r/IGCSE Resources

Guide to Cambridge IGCSE™

Spanish - Foreign Language

(0530)

by Bidhaan Bhattacharya

1st edition, for examination until 2027

PREFACE
This study guide goes through all the key concepts of the Spanish
language required for the IGCSE examinations. Please note that this
reference book may not be optimal for studying for any other Spanish
exams such as DELE and other Spanish Olympiads.

For any further doubts which may not pertain to the guide may be asked
on the r/IGCSE subreddit or Discord server (links are on the back page).

“The limits of my
language mean the limits
of my world.”
Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Introduction to verbs
We come across verbs in nearly every single sentence that we utter,
hence it is very important to perfect our understanding of them.
In Spanish, verbs are categorised on the
basis of their last few letters (endings). They
are as follows;
• AR – ending verbs
• ER – ending verbs
• IR – ending verbs
For example, ‘hablar’ (to speak), is an ‘AR’
verb, as hablar has the latter part of ‘ar’. Similarly, for ‘ER’ and ‘IR’ verbs
such as comer (to eat), and vivir (to live).

What are conjugations?

Let’s take the example of ‘hablar’ once again. Just the word ‘hablar’,
simply means “to speak”, hence if we use it in a sentence, it would
signify: “I to speak” or “He to speak”, etc, which doesn’t really make
sense, does it?

That is why verbs in Spanish must be conjugated; that is, changing the
spelling and pronunciation of the verb according to certain elements in
the sentence, such as:

• Number (either singular, or plural)

• Person (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person)
• Mood (Is it a fact? a supposition? a command? a possibility?)
• Voice (Active voice? Passive voice?)
• Tense (Past, Present, Future, and deeper within those)
The question of “How are they conjugated?” will be answer as we go on.

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The basics of conjugation
➢ Let’s start with the most important part of conjugations, the
pronouns.

Singular Plural
Spanish Words English Spanish Words English
Translation Translation
Yo I Nosotros/as We
Tú You (informal) Vosotros/as You all
(informal)
Él He Ellos Them (all male or
a group of males
and females)
Ella She Ellas Them (all
females)
Usted You (formal) Ustedes You all (formal)
Note
➢ In the plural section, the suffix of words such as nosotros and vosotros
change to “as” when referring to a group of only females and “os” when
referring to a group of males/ group of both males and females.

These pronouns are what defines the basis of most conjugations in

Spanish.
The format for most conjugations in Spanish are so:
Pronoun + conjugation of verb + suffix of sentence

An example can be: “I eat food.”

Vocab in this sentence;
To eat: comer
Food: comida
We learn more about conjugation in the later chapter, “Tenses and Verb
Conjugation”. Over there we will learn further conjugation.

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Nouns and Articles: Building Blocks of Spanish
Language
In this chapter, we'll explore how
nouns represent people, places,
things, and ideas, and how articles
play a crucial role in conveying
gender and number.

Understanding Noun Gender:

In Spanish, nouns are classified into two genders: masculine and
feminine. Unlike English, where gender is mostly limited to living beings,
Spanish assigns gender to all nouns. Let's delve into some examples:
• El perro (the dog): Notice how "el" is used with the masculine noun
"perro."
• La casa (the house): See how "la" is used with the feminine noun
"casa."
• El libro (the book): Observe the masculine noun "libro" paired with "el."
• La mesa (the table): The feminine noun "mesa" is accompanied by "la."

Introducing Articles:
Articles are small words that accompany nouns, indicating their gender
and number. There are definite and indefinite articles in Spanish. Let's
explore their usage:
Definite articles: "el" and "la" correspond to "the" in English.
• "El" is used with masculine nouns: el perro (the dog), el libro (the
book).
• "La" is used with feminine nouns: la casa (the house), la mesa
(the table).

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Indefinite articles: "un" and "una" correspond to "a/an" in English.
• "Un" is used with masculine nouns: un perro (a dog), un libro (a
book).
• "Una" is used with feminine nouns: una casa (a house), una
mesa (a table).

Plural forms
As we have learnt above, both indefinite and definite articles vary with
gender. However, they also vary according to amount of [noun] that they
are referring to.
As shown in the figure,
Spanish articles vary with
both gender and whether it
is singular or plural.

