Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-1 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Unit 5 Hydraulics Circuits

Marks Distribution for this Unit

Unit Unit Title Teaching R U A Total

No Hours Level Level Level Marks
V Hydraulic circuits 08 00 04 08 12
R-Remember, U-Understand,A-Apply
* Refer syllabus for details about Bloom's taxonomy

Syllabus content

5.1 Simple hydraulic circuits

Single and double acting hydraulic cylinder and motors

5.2 Speed Control circuits

Speed control by Meter-In circuit, Meter-out circuit and Bleed of
circuit
5.3 Other Hydraulic circuits
Regenerative circuit, counterbalance circuit, sequencing circuit,
Synchronizing circuit, two pump unloading
5.4 Hydraulic circuits applications
Hydraulic circuits for Milling machine, Grinding machine, Shaper
machine and slotting machine
5.5 Hydraulic circuits Faults and remedies
Remedies and fault detecting in pneumatic circuits.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-2 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

5.1 Simple Hydraulic circuits

Q.1. What is a Hydraulic circuit ?

Ans : A hydraulic circuit is systematic arrangement (with interconnection)
of various hydraulic components to perform a specific task. Obviously
every hydraulic application will have a diferent circuit, but basically there
are certain circuits, which are meant to perform certain tasks in the
complete circuitry e.g. sequencing circuit, speed (flow) control circuits etc.

Q.2. Explain with sketch Basic structure of Hydraulic

circuit .
Ans : A hydraulic circuit
comprises of main three
groups of elements.
1) Drive assembly :This
accomplishes the
transformation of energy.
A drive assembly consists of
a pump, actuating motor (or
prime mover) and tank. It
also includes a safety valve,
filter, cooler etc.
2) Control system : They
modulate and control the
fluid power. Essential
components are the various
valves and connections
between them.
3) Loads and consumers
These are usually hydraulic
cylinders or hydraulic
motors, which transform
hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-3 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Q.3. Draw the circuit of control of single acting and double

acting(DA) hydraulic cylinder with manually operated
valve.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-4 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

5.2 Speed Control circuits

Q.4. Explain with sketch Meter in Circuit and explain its

working?
Ans : The fig.below illustrates the circuit connections of a meter-in circuit,
in which the flow control valve is placed in the primary line, directly before
the load. Following pressure measures are taken at three diferent points.
In meter-in-circuit
speed control is achieved
by changing the flow
adjustment of the flow
control valve, which
controls the oil going to the
head end of cylinder. It
should be noted that flow
control in given circuit is
achieved in forward
direction only i.e. in return
stroke the return flow from
head of cylinder bypasses
through check valve.
Advantages of Meter-in-
circuit :
The chief advantage of
meter-in circuit is that the
cylinder undertakes one-
sided pressure with a value corresponding to the real load.
The relatively small friction (due to pressure on one side, decided by load)
of the piston sealing ensures its long life.
Uniform motion of the piston rod even at very slow speed.
Flow rate estimation is made based on the large piston area, which is
significant advantage when very small piston rod speeds are to be achieved.
Disadvantage of meter-in circuit :
The major disadvantage of this circuit lies in the fact that there is no
pressure on the piston rod side of cylinder, due to this the load actuated by
the piston rod is not held firmly in position. This means that in case of

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-5 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

“ Pulling” type loads if the load suddenly collapses, the piston rod shoots
forward causing an uncontrolled shift. Special counter balance measures
are to be taken if above circuit is to be used for such applications.
Applications of meter-in circuit :
Meters in circuits are generally used when the load characteristics are
constant and positive. If the load is erratic or negative, the actuator will
have jerky motion. Hence, meter-in circuits are ideally applied on surface
grinder, milling machines etc.

