business) users perceive data (ER
model, object-oriented model, etc.).
§ Implementation (or logical) data models: Provide concepts
that are understood by end users, but not too far from the
way data is organized within the computer (relational
model, network model, etc.).
§ Low-level (or physical) data models: Provide concepts that
describe the details of how data is stored in the computer.

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 4.0 Examples of Data Models
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q Entity Relationship Diagram

Entity type Atrribute
Relationship

q Network data model

Record type
Relationship 1:N

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 4.0 Database Schema
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Data model
Mô hình dữ liệu

Is described by

Specific
domain Database schema
Lược đồ CSDL

Is described by

Database instance
(Một thể hiện của) CSDL

q Description of the structure and constraints on the

database about a particular domain (banking,
education, marketing, etc.) based on a data model.
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 4.0 Example of ER Database Schema
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(ER Diagram)

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 4.0 Example of (Relational) Database
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Schema

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 4.0 Example of Object-Oriented
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Database Schema
Student
Name Course
Grade study
Name
Major
1..* 0..* Number
planSchedule()
printReoord() 1

Mark
LabMark open
LectureMarrk
ProjectMark
0..*
UpdateMark()
Subject
Name
+pre
Faculty
NoOfCredits 0..*
UpdateCredit()
0..* Constraint
+post

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 4.0 Example of Network Database
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Schema

Student Subject

PreSubject

Subject_Open

PostSubject
Student_Mark
Course Constraint

Result_Course

Result

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 Example of Hierarchical Database
Schema
Result
Level 1: LabMark LectureMark

Course Student
Level 2: Name Grade Major
Name Number

Subject
Level 3:
Name Faculty NoOfCredits

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 4.0 Database Instances
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Data model
Mô hình dữ liệu

Is described by

Specific
domain Database schema
Lược đồ CSDL

Is described by

Database instance
(Một thể hiện của) CSDL

q The data stored in a database at a particular moment

of time is called an instance of the database.

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 4.0 Example of a (Relational) DB Instance
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The (relational) database
schema of the database
Student Management
Is described by

An instance of the database Student Management

(at a moment t)

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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Databases Design Process

Database languages
SQL
Relational Algebra
HOW to represent data Relational Calculus
structures and their (& Integrity Constraints)
characteristics, relations,
constraints, etc.?

HOW to define,
Data models operate, and
Entity Relationship Model manipulate (relational)
Relational Model database?
Object-oriented Model z
Network Model
…

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Data Languages
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q High-level (practical) language
§ Entered interactively from a display monitor/terminal or
embedded in a general-purpose programming language.
§ E.g.: SQL Standard (extension: T-SQL, PL/SQL).

q Low-level (formal) language

§ Embedded in a general-purpose programming language.
§ Offer the fundamental principles for the practical language.
§ E.g.: Relational Algebra, Relation Calculus

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q DDL – Data Definition Language

§ Identify descriptions of the schema constructs and store
them in the DBMS catalog.
q DML – Data Manipulation Language
§ Provide a set of operations including retrieval, insertion,
deletion and modification of the data.
q SDL – Storage Definition Language
§ Specify the internal schema and the mappings between two
schemas.
q VDL – View Definition Language.
§ Specify user views and their mapping to the conceptual
schema.
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 4.0 Example of SQL DDL
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CREATE TABLE GIAOVIEN (
MAGV CHAR(9) PRIMARY KEY,
HOTEN NVARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
LUONG INT DEFAULT (1000),
PHAI CHAR(3) CHECK (PHAI IN(‘Nam’, ‘Nu’)),
NGAYSINH DATETIME,
SONHA NVARCHAR(10),
DUONG NVARCHAR(50),
QUAN NVARCHAR(50),
THANHPHO NVARCHAR(50),
GVQLCM CHAR(9),
MABM CHAR(9)
)
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Example of SQL DML
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C INSERT INTO THAMGIADT VALUES(’002', ‘001', 2, 1.2, NULL)

R SELECT MAKHOA, TENKHOA, PHONG FROM KHOA

WHERE PHONG='I53’ AND NAMTL = '1995'

U UPDATE GIAOVIEN SET LUONG=LUONG*1.1

D DELETE FROM GIAOVIEN WHERE MAGV = 'GV001'

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Content

q Introduction of databases
q Evolution of database systems
q Characteristics of the database approach
q Database management systems (DBMS)
q Data models
q Database languages
q Database users

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 4.0 Database Administrator
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q Many people use the same resources

§ Need a chief administrator to oversee and manage

q Responsibility
§ Administering the DB
§ Authorizing access to the DB
§ Coordinating and monitoring the use of DB
§ Acquiring software and hardware resources as needed

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 4.0 Database Designer
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q Responsibility
§ Identifying the data to be stored in the DB
§ Choosing appropriate structures to represent and store
the DB
§ Communicating with all DB users to understand their
requirements, to produce a design that meet the
requirements.

q Can be
§ Staff of the DBA
§ Other staffs taking responsibilities after the DB
designed is completed

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 4.0 End User
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q People whose jobs require to access to the DB

§ Querying, updating, generating reports

q Categories
§ Casual end user
§ Naïve or parametric end user
§ Sophisticated end user

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