Some examples are as follows:

• “Los” libros
• “Las” mesas

Vocabulary List:
Let's enrich our vocabulary with a range of nouns. Familiarize yourself
with the following examples:
• El gato (the cat)
• La playa (the beach)
• El coche (the car)
• La música (the music)
• El amigo (the friend)
• La montaña (the mountain)

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Adjectives and Agreement: Adding Color to Your Spanish
In this chapter, we'll explore how adjectives bring life to nouns by
describing their characteristics. We'll also learn about adjective
agreement, ensuring that adjectives match the gender and number of
the nouns they modify.

Understanding Adjectives:
Adjectives are words used to describe or give more information about
nouns. They provide details about the size, color, shape, or other
qualities of people, places, and things. Adjectives make our language
rich and expressive.
In Spanish, most adjectives come after the noun they modify, unlike in
English. Let's look at some examples:
• Un perro grande (a big dog): Notice how the adjective "grande"
comes after the noun "perro."
• Una casa bonita (a beautiful house): Similarly, the adjective
"bonita" follows the noun "casa."

Adjective Agreement: Harmonizing with Nouns

Agreement with Gender:
In Spanish, adjectives must match the gender of the noun they describe.
This means that if the noun is masculine, the adjective must also be
masculine, and if the noun is feminine, the adjective must be feminine.
Let's see how this works:
• Un perro grande (a big dog): Here, the masculine noun "perro" is
accompanied by the masculine adjective "grande."
• Una casa grande (a big house): In this case, the feminine noun
"casa" is paired with the feminine adjective "grande."
Remember, when the noun changes from masculine to feminine, the
adjective must change as well to maintain agreement.

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Agreement with Number:
Adjectives also need to agree with the number of the noun they modify.
If the noun is singular, the adjective must be singular, and if the noun is
plural, the adjective must be plural. Let's explore some examples:
• Dos gatos pequeños (two small cats): Here, the plural noun
"gatos" is accompanied by the plural form of the adjective
"pequeños."
• Tres casas pequeñas (three small houses): Similarly, the plural
noun "casas" is matched with the plural form of the adjective
"pequeñas."
Remember, when the noun changes from singular to plural, the adjective
must change accordingly to maintain agreement.
Here are some additional examples of commonly used adjectives
that students may find helpful during exams:
• Feliz (happy): El niño está feliz. (The boy is happy.)
• Triste (sad): Ella está triste por la noticia. (She is sad about the
news.)
• Interesante (interesting): La película es muy interesante. (The
movie is very interesting.)
• Aburrido (boring): La clase de matemáticas es aburrida. (The math
class is boring.)
• Fácil (easy): El ejercicio es fácil de resolver. (The exercise is easy
to solve.)
• Difícil (difficult): El examen fue difícil. (The exam was difficult.)
• Bonito/a (pretty, beautiful): La flor es bonita. (The flower is pretty.)
• Feo/a (ugly): El cuadro es feo. (The painting is ugly.)
• Delicioso/a (delicious): La comida está deliciosa. (The food is
delicious.)
• Grande (big): El edificio es muy grande. (The building is very big.)
• Pequeño/a (small): Tengo una casa pequeña. (I have a small
house.)
• Rápido/a (fast): El coche es muy rápido. (The car is very fast.)
• Lento/a (slow): El tren va muy lento. (The train is going very
slowly.)
• Alto/a (tall): Mi hermano es más alto que yo. (My brother is taller
than me.)

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 • Bajo/a (short, low): El árbol es bajo. (The tree is short/low.)
• Moderno/a (modern): El diseño del edificio es muy moderno. (The
building design is very modern.)
• Antiguo/a (old): Esta casa es muy antigua. (This house is very
old.)
• Cómodo/a (comfortable): El sofá es muy cómodo. (The sofa is
very comfortable.)
• Incómodo/a (uncomfortable): La silla es muy incómoda. (The chair
is very uncomfortable.)
• Inteligente (smart, intelligent): El estudiante es muy inteligente.
(The student is very smart/intelligent.)
Remember to choose the appropriate form of the adjective that
agrees with the gender and number of the noun you are describing.
These examples should help you add more variety and detail to
your written responses during exams.

