JFB 12303 &JFB 30503

STATIC EQUIPMENT

Control Valve
Learning Outcome

 Describe the process for the schematic for a

control valve arrangement.
CONTROL VALVE

controller

Inst Air
What is control valve?
 Control valves are such type of valves which are controlled
remotely to maintain flow rate, Level, pressure and temperature
directly or indirectly as per requirement.

 Automatically regulates the rate of flow, level, pressure &

temperature as the position of the valving element is changed by
force from the actuator

Application of CONTROL VALVE

 Flow rate control
 Level control
 Pressure control
 Temperature control
Control valve in FLOW CONTROL

controller

Inst Air

Flow measurement
Figure shows how a control valve used to control the rate of flow in a line.

--Here flow rate is related to the pressure drop across the sensing element.

--The controller receives the pressure signal, compares them with the

pressure drop for the desired flow and thus if the actual flow is different ,it

adjusts the control valve to increase or decrease the flow.

Control valve in LEVEL
CONTROL

controller

Inst Air
Control valve in PRESSURE
CONTROL

controller

Inst Air

Pressurized
vessel
Control valve in Temperature Control

controller

Inst Air

Super heated Steam in Hot water out

Cold water in
Steam out
Relationship of major components of a
control valve

Control
valve
 Pictures of
Few typical valves
Glove valve
Cage valve and aerodynamic noise
reduction
Butter fly valve
Ball valve
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENT

ACTUATOR/
CONTROLLER
 Actuators

• The purpose is to accurately locate the valve plug in a position

dictated by the control signal.

• The actuator accepts a signal from the control system and, in

response, moves the valve to a fully-open or fully-closed position,
or a more open or a more closed position

• There are several ways of providing this actuation:

1. Pneumatic – Piston actuator, Diaphragm actuator
2. Electric – Valve motor drive (VMD), Modulating
Pneumatic
 These may be used where flammable vapor is likely to
be present
 Common types are piston and diaphragm actuator
where compressed air is used to actuates the stem
directly
 Electric
 This basic of the electric actuator has three states:
1. Driving the valve open.
2. Driving the valve closed.
3. No movement.
 Forward and reverse travel of the actuator is
controlled directly from any external position
switch units. The switches are rated at the actuator
voltage
 The controller positions the valve by driving the
valve open or closed for a certain time, to ensure
that it reaches the desired position
 CHARACTERISTIC OF
CONTROL VALVE
Valve Sizing

It is a procedure by which the dynamics of a process

system are MATCHED to the performance
characteristics of a valve.

This is to provide a control valve that will best meet the

needs of managing flow within that process system.
 Flow Characteristics

 Control valve flow characteristics are determined principally

by the design of the valve trim.

 The three basic flow characteristics:

 Quick Opening
 Linear
 Equal Percentage (=%)
Characterized valve plugs
Characterized cages for glove style
valve bodies
Characterized valve plugs
 Flow Characteristic

Quick opening
• Produces a large increase in flow for a small initial change in stem travel.

Linear
• The flow varies directly with the position of the valve stem. They can be
useful where it is desirable to control mass flow rates into and out of a
process such as liquid level control

Equal Percentage
• produces the same percentage change in flow per fixed increment of valve
stroke at any location on its characteristic curve
 Why Use Equal Percentage
 Provides equal percentage
increases in rate of flow for
equal increments of plug
movement.

 Provides more predictable flow

change in response to each
incremental valve position
change

 the best choice of flow

characteristic for most systems
 Fluid Recovery Factor (FL)

 How the pressure at the vena

contracta of a control valve in
a liquid application can be
determined.
 Liquid Pressure Recovery
Factor, published by control
valve manufacturers for each
of their valves, is defined as :
 Fluid Recovery Factor (FL)

When a fluid passes through

the valve orifice, the velocity
increases accompanied by a
proportional decrease in
pressure

• Downstream of the vena contracta the fluid decelerates and

consequently the pressure increases or recovers

• Different valve types exhibit different recovery factors which

becomes an important consideration in valve selection.
Do’s And Don’t For Better Valve Service

Don’t expose valves

to damaging blows.
A bent stem not only
cripples valves, but
may cause a
shutdown that results
in costly delay and
repair.
 Do’s And Don’t For Better Valve Service

Don’t spare the oil can - LUBRICATION

Wear on stem packing is due mainly to the rising and turning
motion of the valve stem, combined with deteriorating effects
of service conditions. A few drops of oil on the stem, now and
then, help to reduce friction - - and wear, Don’t forget to
lubricate exposed stem threads.
Do’s And Don’t For Better Valve Service

LEAKAGE
Stem leaks - fixed by slightly
tightening the packing nut or gland.
Bonnet and flange leaks can be
caused by bolts loosening under
service strain. If tightening the
joints doesn’t stop the leak, the
gasket may be damaged and this
repair should also be scheduled for
qualified maintenance mechanics.

*ANSI specifies six different leakage classes, with "leakage"

defined in terms of the full open valve capacity:
 Do’s And Don’t For Better Valve Service

Don’t operate gate valves

continuously in a “cracked open”
position because the valve seats
will be severely damaged. Damage
to valve seats will cause valve to
leak when closed.

Do not use large pipe

wrenches to close valves.
 STANDARDS & CODES
 Material Standards- ASTM (America Society for Testing and Materials)
 Dimensional Standards-ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
 Adapted by ASME (American Society for Mechanical Engineers)
 The American Petroleum Institute (API) Standards for Some Commonly used
Valves are as follows:
 API 6D – Pipe Line Valves, End Closures, Connectors and Swivels
 API 6F – Recommended Practice for Fire Test valves
 API 593 – Ductile Iron Plug Valves – Flanged Ends
 API 598 – Valves Inspection and Test
 API 600 – Steel Gate Valves
 API 602 – Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves
 API 604 – Ductile Iron Gate Valves – Flanged Ends
 API 607 – Fire Test for Soft Seated Ball Valves