Q.5. Explain with sketch Meter Out Circuit and explain its
working?
Ans : The Circuit diagram below illustrates the circuit connections of a
meter-out circuit, in which the flow control valve is connected in the
secondary line, directly after the load. The following measures of pressure
are taken at various pressure gauges.
Pressure gauge P 1 :
Indicates the Pmax as set
by the pressure relief
valve. This pressure is
formed on the left side
volume of the cylinder,
irrespective of the load;
hence sealing in this side
is always subjected to
maximum pressure.
Pressure gauge P 2 :
Indicates the pressure P 2 ,
which is determined by the
diference between
pressure Pmax and the
load pressure. This
diference depends on
the ratio of the two-piston
areas.
Pressure gauge P 3 :Pressure in the return stroke is always equal to 0 .
In a meter-out-circuit speed control is achieved by changing the flow
adjustment of the flow control valve, which controls the flow coming out

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-6 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

from the piston rod end of cylinder. Here also it should be noted that in a
given circuit, flow control is in forward direction only i.e. in return stroke
the flow of pump to the piston rod end of cylinder is bypassed through
check valve.
Advantage of meter-out circuit :
The load is always under pressure from both sides i.e. it is counter
balanced.Even when the load changes direction (e.g. starts pulling). No
uncontrolled jerk motion occurs.
Disadvantages of meter-out circuit :
The left side of the cylinder is always under maximum pressure even with a
minimum load. Due to continued pressure on both sides, there is more
friction and less seal life.
Applications :
Meter-out type circuits are found successful in operations like drilling,
boring, reaming etc, where the drills and mills passing through the work
piece often tend to drag the entire tool unit foreword, in such situation
meter-out circuit is the best solution.
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Meter in and meter out circuit comparison
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4eCuPVxezzY
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Q.6. Explain with sketch Bleed­Off Circuit and explain its

working?
Ans : This is the third basic circuit,
which controls neither the flow going
to the actuator not flow returning from
the actuator but controls the diverted
part of fluid to control the flow. In
this type of circuit flow control valves
are placed in the by-pass line. The
cylinder speed in this case is
determined by the diference between
the pump deliver flow and the flow
being directed to the tank through the
flow control valve.
The bleed-of valve may be in the

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pressure line or in the cylinder line.

Advantage of bleed-off circuit : Unlike in the meter-in and meter-out
circuit there is no excess flow going through the pressure relief valve, hence
the system is more effi cient and energy saving as well the hydraulic fluid is
not heated due to flow through relief valve.
Disadvantages of bleed-off circuit :
Bleeds of circuits provide less accuracy in speed control because in these
circuits metered flow goes to tank rather than to cylinder. In such type of
circuits an individual pump should power each cylinder. A bleed-of circuit
is not sensitive enough to compensate for very small flow such as those
encountered in precise boring operation
Applications :
Bleeds of circuits are applied where pressure is reasonably
constant and precise speed control is not the prime requirement. These
circuits are widely used in broaching machines, shapers, planers etc., where
a large quantity of fluid is to be used, and small percentage is by passed.

5.3 Other Hydraulic circuits

Q.7. Explain with sketch Regenerative circuit.

Ans : A circuit is said to be operating on re-generative principle when the
fluid returning from other end
of cylinder is forced into the
head end of cylinder.
Obviously, some energy is
consumed to force out the fluid
from piston-rod end when
cylinder is extending. The re-
generative circuit enables to
utilize this part of energy,
which would have otherwise
wasted. The net result of re-
generation is increase in cylinder speed, with same discharge of pump.
The circuit in fig. depicts a typical re-generative circuit with solenoid
operated 4/3 directional control valve. The circuit is similar to the previous
linear circuit except the change in center position of direction control
valve.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-8 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

When the valve is in

central position the
cylinder extends, with
about twice the normal
speed, thus efecting the
re-generative function.
When the valve shifts to
right position, the
regenerative efect is
nullified and cylinder
moves with normal speed
(as decided by pump
flow).
When the valve shifts to
left, the cylinder retracts.
The regenerative
principle can be applied
to any motion i.e.
extending or retracting.