Pronouns and Their Usage: Streamlining Your Spanish

In this chapter, we'll delve into the world of pronouns, essential tools for
effective communication in Spanish. Pronouns replace nouns, allowing
us to avoid repetition and make our sentences flow smoothly. Let's
explore the different types of pronouns and how to use them accurately.

Understanding Pronouns:
Pronouns are words that replace nouns or noun phrases in a sentence.
They help us avoid repeating the same nouns over and over. Pronouns
make our language more concise and efficient.
There are different types of pronouns in Spanish, each serving a specific
purpose. Let's explore some of the most commonly used ones.

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Types of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns refer to people or things. They can function as the
subject or object of a sentence. Here are the subject and object forms of
personal pronouns in Spanish:

Subject pronouns:
• Yo (I)
• Tú (you, informal)
• Él (he), Ella (she), Usted (you, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras (we)
• Vosotros/Vosotras (you all, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes (they/you all, formal)

Object pronouns:
• Me (me)
• Te (you, informal)
• Lo/La (him/her/it/you, formal)
• Nos (us)
• Os (you all, informal)
• Los/Las (them/you all, formal)

Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or possession. They
agree with the gender and number of the nouns they replace.
Here are the possessive
pronouns in Spanish:
• Mío/Mía (mine)
• Tuyo/Tuya (yours)
• Suyo/Suya (his/hers/yours)
• Nuestro/Nuestra (ours)
• Vuestro/Vuestra (yours)
• Suyo/Suya (theirs/yours)
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Reflexive Pronouns:
Reflexive pronouns are used when the subject of a verb performs an
action on itself. They help express actions that individuals do to or for
themselves. Here are the reflexive
pronouns in Spanish:
• Me (myself)
• Te (yourself, informal)
• Se (himself/herself/itself/yourself,
formal)
• Nos (ourselves)
• Os (yourselves, informal)
• Se (themselves/yourselves, formal

Pronouns used in sentences:

Personal Pronouns:
• Yo quiero aprender español. (I want to learn Spanish.)
• Tú eres muy inteligente. (You are very intelligent.)
• Él habla español fluidamente. (He speaks Spanish fluently.)
• Ella vive en Madrid. (She lives in Madrid.)
• Nosotros vamos al cine mañana. (We are going to the movies
tomorrow.)
• Vosotros sois mis mejores amigos. (You all are my best friends.)
• Ellos están estudiando para el examen. (They are studying for the
exam.)
Possessive Pronouns:
• El libro es mío. (The book is mine.)
• ¿Dónde está tu mochila? La mía está en el armario. (Where is
your backpack? Mine is in the closet.)
• Ese coche es suyo. (That car is his/hers/yours.)
• Nuestra casa es grande. (Our house is big.)
• ¿Dónde están vuestros libros? Los nuestros están en la mesa.
(Where are your books? Ours are on the table.)
• Esos zapatos son suyos. (Those shoes are theirs/yours.)

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Tenses and Verb Conjugation: Unlocking the Power of
Verbs
Verbs are the backbone of any language, and Spanish is no exception.
In this chapter, we'll explore different verb tenses and the art of
conjugation. Understanding how to conjugate verbs will enable you to
express actions in the past, present, and future with precision. Let's dive
in!

Understanding Verb Conjugation

Verbs in Spanish change their form to match the subject of the
sentence. This process is known as verb conjugation. By conjugating
verbs correctly, we ensure that the verb agrees with the subject in terms
of person, number, and tense.
There are three main categories of verb tenses in Spanish: past,
present, and future. Each tense has its own conjugation patterns and
specific uses. Let's explore them in more detail.
Regular verbs
As mentioned before, in Spanish, verbs are categorized into three main
groups based on their endings: -AR verbs, -ER verbs, and -IR verbs.
Let's explore their conjugation patterns in different tenses:
Present tense
-AR Verbs:
Hablar (to speak):
• Yo hablo (I speak)
• Tú hablas (you speak, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted habla (he/she/you speak, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras hablamos (we speak)
• Vosotros/Vosotras habláis (you all speak, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hablan (they/you all speak, formal)

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-ER Verbs:
Comer (to eat):
• Yo como (I eat)
• Tú comes (you eat, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted come (he/she/you eat, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras comemos (we eat)
• Vosotros/Vosotras coméis (you all eat, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes comen (they/you all eat, formal)
-IR Verbs:
Vivir (to live):
• Yo vivo (I live)
• Tú vives (you live, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted vive (he/she/you live, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras vivimos (we live)
• Vosotros/Vosotras vivís (you all live, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes viven (they/you all live, formal)
Here is a table to sum it all up:

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Irregular Verbs:
Apart from regular verbs, there are irregular verbs that have unique
conjugation patterns in the present tense. Here are some very important
examples, make sure to remember these three as they will be
examined/used often.

Ser (to be):

• Yo soy (I am)
• Tú eres (you are, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted es (he/she/you are, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras somos (we are)
• Vosotros/Vosotras sois (you all are, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes son (they/you all are, formal)

Ir (to go):
• Yo voy (I go)
• Tú vas (you go, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted va (he/she/you go, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras vamos (we go)
• Vosotros/Vosotras vais (you all go, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes van (they/you all go, formal)

Tener (to have):

• Yo tengo (I have)
• Tú tienes (you have, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted tiene (he/she/you have, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras tenemos (we have)
• Vosotros/Vosotras tenéis (you all have, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes tienen (they/you all have, formal)

Note: Irregular verbs do not follow the regular conjugation patterns,

so it's important to learn their specific forms.

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 Now, let's practice conjugating regular and irregular verbs in the
present tense. Complete the following sentences by conjugating
the given verbs:
1. Yo __________ (ser) estudiante en esta escuela.
2. Tú __________ (ir) al cine con tus amigos.
3. Él __________ (tener) un perro como mascota.
4. Nosotros __________ (hablar) inglés y español.
5. Vosotros __________ (comer) pizza los viernes.
6. Ellos __________ (vivir) en una ciudad grande.

Past tense
The past tense is used to talk about actions that have already happened
in the past. In Spanish, there are two common past tenses: the preterite
and the imperfect. Let's explore their conjugation patterns:

Preterite Tense:
The preterite tense is used to describe completed actions in the past. It
has specific conjugation patterns for regular verbs. Here's an example of
the conjugation pattern for regular -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs in the
preterite tense:

-AR Verbs:
Hablar (to speak):
• Yo hablé (I spoke)
• Tú hablaste (you spoke, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted habló (he/she/you spoke, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras hablamos (we spoke)
• Vosotros/Vosotras hablasteis (you all spoke, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hablaron (they/you all spoke, formal)

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-ER Verbs:
Comer (to eat):
• Yo comí (I ate)
• Tú comiste (you ate, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted comió (he/she/you ate, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras comimos (we ate)
• Vosotros/Vosotras comisteis (you all ate, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes comieron (they/you all ate, formal)
-IR Verbs:
Vivir (to live):
• Yo viví (I lived)
• Tú viviste (you lived, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted vivió (he/she/you lived, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras vivimos (we lived)
• Vosotros/Vosotras vivisteis (you all lived, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes vivieron (they/you all lived, formal)

Here a table to sum it all up:

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In addition to regular verbs, there are several irregular verbs that have
unique conjugation patterns in the preterite tense. Let's explore some
very common examples:

Ser (to be):

• Yo fui (I was)
• Tú fuiste (you were, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted fue (he/she/you were, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras fuimos (we were)
• Vosotros/Vosotras fuisteis (you all were, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes fueron (they/you all were, formal)

Note: “Ir” and “Fui” may have

Ir (to go): the same conjugation,
• Yo fui (I went) however they are completely
different. They can be
• Tú fuiste (you went, informal) identified by context.
• Él/Ella/Usted fue (he/she/you
went, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras fuimos (we went)
• Vosotros/Vosotras fuisteis (you all went, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes fueron (they/you all went, formal)

Hacer (to do/make):