Q.8. Explain with sketch Counter balance Hydraulic circuit

.
Ans : Counterbalance valves are commonly used to counterbalance a weight
or external force or counteract a weight such as a platen or a press and
keep it from freefalling.Figure1.16 illustrates the use of a counterbalance
or back-pressure valve to keep a vertically mounted cylinder in the upward
position while the pump idles, that is, when the DCV is in its center
position. During the downward movement of the cylinder, the
counterbalance valve is set to open at slightly above the pressure required
to hold the piston up (a check valve does not permit flow in this direction).
The control signal for the counterbalance valve can be obtained from the
blank end or rod end of the cylinder. If derived from the rod end, the
pressure setting of the counterbalance valve equals the ratio of the load to
the annulus area of the piston. If derived from the blank end, the pressure

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-9 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

setting equals the ratio of load to the area of piston. This pressure is less
and hence usually it has to be derived from the blank end. This permits the
cylinder to be forced downward when pressure is applied on the top. The
check valve is used to lift the cylinder up as the counterbalance valve is
closed in this direction. The directional control valve unloads the pump.

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Counterbalance video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4GC6OV5gwyo

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-10 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Q.9. Explain with sketch Sequencing circuit .

As the name suggests the sequencing ciruit is used when two or more
operations are to be sequenced one after another, means the second
operation should not start until the first operation is not completed. This is
needed in lot of applications like automation and processing.
The sequencing circuits can be travel dependent or pressure dependent,
means the next circuit gets oil when either the first circuit completes the
travel or the pressure builds above certain level.
Following circuit is Pressure dependent sequencing circuit.

As shown in th diagram the first cylinder is operated first, when the piston
of first cylinder reaches its end point, the pressure starts building, when the
pressure builds to the set point of sequence control valve, the valve opens
and the oil is supplied to the next cylinder.
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Sequencing circuit: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brM7odcIhIA

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-11 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Q.10. Explain with sketch Synchronizing circuit .

A synchronizing circuit is used when we need the synchronized movement
of two or more cylinders(or motors). Means we need that the both
cylinders move exactly at same time and at same speed. This is required in
several applications. Synchronization can be achieved by mechanical means
of coupling also. The following diagram depicts the synchronizing circuit

with the use of flow dividers.

Flow dividing valves can be used efectively to obtain the synchronized
motion. As shown in fig below flow dividing valves divide the flow into
two equal parts irrespective of load. One point should noted that flow
dividing valve synchronize extension stroke only (in case of circuit
diagram shown),if synchronization is required in the return stroke also,
then additional flow divider in top line must be installed.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-12 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Q.11. Explain with sketch two pump unloading circuit .

A two pump unloading circuit is used in situation where some part of the
piston travel is required at high speed and low pressure and some small part
is required at High pressure and low speed. For such purpose it is
uneconomical to use a very high pressure and high volume pump. Instead
the unloading circuit is used which uses two pumps for two purposes.
When the motion is required with less force(pressure) both of the pumps
discharge in the cylinder, and when the motion is required with high
force(pressure) only the high pressure pump discharges to the cylinder and
low pressure pump returns back oil to tank through unloading valve.

Application: This circuit finds application in machine tools like punching

machine and other cutting machines.
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Two pump unloading circuit videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Od9B8LDA-ME
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsJHfdbsHgE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fw5F7Q4uaoE
-------------------------------------------------------

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-13 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

5.4 Hydraulic circuits Applications

Q.12. Explain with sketch hydraulic circuit for the Milling

machine.
Ans : Hydraulic circuit for a milling machine is comparatively diferent
from the former two
circuits, because the table
movement in milling
operation is comparatively
slower. As well, diferent
feeds ( adjustable) are
required for milling
diferent type of work.
Hence, in the hydraulic
circuit for milling
machine in addition to
other elements a flow
control valve (graduated
in terms of feeds) is
incorporated in the
circuit.
Figure depicts the
hydraulic circuit for
milling machine. It has a
main pump, which is a
low pressure, and high
discharge pump, and one
booster pump, which is a
low discharge high
pressure pump. The
function of the booster pump is to boost the hydraulic pressure to a level
above that of provided by main pump ( this combination saves the power as
well as use of a high flow and high discharge pump is avoided).There are
two sets of flow control valve and check valve, fitted in both supply and
return line to cylinder, to achieve speed control in both directions. A
manually operated spool valve decides the direction of flow to the cylinder.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-14 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Q.13. Explain with sketch hydraulic circuit for the