• Yo hice (I did/made)
• Tú hiciste (you did/made, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted hizo (he/she/you did/made, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras hicimos (we did/made)
• Vosotros/Vosotras hicisteis (you all did/made, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hicieron (they/you all did/made, formal)

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Imperfect Tense:
The imperfect tense is used to talk about ongoing or continuous actions
in the past, or to describe background information. It also has specific
conjugation patterns for regular verbs. Here's an example of the
conjugation pattern for regular -AR, -ER, and -IR verbs in the imperfect
tense:
-AR Verbs:
Hablar (to speak):
• Yo hablaba (I used to speak)
• Tú hablabas (you used to speak, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted hablaba (he/she/you used to speak, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras hablábamos (we used to speak)
• Vosotros/Vosotras hablabais (you all used to speak, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hablaban (they/you all used to speak, formal)
-ER/-IR Verbs:
Comer (to eat):
• Yo comía (I used to eat)
• Tú comías (you used to eat, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted comía (he/she/you used to eat, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras comíamos (we used to eat)
• Vosotros/Vosotras comíais (you all used to eat, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes comían (they/you all used to eat, formal)

Here’s a table to sum it all up:

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Here are some common irregular verbs in the imperfect tense along with
their conjugations:
Ser (to be):
• Yo era (I used to be)
• Tú eras (you used to be, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted era (he/she/you used to be, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras éramos (we used to be)
• Vosotros/Vosotras erais (you all used to be, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes eran (they/you all used to be, formal)

Ir (to go):
• Yo iba (I used to go)
• Tú ibas (you used to go, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted iba (he/she/you used to go, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras íbamos (we used to go)
• Vosotros/Vosotras ibais (you all used to go, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes iban (they/you all used to go, formal)

Ver (to see):

• Yo veía (I used to see)
• Tú veías (you used to see, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted veía (he/she/you used to see, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras veíamos (we used to see)
• Vosotros/Vosotras veíais (you all used to see, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes veían (they/you all used to see, formal)

Hacer (to do/make):

• Yo hacía (I used to do/make)
• Tú hacías (you used to do/make, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted hacía (he/she/you used to do/make, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras hacíamos (we used to do/make)
• Vosotros/Vosotras hacíais (you all used to do/make, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hacían (they/you all used to do/make, formal)

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Tener (to have):
• Yo tenía (I used to have)
• Tú tenías (you used to have, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted tenía (he/she/you used to have, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras teníamos (we used to have)
• Vosotros/Vosotras teníais (you all used to have, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes tenían (they/you all used to have, formal)

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Future tense
The future tense is used in Spanish to express actions or events that will
happen in the future. It allows us to talk about upcoming events, make
predictions, express plans, or discuss hypothetical situations.
Regular Verbs:
In the future tense, regular verbs follow a consistent conjugation pattern.
To form the future tense of regular verbs, you need to add the following
endings to the infinitive form of the verb:

-AR Verbs:
[Hablar]
• Yo hablaré (I will speak)
• Tú hablarás (you will speak, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted hablará (he/she/you will speak, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras hablaremos (we will speak)
• Vosotros/Vosotras hablaréis (you all will speak, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes hablarán (they/you all will speak, formal)

-ER/-IR Verbs:
[Comer]
• Yo comeré (I will eat)
• Tú comerás (you will eat, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted comerá (he/she/you
will eat, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras comeremos (we
will eat)
• Vosotros/Vosotras comeréis (you all
will eat, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes comerán
(they/you all will eat, formal)

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Irregular Verbs:
Some verbs have irregular stems in the future tense. Here are a few
examples:

Decir (to say):

• Yo diré (I will say)
• Tú dirás (you will say, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted dirá (he/she/you will say, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras diremos (we will say)
• Vosotros/Vosotras diréis (you all will say, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes dirán (they/you all will say, formal)

Hacer (to do/make):

• Yo haré (I will do/make)
• Tú harás (you will do/make, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted hará (he/she/you will do/make, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras haremos (we will do/make)
• Vosotros/Vosotras haréis (you all will do/make, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes harán (they/you all will do/make, formal)

Poder (to be able to):

• Yo podré (I will be able to)
• Tú podrás (you will be able to, informal)
• Él/Ella/Usted podrá (he/she/you will be able to, formal)
• Nosotros/Nosotras podremos (we will be able to)
• Vosotros/Vosotras podréis (you all will be able to, informal)
• Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes podrán (they/you all will be able to, formal)

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Imperatives
Imperatives are verb forms used to give commands, instructions, or
make requests in Spanish. They are used to tell someone what to do or
not to do. In Spanish, imperatives are conjugated differently depending
on whether they are affirmative (positive) or negative commands. Let's
explore how to form and use imperatives:
Affirmative Imperatives:
Affirmative imperatives are used to give positive commands or
instructions. To form affirmative imperatives, follow these general rules:
➢ For tú (informal singular) commands, use the third-person singular
form of the present indicative:
• Habla más despacio. (Speak more slowly.)
• Come tus verduras. (Eat your vegetables.)
➢ For usted (formal singular) commands, use the third-person
singular form of the present indicative:
• Hable más despacio, por favor. (Speak more slowly, please.)
• Coma sus verduras. (Eat your vegetables.)
➢ For nosotros/nosotras (informal plural) commands, use the first-
person plural form of the present subjunctive:
• Hablemos en voz baja. (Let's speak in a low voice.)
• Comamos juntos. (Let's eat together.)
➢ For ustedes (formal plural) commands, use the third-person plural
form of the present indicative:
• Hablen en voz alta. (Speak loudly.)
• Coman frutas todos los días. (Eat fruits every day.)
Negative Imperatives:
Negative imperatives are used to give negative commands or
instructions. To form negative imperatives, follow these general rules:
➢ For tú (informal singular) commands, use the second-person
singular form of the present subjunctive with the pronoun "no"
before the verb:
• No hables tan rápido. (Don't speak so fast.)
• No comas tanto dulce. (Don't eat so much candy.)

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 ➢ For usted (formal singular) commands, use the second-person
singular form of the present subjunctive with the pronoun "no"
before the verb:
• No hable tan rápido, por favor. (Don't speak so fast, please.)
• No coma tanto dulce. (Don't eat so much candy.)
➢ For nosotros/nosotras (informal plural) commands, use the first-
person plural form of the present subjunctive with the pronoun "no"
before the verb:
• No hablemos de ese tema. (Let's not talk about that topic.)
• No comamos en la habitación. (Let's not eat in the room.)
➢ For ustedes (formal plural) commands, use the second-person
plural form of the present subjunctive with the pronoun "no" before
the verb:
• No hablen tan fuerte. (Don't speak so loudly.)
• No coman en clase. (Don't eat in class.)

Here’s a table to summarize:

It's important to note that there are irregular forms for some verbs in the
imperative mood. These irregular forms should be learned separately
since they don't follow the regular conjugation patterns.
Remember that when using imperatives, it's common to add pronouns to
the end of the command to specify who the command is directed to. For

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example: "Llévame al aeropuerto" (Take me to the airport) or "Cómetelo
todo" (Eat it all).
Imperatives are commonly used in everyday situations to give directions,
make requests, or give instructions, so it's important to become familiar
with their formation and usage.

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Continuous Tenses
Continuous tenses in Spanish, also known as progressive tenses, are
used to express ongoing actions or events that are happening at the
current moment or during a specific period of time. These tenses
indicate actions that are in progress or still happening, rather than
completed actions. Let's explore the two main continuous tenses in
Spanish: the present continuous and the past continuous.