GRINDING machine.
Ans : Hydraulic circuit for a surface grinding machine is depicted in sketch
below. It consists of a power pack to supply pressurised oil, one pilot
operated direction control valve which decides the direction of flow of
pressurized oil.
The piston rods
on both sides are
mechanically
coupled with the
table of the
machine. There
are two roller
actuated pilot
valves, which are
actuated by cams
fitted to the table
( cams not shown
in diagram).
These valves
provide pilot
impulse to the
main valve, thus
deciding the
position of main
valve and hence
the direction of
motion of the
cylinder ( and consequently the table). Every time either of the pilot valves
is pressed by the cam. The cam positions are adjustable, which decides the
stroke length movement of the table. Whenever the work-piece to be
ground is changed the operator is required to change the position of the
cams to suit the length of work-piece.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-15 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

Q.14. Explain with sketch hydraulic circuit for the

SHAPING machine.
Ans : Figure below depicts the hydraulic circuit for shaping machine. The
circuit utilizes a double acting cylinder with single piston rod and spool
type directional control valve, which is shifted by a reversing lever.

Hydraulic power-pack supplies the pressurised oil to the spool valve. The
position of spool valve decides whether the pressurised oil should go the
head end or the piston rod end of the cylinder. The cylinder is mounted in
such a manner that the forward stroke occurs when the oil is supplied to the
head end of the cylinder and reverse stroke occurs when oil is supplied to
piston rod end of the cylinder. Due to the diference in annular areas of
head end and piston rod end, the return stroke is faster than the forward
stroke. The stroke length of the ram can be adjusted by changing the
positions of the adjustable dogs, i.e. closer the adjustable dogs shorter the
stroke length and vice-versa. Several additional controls may be added to
this basic circuit to enhance its performance and to have precise control
over operation.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-16 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

5.5 Hydraulic/Pneumatic circuits Faults

and remedies

Q.15.Enlist the common Faults and causes in the Hydraulic

system
Ans : Following are the common faults in Hydraulic systems
1. Reduced speed of travel of machine tool elements
2. Slow response to controls
3. Excessive loss of system pressure
4. Excessive leakage in the systematic
5. Rise in the oil temperature
6. Non-uniform or jerky movement of actuators
7. Increased noise in the systematic
8. No supply or less supply from pump
9. Cavitation due seal failure
10. High rate of seal failure
11. Poor oil life
12. High degree of contamination level of system medium.
Following are the common causes of hydraulic system breakdown
1.Inadequate supply of oil in the reservoir
2. Clogged or dirty oil filters
3. Leaked seals

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4.Loose inlet lines that cause the pump to take in air

5.Incorrect type of oil
6. Excessive oil temperature
7. Excessive oil pressure

Troubleshooting chart for hydraulic

circuits/systems
Sr. Sources of Possible Causes
No. trouble

A Excessive noise
1 Mechanical Coupling wrongly aligned.
drive. Coupling loose.
Coupling defective.
Loose mounting on pumps.
Other transmission elements loose (V-belts, tooting
belts etc.)
Pump or motor defective.
2 Suction Suction line resistance excessive because,
line.  Tap or cock in the suction line closed or only
partially open.
 Suction filter clogged or too small.
 Suction line blocked or leaking.
 Suction line has wrong dimensions or too
many bends.
 Fluid level too low.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-18 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

3 Pump Pump is turning too fast.

Max. Pump pressure exceeded.
Charge pumps defective.
Shaft seals or seals on suction side are defective.
Pump defective.
4 Pressure Line mounting missing or loose.
line. Lines have been wrongly laid.
ID of line too small.