Present Continuous (Presente Continuo):

The present continuous tense is used to talk about actions or events that
are happening at the present moment. It is formed by using the verb
"estar" (to be) in the present tense, followed by the gerundio (present
participle) form of the main verb. The gerundio is formed by adding -
ando to -ar verbs and -iendo to -er and -ir verbs. Here's the general
structure:
Estar (present tense) + Gerundio (present participle)
For example:
• Estoy comiendo. (I am eating.)
• Estás estudiando. (You are studying.)
• Está lloviendo. (It is raining.)
• Estamos jugando fútbol. (We are playing soccer.)
• Están hablando por teléfono. (They are talking on the phone.)
Past Continuos (Pretérito Imperfecto de Indicativo):
The past continuous tense is used to talk about ongoing actions or
events in the past. It describes actions that were happening continuously
in the past, often interrupted by another event. In Spanish, the past
continuous is formed by using the imperfect tense of the verb "estar" (to
be), followed by the gerundio form of the main verb. Here's the general
structure:
Estar (imperfect tense) + Gerundio (past participle)
For example:
• Estaba comiendo cuando sonó el teléfono. (I was eating when the
phone rang.)

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 • Estabas estudiando mientras yo veía televisión. (You were
studying while I was watching TV.)
• Estaba lloviendo cuando salimos de casa. (It was raining when we
left home.)
• Estábamos jugando al fútbol cuando llegaron los invitados. (We
were playing soccer when the guests arrived.)
• Estaban hablando por teléfono cuando se fue la luz. (They were
talking on the phone when the power went out.)
It's important to note that the continuous tenses in Spanish are not used
as frequently as in English. In Spanish, the simple present and imperfect
tenses are often used to express ongoing actions or habits. However,
the present continuous and past continuous can still be used to provide
more emphasis on the ongoing nature of the actions.
Remember to conjugate the verb "estar" according to the subject and the
appropriate tense, and form the gerundio by adding -ando or -iendo to
the main verb.

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Idioms: Adding Color to Your Language
Idioms are an essential part of any language. They are expressions or
phrases that have a figurative meaning different from the literal
interpretation of the words used. Idioms often reflect the cultural and
historical aspects of a language and add richness and color to your
conversations. Understanding and using idioms can make your Spanish
language skills more authentic and impressive. Let's explore some
common Spanish idioms and their meanings:

Idiom 1: "Estar en las nubes" (To be in the clouds)

Meaning: This idiom is used to describe someone who is daydreaming
or not paying attention to their surroundings.
Example: Durante la clase, él estaba en las nubes y no escuchó lo que
dijo el profesor. (During the class, he was in the clouds and didn't hear
what the teacher said.)

Idiom 2: "Tomar el pelo" (To pull someone's hair)

Meaning: This idiom is used to say that someone is joking or teasing
someone else.
Example: No te preocupes, solo te está tomando el pelo. (Don't worry,
he's just pulling your hair.)

Idiom 3: "Estar en las nubes" (To be in seventh heaven)

Meaning: This idiom is used to describe a state of extreme happiness or
bliss.
Example: Después de ganar el campeonato, el equipo estaba en las
nubes. (After winning the championship, the team was in seventh
heaven.)
Idiom 4: "Dar en el clavo" (To hit the nail on the head)
Meaning: This idiom is used when someone says or does something
that is exactly right or accurate.

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Example: Cuando leí su ensayo, su análisis dio en el clavo. (When I
read his essay, his analysis hit the nail on the head.)
Idiom 5: "Estar entre la espada y la pared" (To be between a rock and a
hard place)
Meaning: This idiom is used to describe a difficult situation where one is
faced with two equally challenging choices.
Example: No sé qué hacer, estoy entre la espada y la pared. (I don't
know what to do, I'm between a rock and a hard place.)

Using Idioms:
Idioms are an excellent way to enhance your language skills and make
your conversations more interesting. Here are a few tips for using idioms
effectively:
• Learn the idioms in context: Idioms are deeply rooted in culture, so
it's important to understand their cultural background and usage.

• Practice in conversations: Incorporate idioms into your

conversations with your teacher.

• Expand your idiom vocabulary: Explore more idioms in Spanish by

reading books, watching movies, and listening to native speakers.

• Be mindful of context: Use idioms appropriately in the right

situations to ensure clarity and effective communication.

END OF GUIDE

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Acknowledgements and Information:

© UCLES 2019 as the publisher of the Cambridge IGCSE™ Spanish (0530) syllabus.
© r/IGCSE Resources 2023, authored by Bidhaan Bhattacharya
________________________________________________________________________________________
The information on this booklet was generously prepared by alumni who have taken the subject, and
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© r/IGCSE Resources 2023