5 Return line. Line mountings missing or loose.

Lines have been wrongly laid.
ID of line too small.
Return terminates above fluid level.
Return filter blocked.
6 Pressure Valve chatter due to dirt on valve seat, valve worn.
valves. Insufficient damping.
Flow noise when operating.
Unsuitable characteristic curve.
Wrong design.
7 Flow The valve oscillates and excites other elements to
control oscillate.
valve. Flow noises.
Control system oscillating.
8 Direction Valve chatter due to defects in solenoid or the
control voltage is too low.
valves. Valve defective due to dirt or wear.
Through flow excessive.
Pilot pressure variation.
Check the electrical controls.
9 Fluid Cavitation problem because,
 Fluid level too low.
 Viscosity too high.

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3 Fluid is contaminated and dirty this leads to

damage and breakage of equipment.
4 Fluid foams.
10 Drive Wear of turning surfaces.
(Motor, Control system oscillating.
cylinder
etc.)
B Insufficient power and Torque at the power
takeoffs (Pressure too low)
1. Mechanical Power transmission defective V-belt or toothed
drive. belt slipping.
Direction of rotation wrong.
Motor defective.
Key sheared off at pump or motor.
2 Suction Suction line resistance excessive because,
Line. 6 Tap or cock in the suction line closed or only
partially open.
7 Suction filter clogged or too small.
8 Suction line blocked or leaking.
9 Suction line has wrong dimensions or too
many bends.
10 Fluid level too low.
3 Pump Internal leakage due to wears.
Unsuitable type.
Pump defective.
End of control pressure set too low, or control
element defective.
4 Pressure Leakage in pressure line.
line. Excessive line resistance.
Pressure filter blocked.
5 Return line. Excessive line resistance.
Filter blocked.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-20 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

6 Pressure Operating pressure set too low.

valves. Internal leakage due to wears.
Dirty or damaged valve seat.
Broken spring.
Unsuitable type.
7 Flow Pressure losses excessive.
control False setting.
valves. Valve defective.
Unsuitable type.
8 Direction Wrong switched position.
control Solenoid defective.
valve. Internal leakage due to wears.
Excessive flow speeds.
Spool jams.
9 Fluid. Viscosity too low and therefore leakage excessive.
Viscosity too high excessive flow resistance.
Fluid foams.
10 Drive. Internal leakage (e.g.cylinder packing is worn).
Wear of running surfaces.
Excessive internal friction.
11 Others. In the case of pressure controls there may be a
defect in the open loop / or closed loop control
circuit.
Display instruments defective.
C Jerky cylinder and Motor movements (variation
in pressure and delivery flow)
1. Mechanical Coupling wrongly aligned.
Drive. Coupling loose.
Coupling defective.
Loose mounting on pumps and or motor defective.
Other transmission elements loose (V-belts, tooting
belts etc.)
Pump or motor defective.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-21 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

2 Suction Suction line resistance excessive because,

Line.  Tap or cock in the suction line closed or only
partially open.
 Suction filter clogged or too small.
 Suction line blocked or leaking.
 Suction line has wrong dimensions or too
many bends.
 Fluid level too low.
3 Pump With variable pumps control system is defective.
Pump defective.
System conditions affecting the pump control
system.
Unsuitable pilot valve.
4 Pressure Installation not bled completely.
line.
5 Return line. Excessive line resistance.
Filter blocked.
6 Pressure Valve chatter due to dirt on valve seat,valve worn.
valves. Insufficient damping.
Excessive length of un-damped remote control
line.
Unsuitable remote control valve.
7 Flow Coupling wrongly aligned.
control Coupling loose.
valve Coupling defective.
Loose mounting on pumps and or motor defective.
Other transmission elements loose (V-belts, tooting
belts etc.).
Pump or motor defective.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-22 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

8 Direction Valve chatter due to defecting solenoid or the

control voltage is too low .
valve. Valve defective due to dirt or wear.
Through flow excessive.
Pilot pressure variation.
Check the electrical controls.
9 Fluid Hydraulic fluid contaminated.
Hydraulic fluid foams.
10 Drive. Stick slip effect due to the friction of cylinder
packing being too high. Operating below lower
limit of motor speed.
11 Others. Insufficient load counter balance.
D Power take off either does not turn at all or too
slowly
1. Mechanical Coupling wrongly aligned.
drive. Coupling loose.
Coupling defective.
Loose mounting on pumps and or motor defective.
Other transmission elements loose (V-belts, tooting
belts etc.).
Pump or motor defective.
2 Suction Suction line resistance excessive because,
line.  Tap or cock in the suction line closed or only
partially open.
 Suction filter clogged or too small.
 Suction line blocked or leaking.
 Suction line has wrong dimensions or too
many bends.
 Fluid level too low.
3 Pump. Internal leakages due to wear.
Pump defective.
Inlet and outlet lines connected wrongly.

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4 Pressure Leakage in pressure line.

line. Excessive line resistance.
Pressure filter blocked.
5 Return line. Excessive line resistance.
Filter blocked.
6 Pressure Operating pressure set too low.
valves. Internal leakage due to wears.
Dirty or damaged valve seat.
Broken spring.
Unsuitable type.
with sequential control, the sequence valve setting
is too high or the valve is defective.
7 Flow Through flow set too low
control Unsuitable type (Setting range too low)
valves. Valve blocked (Dirt)
8 Directional Wrong switched position.
control Solenoid defective.
valve. Internal leakage due to wears.
Excessive flow speeds.
Spool sticking.
Manually operated valves not in through flow
position.
9 Fluid Viscosity too low and therefore leakages are
excessive.
Viscosity too high excessive flow resistance.
Fluid foams.
10 Drive. Internal leakage (e.g.cylinder packing is worn).
Wear of running surfaces.
Excessive internal friction.
Power take off blocked (e.g. piston seizure).

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-24 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

11 Others Conditions for standing not fulfilled (pump control

system defective).
Electrical line -open circuit.
Signaling elements (e.g. press switch wrongly set
or defective, limit switch not contacted.).

E
Excessive operating temperature

1 Pump. Reduction in efficiency due to wears.

With variable pumps, the pump control system is
defective.
Rotational speed and delivery excessive.
2 Pressure Internal diameter too low, causes frictional
line. resistance.
Pressure filter blocked.
3 Return line. Internal diameter too low, causes frictional
resistance.
Pressure filter blocked.
4 Pressure Constant delivery flow too high.
valves. Unsuitable valve type (ID too small).
Pressure setting too high.
Response time too long.

5 Flow Through flow set too low (excessive pump

control delivery through pressure relief valve).
valve.
6 Directional Leakage losses too high.
control Pressure circulation fails to switch On.
valve. Spool sticking.
7 Fluid. Viscosity too low and therefore leakages are
excessive.
Viscosity too high excessive flow resistance.
Fluid foams.

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Industrial hydraulics and pneumatics Notes 5-25 Unit 5 Hydraulic circuits

8 Drive. Losses in efficiency due to wear.

Internal friction too high.
Internal leakage losses.
9 Others. Cooling performance of the assembly insufficient
in to the installed power on the operating time.
Insufficient hydraulic fluid in the installation.

F
Foaming of Hydraulic Fluid

1. Mechanical --
drive.
2 Suction Suction line leakages.
line. Fluid level too low.
Wrongly designed reservoir.
3 Pump Shaft packing or seals on the suction side
defective.
Return oil line terminates above fluid level.
4 Pressure --
line.
5 Return line. Return terminates above fluid level.
Vortex effect due to wrongly laid lines.
6 Pressure --
valves.
7 Flow
control
valves.
8 Directional --
control
valves.
9 Fluid Unsuitable make.
10 Drive --
11 Others. --

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